California Constitutional History - Revision history

Hinds: /* Joseph Hoge */

2012-04-26T06:16:53Z

Joseph Hoge

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-	The women’s main opponents at the Convention were also on the Hastings Board and so were defendants in ''Foltz v. Hoge'', 54 Cal. 28 (1879). Babcock, ''Constitution-Maker'', at n.105. THOMAS GARDEN BARNES, HASTINGS COLLEGE OF THE LAW—THE FIRST CENTURY 45 (1978). Joseph P. Hoge was the President of the Convention, elected as a Non-Partisan, though he was a Democrat. Sixty-five years old at the time of the Convention, he was an accomplished parliamentarian who generally won the respect of the delegates. Hoge had emigrated from Illinois where he had twice served in Congress. SHUCK, BENCH AND BAR, at 565-66. Clara Foltz said of Hoge: “He was opposed to women in public life, opposed to women in any place except possibly in their homes—just as though every woman had a home then any more than she has now!” ''Struggles,'' Mar. 1917.	+	The women’s main opponents at the Convention were also on the Hastings Board and so were defendants in ''Foltz v. Hoge'', 54 Cal. 28 (1879). Babcock, ''[http://wlh-static.law.stanford.edu/bb-clara/babcock-66IndLJ849.pdf Constitution-Maker]'', at n.105. THOMAS GARDEN BARNES, HASTINGS COLLEGE OF THE LAW—THE FIRST CENTURY 45 (1978). Joseph P. Hoge was the President of the Convention, elected as a Non-Partisan, though he was a Democrat. Sixty-five years old at the time of the Convention, he was an accomplished parliamentarian who generally won the respect of the delegates. Hoge had emigrated from Illinois where he had twice served in Congress. SHUCK, BENCH AND BAR, at 565-66. Clara Foltz said of Hoge: “He was opposed to women in public life, opposed to women in any place except possibly in their homes—just as though every woman had a home then any more than she has now!” ''Struggles,'' Mar. 1917.
-		+

	===Samuel Wilson===		===Samuel Wilson===

Hinds: /* David Terry */

2012-04-26T06:16:09Z

David Terry

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-	Clara Foltz wrote that Terry was “the gallant knight of the Convention” who “championed” the causes “in his incomparable manner.” ''Struggles,'' Mar. 1917. But what he did for the women was largely hidden from the public record. It seems likely that he lined up his follower, Ringgold, to introduce the employment clause. Terry also proposed a public debate between Laura Gordon and the main opponent of woman suffrage, James Caples. Letter from David Terry to Laura Gordon (Nov. 20, 1878) in Gordon Papers. See also Babcock, ''Constitution-Maker'', at nn.121-24 (describing friendship of Gordon and Terry). ''[http://wlh-static.law.stanford.edu/bb-clara/babcock-66IndLJ849.pdf Constitution-Maker]'', at nn.146-148, assembles the evidence that both Gordon and Foltz mentioned Terry’s help on the Hastings case.	+	Clara Foltz wrote that Terry was “the gallant knight of the Convention” who “championed” the causes “in his incomparable manner.” ''Struggles,'' Mar. 1917. But what he did for the women was largely hidden from the public record. It seems likely that he lined up his follower, Ringgold, to introduce the employment clause. Terry also proposed a public debate between Laura Gordon and the main opponent of woman suffrage, James Caples. Letter from David Terry to Laura Gordon (Nov. 20, 1878) in Gordon Papers. See also Babcock, ''[http://wlh-static.law.stanford.edu/bb-clara/babcock-66IndLJ849.pdf Constitution-Maker]'', at nn.121-24 (describing friendship of Gordon and Terry). ''[http://wlh-static.law.stanford.edu/bb-clara/babcock-66IndLJ849.pdf Constitution-Maker]'', at nn.146-148, assembles the evidence that both Gordon and Foltz mentioned Terry’s help on the Hastings case.

Hinds: /* David Terry */

2012-04-26T06:15:29Z

David Terry

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-	Clara Foltz wrote that Terry was “the gallant knight of the Convention” who “championed” the causes “in his incomparable manner.” ''Struggles,'' Mar. 1917. But what he did for the women was largely hidden from the public record. It seems likely that he lined up his follower, Ringgold, to introduce the employment clause. Terry also proposed a public debate between Laura Gordon and the main opponent of woman suffrage, James Caples. Letter from David Terry to Laura Gordon (Nov. 20, 1878) in Gordon Papers. See also Babcock, ''Constitution-Maker'', at nn.121-24 (describing friendship of Gordon and Terry). ''Constitution-Maker'', at nn.146-148, assembles the evidence that both Gordon and Foltz mentioned Terry’s help on the Hastings case.	+	Clara Foltz wrote that Terry was “the gallant knight of the Convention” who “championed” the causes “in his incomparable manner.” ''Struggles,'' Mar. 1917. But what he did for the women was largely hidden from the public record. It seems likely that he lined up his follower, Ringgold, to introduce the employment clause. Terry also proposed a public debate between Laura Gordon and the main opponent of woman suffrage, James Caples. Letter from David Terry to Laura Gordon (Nov. 20, 1878) in Gordon Papers. See also Babcock, ''Constitution-Maker'', at nn.121-24 (describing friendship of Gordon and Terry). ''[http://wlh-static.law.stanford.edu/bb-clara/babcock-66IndLJ849.pdf Constitution-Maker]'', at nn.146-148, assembles the evidence that both Gordon and Foltz mentioned Terry’s help on the Hastings case.


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	On Terry’s death: Justice Stephen Field, who earlier had served on the California Supreme Court with Terry, was the Justice whose bodyguard, David Neagle, shot Terry. ''See generally'' ''In re Neagle'', 135 U.S. 1 (1890), 39 Fed. 833 (opinion below with review of the Sharon case); JOHN E. SEMONCHE, CHARTING THE FUTURE, THE SUPREME COURT RESPONDS TO A CHANGING SOCIETY 1890-1920 (1978); J. Edward Johnson, ''David S. Terry'', 22 CAL. S.B.J. 516 (1947); Walker Lewis, ''The Supreme Court and a Six-Gun, the Extraordinary Story of In re Neagle'', 43 A.B.A.J. 415 (May 1957) (excellent telling of story).		On Terry’s death: Justice Stephen Field, who earlier had served on the California Supreme Court with Terry, was the Justice whose bodyguard, David Neagle, shot Terry. ''See generally'' ''In re Neagle'', 135 U.S. 1 (1890), 39 Fed. 833 (opinion below with review of the Sharon case); JOHN E. SEMONCHE, CHARTING THE FUTURE, THE SUPREME COURT RESPONDS TO A CHANGING SOCIETY 1890-1920 (1978); J. Edward Johnson, ''David S. Terry'', 22 CAL. S.B.J. 516 (1947); Walker Lewis, ''The Supreme Court and a Six-Gun, the Extraordinary Story of In re Neagle'', 43 A.B.A.J. 415 (May 1957) (excellent telling of story).
-

	===Alphonse Vacquerel===		===Alphonse Vacquerel===

Hinds: /* Charles Ringgold */

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Charles Ringgold

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-	For more on Kearney's tactic to prevent party leaders from running, see Babcock,'' Constitution-Maker'', at nn.85-86.	+	For more on Kearney's tactic to prevent party leaders from running, see Babcock, ''[http://wlh-static.law.stanford.edu/bb-clara/babcock-66IndLJ849.pdf Constitution-Maker]'', at nn.85-86.
-		+

	===David Terry===		===David Terry===

Hinds: /* Samuel Wilson */

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Samuel Wilson

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-	Babcock, ''Constitution-Maker'', nn.83-84. Hoge’s law partner earlier in Illinois, and in San Francisco, Wilson was counselor to banks and railroads, self-made and immensely rich, and a bar association founder. Dryly correct, tenacious and thorough, he could exhaust the most ardent reformer. SHUCK, BENCH AND BAR, at 566-69.	+	Babcock, ''[http://wlh-static.law.stanford.edu/bb-clara/babcock-66IndLJ849.pdf Constitution-Maker]'', nn.83-84. Hoge’s law partner earlier in Illinois, and in San Francisco, Wilson was counselor to banks and railroads, self-made and immensely rich, and a bar association founder. Dryly correct, tenacious and thorough, he could exhaust the most ardent reformer. SHUCK, BENCH AND BAR, at 566-69.
-		+

	===Thomas Bishop===		===Thomas Bishop===

Hinds: /* Prominent Pro-Woman Delegates at the 1879 Convention */

2012-04-26T06:13:10Z

Prominent Pro-Woman Delegates at the 1879 Convention

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	==Prominent Pro-Woman Delegates at the 1879 Convention==		==Prominent Pro-Woman Delegates at the 1879 Convention==

-	Babcock, ''Constitution-Maker'' has detailed descriptions and notes on both supporters and opponents. These sections below add further sources or commentary not covered in ''Constitution-Maker'' or WOMAN LAWYER.	+	Babcock, ''[http://wlh-static.law.stanford.edu/bb-clara/babcock-66IndLJ849.pdf Constitution-Maker]'' has detailed descriptions and notes on both supporters and opponents. These sections below add further sources or commentary not covered in ''Constitution-Maker'' or WOMAN LAWYER.


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-	''See'' Babcock, ''Constitution-Maker''. SWISHER, at 48; WALDRON & VIVIAN, at 99 (Ayers entry). Ayers was a founder of the SAN FRANCISCO CALL and moved to Los Angeles in 1872. JAMES J. AYERS, GOLD AND SUNSHINE (1922) (published posthumously) describes the revolutionary fervor surrounding constitution-making.	+	''See'' Babcock, ''[http://wlh-static.law.stanford.edu/bb-clara/babcock-66IndLJ849.pdf Constitution-Maker]''. SWISHER, at 48; WALDRON & VIVIAN, at 99 (Ayers entry). Ayers was a founder of the SAN FRANCISCO CALL and moved to Los Angeles in 1872. JAMES J. AYERS, GOLD AND SUNSHINE (1922) (published posthumously) describes the revolutionary fervor surrounding constitution-making.


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-	''See'' Babcock, ''Constitution-Maker''. Blackmer was one of the leading supporters of woman suffrage among the WPC delegates. As soon as the suffrage clause was read to the Convention, he took the initiative to the women’s side by proposing to eliminate the word “male.” As detailed in Babcock, ''Constitution-Maker'', he presented one of the first petitions for suffrage in the opening days of the convention. WALDRON & VIVIAN, supra at 121. He also led the effort to block a vote on suffrage on Christmas Eve. DEBATES, at 832.	+	''See'' Babcock, ''[http://wlh-static.law.stanford.edu/bb-clara/babcock-66IndLJ849.pdf Constitution-Maker]''. Blackmer was one of the leading supporters of woman suffrage among the WPC delegates. As soon as the suffrage clause was read to the Convention, he took the initiative to the women’s side by proposing to eliminate the word “male.” As detailed in Babcock, ''Constitution-Maker'', he presented one of the first petitions for suffrage in the opening days of the convention. WALDRON & VIVIAN, supra at 121. He also led the effort to block a vote on suffrage on Christmas Eve. DEBATES, at 832.


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-	''See'' Babcock, ''Constitution-Maker'' at nn.138-140.	+	''See'' Babcock, ''[http://wlh-static.law.stanford.edu/bb-clara/babcock-66IndLJ849.pdf Constitution-Maker]'' at nn.138-140.

	“The adoption of this clause [the employment section], so valuable to women, was mainly accomplished by the skillful diplomacy of Hon. Charles S. Ringgold, delegate from San Francisco, who introduced it in the convention and worked faithfully for its adoption.” 3 HWS, at 760. Ringgold was a Confederate sympathizer and follower of Terry at the convention. WALDRON & VIVIAN, at 23 n.89; ''see also'' J. STEDMAN & R. LEONARD, THE WORKINGMEN'S PARTY OF CALIFORNIA: AN EPITOME OF ITS RISE AND PROGRESS 78-86 (1878) at 80 (crediting Ringgold with passage of the employment clause). Charles Ringgold liked to say he came from Maryland “colonial stock.” Before joining the Workingmen’s Party “at its inception,” he had been a Chivalry or Copperhead Democrat. Indeed, he had been twice arrested because of what he termed “[a] too freely expressed belief in State rights.” His biographical sketch says that he was arrested first as an accessory in the fitting out of the schooner J.M. Chapman and later as a secessionist and Confederate officer. Both charges were dropped as unsubstantiated but only the second was designated as “fanciful.” WALDRON & VIVIAN, at 22-23.		“The adoption of this clause [the employment section], so valuable to women, was mainly accomplished by the skillful diplomacy of Hon. Charles S. Ringgold, delegate from San Francisco, who introduced it in the convention and worked faithfully for its adoption.” 3 HWS, at 760. Ringgold was a Confederate sympathizer and follower of Terry at the convention. WALDRON & VIVIAN, at 23 n.89; ''see also'' J. STEDMAN & R. LEONARD, THE WORKINGMEN'S PARTY OF CALIFORNIA: AN EPITOME OF ITS RISE AND PROGRESS 78-86 (1878) at 80 (crediting Ringgold with passage of the employment clause). Charles Ringgold liked to say he came from Maryland “colonial stock.” Before joining the Workingmen’s Party “at its inception,” he had been a Chivalry or Copperhead Democrat. Indeed, he had been twice arrested because of what he termed “[a] too freely expressed belief in State rights.” His biographical sketch says that he was arrested first as an accessory in the fitting out of the schooner J.M. Chapman and later as a secessionist and Confederate officer. Both charges were dropped as unsubstantiated but only the second was designated as “fanciful.” WALDRON & VIVIAN, at 22-23.
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	Vacquerel also gave a distinctive class twist to the debate when he objected: “Now sir, it has been said that only low class women would vote. I want to know what is the meaning of such a word. Because a woman is poor is she low? I hope, gentlemen, that you do not think that poverty is a crime. When I hold for the right of suffrage for women, I hold it for all women, rich or poor, in whatever class of society they belong.” DEBATES, at 1010. After all other woman suffrage efforts had failed at the January debates, Vacquerel sought a last amendment that also failed: “[W]henever the Courts shall grant to Mongolians the right of citizenship, the Legislature shall remove all disabilities from exercising the elective franchise on account of sex.” ''Id.'' at 1018. At one point Vacquerel fell out with the WPC Convention caucus, but he continued to take WPC positions on the Convention floor, as in the woman suffrage debates.		Vacquerel also gave a distinctive class twist to the debate when he objected: “Now sir, it has been said that only low class women would vote. I want to know what is the meaning of such a word. Because a woman is poor is she low? I hope, gentlemen, that you do not think that poverty is a crime. When I hold for the right of suffrage for women, I hold it for all women, rich or poor, in whatever class of society they belong.” DEBATES, at 1010. After all other woman suffrage efforts had failed at the January debates, Vacquerel sought a last amendment that also failed: “[W]henever the Courts shall grant to Mongolians the right of citizenship, the Legislature shall remove all disabilities from exercising the elective franchise on account of sex.” ''Id.'' at 1018. At one point Vacquerel fell out with the WPC Convention caucus, but he continued to take WPC positions on the Convention floor, as in the woman suffrage debates.
-

	==Prominent Opponents==		==Prominent Opponents==

Hinds: /* Passage of the Anti-Discrimination Clauses */

2012-04-26T06:11:54Z

Passage of the Anti-Discrimination Clauses

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	==Passage of the Anti-Discrimination Clauses==		==Passage of the Anti-Discrimination Clauses==

-	Until the last few decades, few standard histories mentioned the women’s role in achieving the historic anti-discrimination clauses. ''See, e.g.'', BEAN & RAWLS, CALIFORNIA: AN INTERPRETIVE HISTORY 255 (5th ed. 1988). But see TAMING THE ELEPHANT: POLITICS, GOVERNMENT, AND LAW IN PIONEER CALIFONIA (John F. Burns & Richard J. Orsi eds., 2003) an anthology of essays on the period between constitutions, 1849-1879, that cites Babcock, ''Constitution-Maker'' for the detailed account of the women’s contribution.	+	Until the last few decades, few standard histories mentioned the women’s role in achieving the historic anti-discrimination clauses. ''See, e.g.'', BEAN & RAWLS, CALIFORNIA: AN INTERPRETIVE HISTORY 255 (5th ed. 1988). But see TAMING THE ELEPHANT: POLITICS, GOVERNMENT, AND LAW IN PIONEER CALIFONIA (John F. Burns & Richard J. Orsi eds., 2003) an anthology of essays on the period between constitutions, 1849-1879, that cites Babcock, ''[http://wlh-static.law.stanford.edu/bb-clara/babcock-66IndLJ849.pdf Constitution-Maker]'' for the detailed account of the women’s contribution.


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	Though they lost suffrage, the women wanted to preserve in the constitution the Woman Lawyers Bill. Limiting the realm of future legislative action by increasingly specific constitutional provisions was not unusual in 19th century. JAMES WILLARD HURST, THE GROWTH OF AMERICAN LAW: THE LAW MAKERS (1950). Both Foltz and Gordon claimed authorship of the women’s clauses at various times. ''See, e.g.'', Foltz, ''Struggles'', Mar. 1917 (Foltz the author of the clause); ''Who’s Who in Los Angeles County'' (1928-29); 3 HWS, at 759-60 (crediting Gordon completely but she was probably the main informant for this part of the history, as explained in Babcock, ''First Woman'', at n.111).		Though they lost suffrage, the women wanted to preserve in the constitution the Woman Lawyers Bill. Limiting the realm of future legislative action by increasingly specific constitutional provisions was not unusual in 19th century. JAMES WILLARD HURST, THE GROWTH OF AMERICAN LAW: THE LAW MAKERS (1950). Both Foltz and Gordon claimed authorship of the women’s clauses at various times. ''See, e.g.'', Foltz, ''Struggles'', Mar. 1917 (Foltz the author of the clause); ''Who’s Who in Los Angeles County'' (1928-29); 3 HWS, at 759-60 (crediting Gordon completely but she was probably the main informant for this part of the history, as explained in Babcock, ''First Woman'', at n.111).
-

	==Prominent Pro-Woman Delegates at the 1879 Convention==		==Prominent Pro-Woman Delegates at the 1879 Convention==

Hinds: /* Convention of 1879 */

2012-04-26T06:10:30Z

Convention of 1879

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	==Convention of 1879==		==Convention of 1879==

-	Babcock, ''Constitution-Maker'' contains detailed notes on the historiographical sources. See also the Note on Documentation, at 911.	+	Babcock, ''[http://wlh-static.law.stanford.edu/bb-clara/babcock-66IndLJ849.pdf Constitution-Maker]'' contains detailed notes on the historiographical sources. See also the Note on Documentation, at 911.


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	Carl Swisher’s monograph, MOTIVATION AND POLITICAL TECHNIQUE IN THE CALIFORNIA CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION, 1878-79 (1930) is a concise monument of clarity and thorough research. But like other histories of the period, it refers only briefly (at 96) to the role of the women and their cause in the constitutional events. D. MOORHEAD, ''Sectionalism and the California Constitution of 1879'' (1941) (unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Stanford University; a shorter work under the same title is published in 12 PAC. HIST. REV. 287 (1943)). Moorhead notes women’s suffrage on the WPC’s platform and has a chart on the nativity of all delegates showing that none of the 28 foreign-born WPC delegates was a “raw immigrant” and all were gainfully employed. ''Id.'' at 239-47. For other sources, see Noel Sargent, ''The California Constitutional Convention of 1878-9'', 6 CAL L. REV. 1 (1917); TINKHAM, CALIFORNIA MEN AND EVENTS: TIME 1769-1890 (1915); Harry N. Scheiber, ''Race, Radicalism, and Reform: Historical Perspective on the 1879 California Constitution,'' 17 HASTINGS CONST. L.Q. 35 (1989) is an important, more recent treatment.		Carl Swisher’s monograph, MOTIVATION AND POLITICAL TECHNIQUE IN THE CALIFORNIA CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION, 1878-79 (1930) is a concise monument of clarity and thorough research. But like other histories of the period, it refers only briefly (at 96) to the role of the women and their cause in the constitutional events. D. MOORHEAD, ''Sectionalism and the California Constitution of 1879'' (1941) (unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Stanford University; a shorter work under the same title is published in 12 PAC. HIST. REV. 287 (1943)). Moorhead notes women’s suffrage on the WPC’s platform and has a chart on the nativity of all delegates showing that none of the 28 foreign-born WPC delegates was a “raw immigrant” and all were gainfully employed. ''Id.'' at 239-47. For other sources, see Noel Sargent, ''The California Constitutional Convention of 1878-9'', 6 CAL L. REV. 1 (1917); TINKHAM, CALIFORNIA MEN AND EVENTS: TIME 1769-1890 (1915); Harry N. Scheiber, ''Race, Radicalism, and Reform: Historical Perspective on the 1879 California Constitution,'' 17 HASTINGS CONST. L.Q. 35 (1989) is an important, more recent treatment.
-

	==Passage of the Anti-Discrimination Clauses==		==Passage of the Anti-Discrimination Clauses==

Jalss at 05:36, 28 December 2010

2010-12-28T05:36:07Z

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		+	This Note discusses the California Convention of 1879, the passage of the anti-discrimination clauses (and women's role in their enactment), and the 1879 Convention (including prominent opponents to it). Much of this Note relies on my article ''Constitution Maker''.
		+
	==Convention of 1879==		==Convention of 1879==

Jalss at 05:33, 28 December 2010

2010-12-28T05:33:34Z

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-	Vacquerel was a native of Paris, France, a WPC delegate, and a proponent of woman suffrage. Vacquerel was said to be the only real radical among the WPC delegates. George~~, supra~~, at 449. His support was not, however, on completely utopian ground. Women’s votes could “save” the republic in the face of the risk that Chinese men might gain citizenship and hence enfranchisement under the Fifteenth Amendment. Urging women’s votes as “a legal and constitutional way to prevent the Chinese power in this State,” he challenged those who were “opposed to Chinese . . . in earnest” to prove it by voting for woman suffrage. DEBATES, ~~supra~~ n.10, at 1010. 4 HITTELL, at 625.	+	Vacquerel was a native of Paris, France, a WPC delegate, and a proponent of woman suffrage. Vacquerel was said to be the only real radical among the WPC delegates. George, at 449. His support was not, however, on completely utopian ground. Women’s votes could “save” the republic in the face of the risk that Chinese men might gain citizenship and hence enfranchisement under the Fifteenth Amendment. Urging women’s votes as “a legal and constitutional way to prevent the Chinese power in this State,” he challenged those who were “opposed to Chinese . . . in earnest” to prove it by voting for woman suffrage. DEBATES, n.10, at 1010. 4 HITTELL, at 625.
		+
		+
		+	Vacquerel also gave a distinctive class twist to the debate when he objected: “Now sir, it has been said that only low class women would vote. I want to know what is the meaning of such a word. Because a woman is poor is she low? I hope, gentlemen, that you do not think that poverty is a crime. When I hold for the right of suffrage for women, I hold it for all women, rich or poor, in whatever class of society they belong.” DEBATES, at 1010. After all other woman suffrage efforts had failed at the January debates, Vacquerel sought a last amendment that also failed: “[W]henever the Courts shall grant to Mongolians the right of citizenship, the Legislature shall remove all disabilities from exercising the elective franchise on account of sex.” ''Id.'' at 1018. At one point Vacquerel fell out with the WPC Convention caucus, but he continued to take WPC positions on the Convention floor, as in the woman suffrage debates.

-	Vacquerel also gave a distinctive class twist to the debate when he objected: “Now sir, it has been said that only low class women would vote. I want to know what is the meaning of such a word. Because a woman is poor is she low? I hope, gentlemen, that you do not think that poverty is a crime. When I hold for the right of suffrage for women, I hold it for all women, rich or poor, in whatever class of society they belong.” DEBATES, at 1010. After all other woman suffrage efforts had failed at the January debates, Vacquerel sought a last amendment that also failed: “[W]henever the Courts shall grant to Mongolians the right of citizenship, the Legislature shall remove all disabilities from exercising the elective franchise on account of sex.” Id. at 1018. At one point Vacquerel fell out with the WPC Convention caucus, but he continued to take WPC positions on the Convention floor, as in the woman suffrage debates.

-	~~<div id=prominentopponents></div>~~
-	~~<div id=opponents></div>~~
	==Prominent Opponents==		==Prominent Opponents==

	===Joseph Hoge===		===Joseph Hoge===
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-	The women’s main opponents at the Convention were also on the Hastings Board and so were defendants in Foltz v. Hoge, 54 Cal. 28 (1879). Babcock, Constitution-Maker, at n.105. THOMAS GARDEN BARNES, HASTINGS COLLEGE OF THE LAW—THE FIRST CENTURY 45 (1978). Joseph P. Hoge was the President of the Convention, elected as a Non-Partisan, though he was a Democrat. Sixty-five years old at the time of the Convention, he was an accomplished parliamentarian who generally won the respect of the delegates. Hoge had emigrated from Illinois where he had twice served in Congress. SHUCK, BENCH AND BAR at 565-66. Clara Foltz said of Hoge: “He was opposed to women in public life, opposed to women in any place except possibly in their homes—just as though every woman had a home then any more than she has now!” ''Struggles'', Mar. 1917.	+
		+	The women’s main opponents at the Convention were also on the Hastings Board and so were defendants in ''Foltz v. Hoge'', 54 Cal. 28 (1879). Babcock, ''Constitution-Maker'', at n.105. THOMAS GARDEN BARNES, HASTINGS COLLEGE OF THE LAW—THE FIRST CENTURY 45 (1978). Joseph P. Hoge was the President of the Convention, elected as a Non-Partisan, though he was a Democrat. Sixty-five years old at the time of the Convention, he was an accomplished parliamentarian who generally won the respect of the delegates. Hoge had emigrated from Illinois where he had twice served in Congress. SHUCK, BENCH AND BAR, at 565-66. Clara Foltz said of Hoge: “He was opposed to women in public life, opposed to women in any place except possibly in their homes—just as though every woman had a home then any more than she has now!” ''Struggles,'' Mar. 1917.
		+

	===Samuel Wilson===		===Samuel Wilson===
	----		----

-	Babcock, Constitution-Maker, nn.83-84. Hoge’s law partner earlier in Illinois, and in San Francisco, Wilson was counselor to banks and railroads, self-made and immensely rich, and a bar association founder. Dryly correct, tenacious and thorough, he could exhaust the most ardent reformer. SHUCK, BENCH AND BAR at 566-69.	+	Babcock, ''Constitution-Maker'', nn.83-84. Hoge’s law partner earlier in Illinois, and in San Francisco, Wilson was counselor to banks and railroads, self-made and immensely rich, and a bar association founder. Dryly correct, tenacious and thorough, he could exhaust the most ardent reformer. SHUCK, BENCH AND BAR, at 566-69.
		+

	===Thomas Bishop===		===Thomas Bishop===
	----		----

-	A former judge and founder of the San Francisco Bar Association. See KENNETH M. JOHNSON, THE BAR ASSOCIATION OF SAN FRANCISCO: THE FIRST HUNDRED YEARS, 1872-1972 (1972) (repeated references to Bishop). Johnson recounts that Bishop was among the top six lawyers listed as “the best at the bar” by “a great number” of fellow attorneys polled in 1899. Id. at 151. BARNES, ~~supra~~ at 19.	+	A former judge and founder of the San Francisco Bar Association. ''See'' KENNETH M. JOHNSON, THE BAR ASSOCIATION OF SAN FRANCISCO: THE FIRST HUNDRED YEARS, 1872-1972 (1972) (repeated references to Bishop). Johnson recounts that Bishop was among the top six lawyers listed as “the best at the bar” by “a great number” of fellow attorneys polled in 1899.'' Id.'' at 151. BARNES, at 19.
		+

	===Delos Lake===		===Delos Lake===
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-	Described as “brilliant,” “profound,” possessed of a “singularly fine presence, a rich voice and a great command of language,” as well as a “keen wit,” A. PHELPS, CONTEMPORARY BIOGRAPHY OF CALIFORNIA’S REPRESENTATIVE MEN (1881), Lake was hardly a good sport about losing to Foltz. BARNES, ~~supra~~ at 55, describes his effort to exclude Foltz from the law school despite her victory.	+	Described as “brilliant,” “profound,” possessed of a “singularly fine presence, a rich voice and a great command of language,” as well as a “keen wit,” A. PHELPS, CONTEMPORARY BIOGRAPHY OF CALIFORNIA’S REPRESENTATIVE MEN (1881), Lake was hardly a good sport about losing to Foltz. BARNES, at 55, describes his effort to exclude Foltz from the law school despite her victory.