Suffrage History - Revision history

Babcock: /* Suffrage and Black Civil Rights Movement */

2011-03-21T18:49:10Z

Suffrage and Black Civil Rights Movement

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-	On suffrage and and the black civil rights movement, see BLANCHE GLASSMAN HERSH, THE SLAVERY OF SEX: FEMINIST ABOLITIONISTS IN AMERICA (1978); JEAN FAGAN YELLIN, WOMEN & SISTERS: THE ANTISLAVERY FEMINISTS IN AMERICAN CULTURE (1998). Louise Michele Newman suggests that despite its emergence from the abolitionist movement, feminism’s understanding of citizenship was racist at the root. LOUISE MICHELLE NEWMAN, WHITE WOMEN’S RIGHTS: THE RACIAL ORIGINS OF FEMINISM IN THE UNITED STATES (1999). In ~~the latest~~ biography of Stanton, Lori Ginzburg shows how her positions on race harmed the women’s movement ~~at the time~~ and ~~practically~~ to this day. She pins the main blame for the National Association’s use of racist arguments on Stanton, though others used them widely in the seventies and eighties. LORI GINZBURG, ELIZABETH CADY STANTON: AN AMERICAN LIFE 129-31 (2009).	+	On suffrage and and the black civil rights movement, see BLANCHE GLASSMAN HERSH, THE SLAVERY OF SEX: FEMINIST ABOLITIONISTS IN AMERICA (1978); JEAN FAGAN YELLIN, WOMEN & SISTERS: THE ANTISLAVERY FEMINISTS IN AMERICAN CULTURE (1998). Louise Michele Newman suggests that despite its emergence from the abolitionist movement, feminism’s understanding of citizenship was racist at the root. LOUISE MICHELLE NEWMAN, WHITE WOMEN’S RIGHTS: THE RACIAL ORIGINS OF FEMINISM IN THE UNITED STATES (1999). In her biography of Stanton, Lori Ginzburg shows how her positions on race harmed the women’s movement historically and the bad effects of racists arguments continue to this day. She pins the main blame for the National Association’s use of racist arguments on Stanton, though others used them widely in the seventies and eighties. LORI GINZBURG, ELIZABETH CADY STANTON: AN AMERICAN LIFE 129-31 (2009). A more balanced view of where the "ascriptive" (ascribing traits and arguments for rights on shared traits of gender, race, etc.) of the suffragists, and Stanton in particular fit into the women's rights ideology is SUE DAVIS, THE POLITICAL THOUGHT OF ELIZABETH CADY STANTON; WOMEN'S RIGHTS AND THE AMERICAN POLITICAL TRADITION (2008).


	For black suffragists, winning the vote was only part of a larger struggle for racial justice. On black women’s involvement in suffrage movements, see ROSALYN TERBORG-PENN, AFRICAN AMERICAN WOMEN IN THE STRUGGLE FOR THE VOTE, 1850-1920 (1998); MARTHA S. JONES, ALL BOUND UP TOGETHER: THE WOMAN QUESTION IN AFRICAN AMERICAN PUBLIC CULTURE, 1830-1900 (2007).		For black suffragists, winning the vote was only part of a larger struggle for racial justice. On black women’s involvement in suffrage movements, see ROSALYN TERBORG-PENN, AFRICAN AMERICAN WOMEN IN THE STRUGGLE FOR THE VOTE, 1850-1920 (1998); MARTHA S. JONES, ALL BOUND UP TOGETHER: THE WOMAN QUESTION IN AFRICAN AMERICAN PUBLIC CULTURE, 1830-1900 (2007).
-

	===Suffrage and Temperance and Prohibition===		===Suffrage and Temperance and Prohibition===

Babcock: /* Legal Status of Women in Nineteenth Century */

2011-03-19T16:38:28Z

Legal Status of Women in Nineteenth Century

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-	In their respective writings, political scientists Judith Shklar and Gretchen Ritter focus on questions of citizenship, arguing that feminists’ struggle for legal rights has always been part of a broader quest for civic inclusion. JUDITH ~~SHKLAR~~, IN AMERICAN CITIZENSHIP: THE QUEST FOR INCLUSION (1991); GRETCHEN RITTER, THE CONSTITUTION AS SOCIAL DESIGN: GENDER AND CIVIC MEMBERSHIP IN THE AMERICAN CONSTITUTIONAL ORDER (2006). Legal relations and gendered discourses of citizenship across U.S. history are discussed in Rogers Smith, ''One United People: Second-Class Female Citizenship and the American Quest for Community'', 1 YALE J.L. & HUMAN. 229 (1989); Nancy Cott, Marriage and Women’s Citizenship in the United States, 1830-1934, 103 AM. HIST. REV. 1440 (1998); Linda Kerber, ''The Paradox of Women’s Citizenship in the Early Republic: The Case of Martin v. Massachusetts'', 97 AM. HIST. REV. 349 (1992); Linda Kerber, ''The Meanings of Citizenship'', 84 J. AM. HIST. 833 (1997). For scholarly writings focusing on women’s contested claims to citizenship in the charged political climate of the post-Civil War era, see LAURA EDWARDS, GENDERED STRIFE AND CONFUSION: THE POLITICAL CULTURE OF RECONSTRUCTION (1997) and Norma Basch, ''Reconstructing Female Citizenship'', ''in'' THE CONSTITUTION, LAW, AND AMERICAN LIFE (Donald Nieman ed., 1994).	+	In their respective writings, political scientists Judith Shklar and Gretchen Ritter focus on questions of citizenship, arguing that feminists’ struggle for legal rights has always been part of a broader quest for civic inclusion. JUDITH SKLAR, IN AMERICAN CITIZENSHIP: THE QUEST FOR INCLUSION (1991); GRETCHEN RITTER, THE CONSTITUTION AS SOCIAL DESIGN: GENDER AND CIVIC MEMBERSHIP IN THE AMERICAN CONSTITUTIONAL ORDER (2006). Legal relations and gendered discourses of citizenship across U.S. history are discussed in Rogers Smith, ''One United People: Second-Class Female Citizenship and the American Quest for Community'', 1 YALE J.L. & HUMAN. 229 (1989); Nancy Cott, Marriage and Women’s Citizenship in the United States, 1830-1934, 103 AM. HIST. REV. 1440 (1998); Linda Kerber, ''The Paradox of Women’s Citizenship in the Early Republic: The Case of Martin v. Massachusetts'', 97 AM. HIST. REV. 349 (1992); Linda Kerber, ''The Meanings of Citizenship'', 84 J. AM. HIST. 833 (1997). For scholarly writings focusing on women’s contested claims to citizenship in the charged political climate of the post-Civil War era, see LAURA EDWARDS, GENDERED STRIFE AND CONFUSION: THE POLITICAL CULTURE OF RECONSTRUCTION (1997) and Norma Basch, ''Reconstructing Female Citizenship'', ''in'' THE CONSTITUTION, LAW, AND AMERICAN LIFE (Donald Nieman ed., 1994).


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	==Seneca Falls==		==Seneca Falls==

Albah at 01:55, 21 December 2010

2010-12-21T01:55:26Z

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	The study of women and the law in the nineteenth century has focused extensively on the evolving rights of married women. Norma Basch discusses the tensions between republican ideology and the notion of marital unity embodied in the doctrine of coverture, and the influence of feminist movements in the gradual erosion of coverture through married women’s property laws in the mid-nineteenth century. NORMA BASCH, IN THE EYES OF THE LAW: WOMEN, MARRIAGE, AND PROPERTY IN NINETEENTH-CENTURY NEW YORK (1982). Basch has also studied the changing law of divorce and its impact on women. NORMA BASCH, FRAMING AMERICAN DIVORCE: FROM THE REVOLUTIONARY GENERATION TO THE VICTORIANS (2001); Norma Basch, ''Invisible Women: The Legal Fiction of Marital Unity in Nineteenth-Century America'', 5 FEMINIST STUD. 346 (1979); Norma Basch, ''Relief in the Premises: Divorce as a Woman's Remedy in New York and Indiana'', 1815-1870, 8 LAW & HIST. REV. 1 (1990); Norma Basch, ''The Emerging Legal History of Women in the United States: Property, Divorce, and the Constitution'', 12 SIGNS 97 (1986). For summaries of nineteenth-century women’s legal status within marriage and the family, see MICHAEL GROSSBERG, GOVERNING THE HEARTH: LAW AND FAMILY IN NINETEENTH CENTURY AMERICA (1985); ELIZABETH BOWLES WARBASSE, THE CHANGING LEGAL RIGHTS OF MARRIED WOMEN, 1800-1861 (1987); PEGGY RABKIN, FATHERS TO DAUGHTERS: THE LEGAL FOUNDATIONS OF FEMALE EMANCIPATION (1980); Reva Siegel, ''Home As Work: The First Woman’s Rights Claims Concerning Wives’ Household Labor, 1850-1880'', 103 YALE L.J. 1073 (1994); Reva Siegel, ''The Modernization of Marital Status Law: Adjudicating Wives' Rights to Earnings, 1860-1930'', 82 GEO. L.J. 2127 (1995); Carole Shammas, ''Reassessing the Married Women’s Property Acts'', 6 J. WOMEN’S HIST. 9 (1994). Ariela Dubler explores the historical impact of the normative framework of marriage on single women. Ariela Dubler, In the Shadow of Marriage: Single Women and the Legal Construction of the Family and the State, 112 YALE L.J. 1641 (2003).		The study of women and the law in the nineteenth century has focused extensively on the evolving rights of married women. Norma Basch discusses the tensions between republican ideology and the notion of marital unity embodied in the doctrine of coverture, and the influence of feminist movements in the gradual erosion of coverture through married women’s property laws in the mid-nineteenth century. NORMA BASCH, IN THE EYES OF THE LAW: WOMEN, MARRIAGE, AND PROPERTY IN NINETEENTH-CENTURY NEW YORK (1982). Basch has also studied the changing law of divorce and its impact on women. NORMA BASCH, FRAMING AMERICAN DIVORCE: FROM THE REVOLUTIONARY GENERATION TO THE VICTORIANS (2001); Norma Basch, ''Invisible Women: The Legal Fiction of Marital Unity in Nineteenth-Century America'', 5 FEMINIST STUD. 346 (1979); Norma Basch, ''Relief in the Premises: Divorce as a Woman's Remedy in New York and Indiana'', 1815-1870, 8 LAW & HIST. REV. 1 (1990); Norma Basch, ''The Emerging Legal History of Women in the United States: Property, Divorce, and the Constitution'', 12 SIGNS 97 (1986). For summaries of nineteenth-century women’s legal status within marriage and the family, see MICHAEL GROSSBERG, GOVERNING THE HEARTH: LAW AND FAMILY IN NINETEENTH CENTURY AMERICA (1985); ELIZABETH BOWLES WARBASSE, THE CHANGING LEGAL RIGHTS OF MARRIED WOMEN, 1800-1861 (1987); PEGGY RABKIN, FATHERS TO DAUGHTERS: THE LEGAL FOUNDATIONS OF FEMALE EMANCIPATION (1980); Reva Siegel, ''Home As Work: The First Woman’s Rights Claims Concerning Wives’ Household Labor, 1850-1880'', 103 YALE L.J. 1073 (1994); Reva Siegel, ''The Modernization of Marital Status Law: Adjudicating Wives' Rights to Earnings, 1860-1930'', 82 GEO. L.J. 2127 (1995); Carole Shammas, ''Reassessing the Married Women’s Property Acts'', 6 J. WOMEN’S HIST. 9 (1994). Ariela Dubler explores the historical impact of the normative framework of marriage on single women. Ariela Dubler, In the Shadow of Marriage: Single Women and the Legal Construction of the Family and the State, 112 YALE L.J. 1641 (2003).
		+

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Albah at 01:54, 21 December 2010

2010-12-21T01:54:48Z

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	The study of women and the law in the nineteenth century has focused extensively on the evolving rights of married women. Norma Basch discusses the tensions between republican ideology and the notion of marital unity embodied in the doctrine of coverture, and the influence of feminist movements in the gradual erosion of coverture through married women’s property laws in the mid-nineteenth century. NORMA BASCH, IN THE EYES OF THE LAW: WOMEN, MARRIAGE, AND PROPERTY IN NINETEENTH-CENTURY NEW YORK (1982). Basch has also studied the changing law of divorce and its impact on women. NORMA BASCH, FRAMING AMERICAN DIVORCE: FROM THE REVOLUTIONARY GENERATION TO THE VICTORIANS (2001); Norma Basch, ''Invisible Women: The Legal Fiction of Marital Unity in Nineteenth-Century America'', 5 FEMINIST STUD. 346 (1979); Norma Basch, ''Relief in the Premises: Divorce as a Woman's Remedy in New York and Indiana'', 1815-1870, 8 LAW & HIST. REV. 1 (1990); Norma Basch, ''The Emerging Legal History of Women in the United States: Property, Divorce, and the Constitution'', 12 SIGNS 97 (1986). For summaries of nineteenth-century women’s legal status within marriage and the family, see MICHAEL GROSSBERG, GOVERNING THE HEARTH: LAW AND FAMILY IN NINETEENTH CENTURY AMERICA (1985); ELIZABETH BOWLES WARBASSE, THE CHANGING LEGAL RIGHTS OF MARRIED WOMEN, 1800-1861 (1987); PEGGY RABKIN, FATHERS TO DAUGHTERS: THE LEGAL FOUNDATIONS OF FEMALE EMANCIPATION (1980); Reva Siegel, ''Home As Work: The First Woman’s Rights Claims Concerning Wives’ Household Labor, 1850-1880'', 103 YALE L.J. 1073 (1994); Reva Siegel, ''The Modernization of Marital Status Law: Adjudicating Wives' Rights to Earnings, 1860-1930'', 82 GEO. L.J. 2127 (1995); Carole Shammas, ''Reassessing the Married Women’s Property Acts'', 6 J. WOMEN’S HIST. 9 (1994). Ariela Dubler explores the historical impact of the normative framework of marriage on single women. Ariela Dubler, In the Shadow of Marriage: Single Women and the Legal Construction of the Family and the State, 112 YALE L.J. 1641 (2003).		The study of women and the law in the nineteenth century has focused extensively on the evolving rights of married women. Norma Basch discusses the tensions between republican ideology and the notion of marital unity embodied in the doctrine of coverture, and the influence of feminist movements in the gradual erosion of coverture through married women’s property laws in the mid-nineteenth century. NORMA BASCH, IN THE EYES OF THE LAW: WOMEN, MARRIAGE, AND PROPERTY IN NINETEENTH-CENTURY NEW YORK (1982). Basch has also studied the changing law of divorce and its impact on women. NORMA BASCH, FRAMING AMERICAN DIVORCE: FROM THE REVOLUTIONARY GENERATION TO THE VICTORIANS (2001); Norma Basch, ''Invisible Women: The Legal Fiction of Marital Unity in Nineteenth-Century America'', 5 FEMINIST STUD. 346 (1979); Norma Basch, ''Relief in the Premises: Divorce as a Woman's Remedy in New York and Indiana'', 1815-1870, 8 LAW & HIST. REV. 1 (1990); Norma Basch, ''The Emerging Legal History of Women in the United States: Property, Divorce, and the Constitution'', 12 SIGNS 97 (1986). For summaries of nineteenth-century women’s legal status within marriage and the family, see MICHAEL GROSSBERG, GOVERNING THE HEARTH: LAW AND FAMILY IN NINETEENTH CENTURY AMERICA (1985); ELIZABETH BOWLES WARBASSE, THE CHANGING LEGAL RIGHTS OF MARRIED WOMEN, 1800-1861 (1987); PEGGY RABKIN, FATHERS TO DAUGHTERS: THE LEGAL FOUNDATIONS OF FEMALE EMANCIPATION (1980); Reva Siegel, ''Home As Work: The First Woman’s Rights Claims Concerning Wives’ Household Labor, 1850-1880'', 103 YALE L.J. 1073 (1994); Reva Siegel, ''The Modernization of Marital Status Law: Adjudicating Wives' Rights to Earnings, 1860-1930'', 82 GEO. L.J. 2127 (1995); Carole Shammas, ''Reassessing the Married Women’s Property Acts'', 6 J. WOMEN’S HIST. 9 (1994). Ariela Dubler explores the historical impact of the normative framework of marriage on single women. Ariela Dubler, In the Shadow of Marriage: Single Women and the Legal Construction of the Family and the State, 112 YALE L.J. 1641 (2003).

-		+	<div id=senecafalls></div>
	==Seneca Falls==		==Seneca Falls==

Albah at 01:31, 21 December 2010

2010-12-21T01:31:58Z

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	One of the most interesting aspects of women’s legal status in the nineteenth century is that they were able to have considerable political influence long before they had the vote. Recent years have seen a surge of interest in this phenomenon. REBECCA EDWARDS, ANGELS IN THE MACHINERY: GENDER IN AMERICAN PARTY POLITICS FROM THE CIVIL WAR TO THE PROGRESSIVE ERA (1997); JO FREEMAN, WE WILL BE HEARD: WOMEN’S STRUGGLES FOR POLITICAL POWER IN THE UNITED STATES (2008); FREEMAN, A ROOM AT A TIME: HOW WOMEN ENTERED PARTY POLITICS (2000); WE HAVE COME TO STAY: AMERICAN WOMEN AND POLITICAL PARTIES, 1880-1960 (Melanie Gustafson, Kristie Miller & Elisabeth I. Perry eds., 1999); MELANIE GUSTAFSON, WOMEN AND THE REPUBLICAN PARTY 1854-1924 ( 2001); ROBERT J. DINKEN, BEFORE EQUAL SUFFRAGE, WOMEN IN PARTISAN POLITICS FROM COLONIAL TIMES TO 1920 (1995). ''See also'' ALANA S. JEYDEL, POLITICAL WOMEN: THE WOMEN'S MOVEMENT, POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS, THE BATTLE FOR WOMEN'S SUFFRAGE AND THE ERA (2004).		One of the most interesting aspects of women’s legal status in the nineteenth century is that they were able to have considerable political influence long before they had the vote. Recent years have seen a surge of interest in this phenomenon. REBECCA EDWARDS, ANGELS IN THE MACHINERY: GENDER IN AMERICAN PARTY POLITICS FROM THE CIVIL WAR TO THE PROGRESSIVE ERA (1997); JO FREEMAN, WE WILL BE HEARD: WOMEN’S STRUGGLES FOR POLITICAL POWER IN THE UNITED STATES (2008); FREEMAN, A ROOM AT A TIME: HOW WOMEN ENTERED PARTY POLITICS (2000); WE HAVE COME TO STAY: AMERICAN WOMEN AND POLITICAL PARTIES, 1880-1960 (Melanie Gustafson, Kristie Miller & Elisabeth I. Perry eds., 1999); MELANIE GUSTAFSON, WOMEN AND THE REPUBLICAN PARTY 1854-1924 ( 2001); ROBERT J. DINKEN, BEFORE EQUAL SUFFRAGE, WOMEN IN PARTISAN POLITICS FROM COLONIAL TIMES TO 1920 (1995). ''See also'' ALANA S. JEYDEL, POLITICAL WOMEN: THE WOMEN'S MOVEMENT, POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS, THE BATTLE FOR WOMEN'S SUFFRAGE AND THE ERA (2004).

		+	<div id=relationship></div>
	==Relationship with Other Movements and Causes==		==Relationship with Other Movements and Causes==

Babcock: /* Relationship with Other Movements and Causes */

2010-12-21T00:52:07Z

Relationship with Other Movements and Causes

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	==Relationship with Other Movements and Causes==		==Relationship with Other Movements and Causes==

-	The women's suffrage movement was connected with many other causes and reforms. In the most basic sense, such reforms were seen as those women would seek through the use of the franchise. But there were philosphical and strategic bonds as well between suffrage and other social reform movements including, of course, the broader women's rights movement, the black civil rights movement, and the temperance and prohibition movements. See also, Note; [[The Women's Movement, Free Love and Spiritualism]] (Chapter One) and ~~[[Progressivism,~~ Suffrage, and Public Defense ~~#suffragedefense \|Suffrage and Public Defense]] (~~Chapter Seven).	+	The women's suffrage movement was connected with many other causes and reforms. In the most basic sense, such reforms were seen as those women would seek through the use of the franchise. But there were philosphical and strategic bonds as well between suffrage and other social reform movements including, of course, the broader women's rights movement, the black civil rights movement, and the temperance and prohibition movements. See also, Note; [[The Women's Movement, Free Love and Spiritualism]] (Chapter One) and Woman Suffrage and Public Defense
		+	Chapter Seven).

	===Suffrage and Other Women's Rights===		===Suffrage and Other Women's Rights===

Albah: /* Relationship with Other Movements and Causes */

2010-12-21T00:50:42Z

Relationship with Other Movements and Causes

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:50, 21 December 2010
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	==Relationship with Other Movements and Causes==		==Relationship with Other Movements and Causes==

-	The women's suffrage movement was connected with many other causes and reforms. In the most basic sense, such reforms were seen as those women would seek through the use of the franchise. But there were philosphical and strategic bonds as well between suffrage and other social reform movements including, of course, the broader women's rights movement, the black civil rights movement, and the temperance and prohibition movements. See also, Note; [[The Women's Movement, Free Love and Spiritualism]] (Chapter One) and [[Suffrage and Public Defense]] (Chapter Seven).	+	The women's suffrage movement was connected with many other causes and reforms. In the most basic sense, such reforms were seen as those women would seek through the use of the franchise. But there were philosphical and strategic bonds as well between suffrage and other social reform movements including, of course, the broader women's rights movement, the black civil rights movement, and the temperance and prohibition movements. See also, Note; [[The Women's Movement, Free Love and Spiritualism]] (Chapter One) and [[Progressivism, Suffrage, and Public Defense #suffragedefense \|Suffrage and Public Defense]] (Chapter Seven).

	===Suffrage and Other Women's Rights===		===Suffrage and Other Women's Rights===

Albah: /* Relationship with Other Movements and Causes */

2010-12-21T00:49:05Z

Relationship with Other Movements and Causes

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:49, 21 December 2010
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	==Relationship with Other Movements and Causes==		==Relationship with Other Movements and Causes==

-	The women's suffrage movement was connected with many other causes and reforms. In the most basic sense, such reforms were seen as those women would seek through the use of the franchise. But there were philosphical and strategic bonds as well between suffrage and other social reform movements including, of course, the broader women's rights movement, the black civil rights movement, and the temperance and prohibition movements. See also, Note; The Women's Movement, Free Love and Spiritualism (Chapter One) and Suffrage and Public Defense (Chapter Seven).	+	The women's suffrage movement was connected with many other causes and reforms. In the most basic sense, such reforms were seen as those women would seek through the use of the franchise. But there were philosphical and strategic bonds as well between suffrage and other social reform movements including, of course, the broader women's rights movement, the black civil rights movement, and the temperance and prohibition movements. See also, Note; [[The Women's Movement, Free Love and Spiritualism]] (Chapter One) and [[Suffrage and Public Defense]] (Chapter Seven).

	===Suffrage and Other Women's Rights===		===Suffrage and Other Women's Rights===

Babcock: /* Relationship with Other Movements and Causes */

2010-12-21T00:47:02Z

Relationship with Other Movements and Causes

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:47, 21 December 2010
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	==Relationship with Other Movements and Causes==		==Relationship with Other Movements and Causes==

-	The women's suffrage movement was connected ~~in some for or another to~~ many other social reform movements ~~at the time~~ including the broader women's rights movement, the black civil rights movement, and the temperance and prohibition movements.	+	The women's suffrage movement was connected with many other causes and reforms. In the most basic sense, such reforms were seen as those women would seek through the use of the franchise. But there were philosphical and strategic bonds as well between suffrage and other social reform movements including, of course, the broader women's rights movement, the black civil rights movement, and the temperance and prohibition movements. See also, Note; The Women's Movement, Free Love and Spiritualism (Chapter One) and Suffrage and Public Defense (Chapter Seven).
-		+

	===Suffrage and Other Women's Rights===		===Suffrage and Other Women's Rights===

Albah: /* Historiography */

2010-12-17T21:30:22Z

Historiography

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:30, 17 December 2010
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		+	<div id=historiography></div>
	==Historiography==		==Historiography==

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	One of the most interesting aspects of women’s legal status in the nineteenth century is that they were able to have considerable political influence long before they had the vote. Recent years have seen a surge of interest in this phenomenon. REBECCA EDWARDS, ANGELS IN THE MACHINERY: GENDER IN AMERICAN PARTY POLITICS FROM THE CIVIL WAR TO THE PROGRESSIVE ERA (1997); JO FREEMAN, WE WILL BE HEARD: WOMEN’S STRUGGLES FOR POLITICAL POWER IN THE UNITED STATES (2008); FREEMAN, A ROOM AT A TIME: HOW WOMEN ENTERED PARTY POLITICS (2000); WE HAVE COME TO STAY: AMERICAN WOMEN AND POLITICAL PARTIES, 1880-1960 (Melanie Gustafson, Kristie Miller & Elisabeth I. Perry eds., 1999); MELANIE GUSTAFSON, WOMEN AND THE REPUBLICAN PARTY 1854-1924 ( 2001); ROBERT J. DINKEN, BEFORE EQUAL SUFFRAGE, WOMEN IN PARTISAN POLITICS FROM COLONIAL TIMES TO 1920 (1995). ''See also'' ALANA S. JEYDEL, POLITICAL WOMEN: THE WOMEN'S MOVEMENT, POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS, THE BATTLE FOR WOMEN'S SUFFRAGE AND THE ERA (2004).		One of the most interesting aspects of women’s legal status in the nineteenth century is that they were able to have considerable political influence long before they had the vote. Recent years have seen a surge of interest in this phenomenon. REBECCA EDWARDS, ANGELS IN THE MACHINERY: GENDER IN AMERICAN PARTY POLITICS FROM THE CIVIL WAR TO THE PROGRESSIVE ERA (1997); JO FREEMAN, WE WILL BE HEARD: WOMEN’S STRUGGLES FOR POLITICAL POWER IN THE UNITED STATES (2008); FREEMAN, A ROOM AT A TIME: HOW WOMEN ENTERED PARTY POLITICS (2000); WE HAVE COME TO STAY: AMERICAN WOMEN AND POLITICAL PARTIES, 1880-1960 (Melanie Gustafson, Kristie Miller & Elisabeth I. Perry eds., 1999); MELANIE GUSTAFSON, WOMEN AND THE REPUBLICAN PARTY 1854-1924 ( 2001); ROBERT J. DINKEN, BEFORE EQUAL SUFFRAGE, WOMEN IN PARTISAN POLITICS FROM COLONIAL TIMES TO 1920 (1995). ''See also'' ALANA S. JEYDEL, POLITICAL WOMEN: THE WOMEN'S MOVEMENT, POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS, THE BATTLE FOR WOMEN'S SUFFRAGE AND THE ERA (2004).
-

	==Relationship with Other Movements and Causes==		==Relationship with Other Movements and Causes==