https://wlh-wiki.law.stanford.edu/index.php?feed=atom&target=Babcock&title=Special%3AContributions 2026-04-04T07:51:17Z From Woman Lawyer: The Trials of Clara Foltz -- Online Notes For The Book MediaWiki 1.15.3 https://wlh-wiki.law.stanford.edu/index.php/About_and_By_Clara_Foltz:_Biographical_Material_and_Her_Writings 2011-12-05T20:30:02Z

<p>Babcock:&#32;</p> <hr /> <div>This Note provides citations to biographical articles, book chapters, and websites about Clara Foltz, as well as Clara Foltz's own published writings. <br /> <br /> ==Babcock's Work==<br /> <br /> I describe Foltz’s major achievements in a series of law review articles, available at this website as well as elsewhere. These articles contain hundreds of citations to newspapers and other contemporary works, as well as more detailed legal sources and arguments than appear in the endnotes to Woman Lawyer or in these on- line bibliographic notes. <br /> <br /> On Foltz’s entry into the Bar, and the anti-discrimination clauses of the 1879 constitution, see <br /> <br /> *Barbara Allen Babcock, ''[http://wlh-static.law.stanford.edu/bb-clara/babcock-28VULR1231.pdf Clara Shortridge Foltz: 'First Woman']'', 30 ARIZONA L. REV. 673 (1988), reprinted with a new introduction in 28 VALPARAISO U. L. REV. 1231, (1994). <br /> *Barbara Allen Babcock, ''[http://wlh-static.law.stanford.edu/bb-clara/constitution.htm 'Clara Shortridge Foltz: Constitution-Maker']'', 66 INDIANA LAW JOURNAL 849 (1991).<br /> *Barbara Allen Babcock, ''[http://www.uchastings.edu/wlj/index.html 'Alma Mater: Clara Foltz and Hastings College of the Law' ]'' , 21 HASTINGS WOMEN'S LAW JOURNAL 99 (2010).<br /> <br /> <br /> On her role as founder of the public defender movement with detailed analysis of the legal and social sources and forces shaping her conception: <br /> Barbara Allen Babcock,''[http://wlh-static.law.stanford.edu/bb-clara/Inventing%20the%20PD1.pdf 'Inventing the Public Defender']'', 43 AMERICAN CRIMINAL LAW REVIEW 1267 (2006). <br /> <br /> <br /> On Foltz’s criminal law practice: Barbara Allen Babcock, ''[http://wlh-static.law.stanford.edu/bb-clara/NevadaLawArticler.pdf 'Women Defenders in the West']'', 1 UNIVERSITY OF NEVADE LAW JOURNAL 1 (Spring 2001).<br /> Barbara Allen Babcock, ''[http://wlh-static.law.stanford.edu/bb-clara/western.htm 'Western Women Lawyers']'', 45 STANFORD LAW REVIEW 2179 (1993).<br /> <br /> <br /> On her place as a leader of the women’s movement, see Barbara Allen Babcock, ''[http://wlh-static.law.stanford.edu/articles/kansasfinal.pdf 'A Real Revolution']'', 49 UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS LAW REVIEW 719 (2001); Barbara Allen Babcock, ''[http://wlh-static.law.stanford.edu/articles/h1femini.htm 'Feminist Lawyers']'', [Book Review], 50 STANFORD LAW REVIEW 1689 (1998); Barbara Allen Babcock, ''[http://wlh-static.law.stanford.edu/bb-clara/babcock61UCLR1139.pdf 'A Place in the Palladium: Women's Rights and Jury Service']'', 61 UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI LAW REVIEW 1139 (1993).<br /> <br /> <br /> On her marriage and divorce: Barbara Allen Babcock, ''[http://wlh.law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/BabcockW89.pdf 'Reconstructing the Person: The Case of Clara Shortridge Foltz']'', 12 BIOGRAPHY 1 (1989) reprinted in REVEALING LIVES 131 (Susan Bell &amp; Marilyn Yalom eds., 1990). <br /> <br /> <br /> On the process of biography writing: Barbara Allen Babcock, ''[http://wlh.law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/babcock70NYULR707.pdf 'Contracted']'' Biographies and Other Obstacles to 'Truth': Commentary'', 70 NEW YORK UNIVERSITY LAW REVIEW 707 (1995); Barbara Allen Babcock, ''Remarks on the Occasion of the Publication of ''[http://wlh.law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/babcock70NYULR707.pdf Called from Within: Early Women Lawyers of Hawaii]'', 16 BIOGRAPHY 3 (1993).<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Babcock Encyclopedia Entries===<br /> ----<br /> *Clara Foltz Entry: [http://wlh.law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/Yale-draft2.pdf Yale Biographical Dictionary of American Law]<br /> *Clara Foltz Entry: [http://wlh.law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/AmNatBiogentry.pdf American National Biography—volume 8]<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Website===<br /> ----<br /> The Public Defender and the Woman’s Rights Movement—1878-1913. This is part of [http://womhist.alexanderstreet.com The Women and Social Movements Website] [hereafter Social Movements Website].<br /> This is a collection of Foltz’s writings and articles about her, with extensive explanatory comments. <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Book Chapters and Other Writings===<br /> ----<br /> <br /> Clara Shortridge Foltz, ''[http://womhist.alexanderstreet.com Inventing the Public Defender]'', in NOBLE PURPOSES: NINE CHAMPIONS OF THE RULE OF LAW (Norman Gross ed., 2007).<br /> <br /> Barbara Allen Babcock, ''[http://wlh.law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/150thanniversaryspeech.pdf 150th Anniversary of the Supreme Court]'', 22 CAL. REP., 1275 (2000).<br /> <br /> Speeches at Dedication of Clara Shortridge Foltz Criminal Justice Center, Feb. 8, 2002, Brochure with pictures and text, on life at WLH Website; Installation of artworks in the courthouse, Brochure with pictures and text, Feb. 13, 2008.<br /> <br /> ==Other articles on Clara Shortridge Foltz==<br /> <br /> Cotemporary: Clara Foltz, San Francisco, Cal. 1 THE LAW STUDENT'S HELPER 263 (October 1893). Mrs. Clara Shortridge Foltz<br /> A Woman Of The Century Fourteen Hundred-Seventy Biographical Sketches Accompanied by Portraits of Leading American Women in all Walks of Life, edited by Frances E. Willard, Mary A. Livermore Charles Wells Moulton (1893). <br /> <br /> <br /> Other biographical works on Foltz include, most importantly, Mortimer D. Schwartz, Susan L. Brandt, &amp; Patience Milrod, Clara Shortridge Foltz: Pioneer in the Law, 27 HASTINGS L.J. 545 (1976); Corrine Gilb, Clara Shortridge Foltz, Notable American Women: A Biographical Dictionary, 1607-1950, at 641 (Edward T. James et al. eds., 1971); Virginia Elwood-Akers, Clara Shortridge Foltz: California’s First Woman Lawyer, 28 PAC. HISTORIAN 23 (1984); Nicholas Polos, San Diego’s “Portia of the Pacific,” 2 J. SAN DIEGO HIST. 185 (1980).<br /> <br /> ==Clara Foltz’s Publications==<br /> <br /> '''Law Reviews'''<br /> <br /> *Evolution of Law, 48 ALB. L. REV. 206 (1893). <br /> <br /> *World’s Fair Speech, reprinted as Our Public Defenders, 25 CHI. LEGAL NEWS 431 (Aug. 12, 1893) and The Rights of Persons Accused, 48 ALB. L.J. 248 (1893). <br /> <br /> *Duties of District Attorneys in Prosecutions, 18 CRIM L. MAG. 415 (July 1896).<br /> <br /> *Should Women be Executed, 54 ALB. L.J. (1896).<br /> <br /> *Public Defenders, 31 AM. LAW. REV. 393 (1897) <br /> <br /> '''Journalism''' <br /> <br /> *San Diego Daily Bee (Editor 1887). <br /> <br /> *The Mecca (Editor, Denver 1898). <br /> <br /> *Oil Fields and Furnaces (Editor, San Francisco 1901-1903). <br /> <br /> *The New American Woman (Editor, Los Angeles 1916-1918).</div>

Babcock https://wlh-wiki.law.stanford.edu/index.php/About_and_By_Clara_Foltz:_Biographical_Material_and_Her_Writings 2011-12-05T20:27:23Z

<p>Babcock:&#32;</p> <hr /> <div>This Note provides citations to biographical articles, book chapters, and websites about Clara Foltz, as well as Clara Foltz's own published writings. <br /> <br /> ==Babcock's Work==<br /> <br /> I describe Foltz’s major achievements in a series of law review articles, available at this website as well as elsewhere. These articles contain hundreds of citations to newspapers and other contemporary works, as well as more detailed legal sources and arguments than appear in the endnotes to Woman Lawyer or in these on- line bibliographic notes. <br /> <br /> On Foltz’s entry into the Bar, and the anti-discrimination clauses of the 1879 constitution, see <br /> <br /> *Barbara Allen Babcock, ''[http://wlh-static.law.stanford.edu/bb-clara/babcock-28VULR1231.pdf Clara Shortridge Foltz: 'First Woman']'', 30 ARIZONA L. REV. 673 (1988), reprinted with a new introduction in 28 VALPARAISO U. L. REV. 1231, (1994). <br /> *Barbara Allen Babcock, ''[http://wlh-static.law.stanford.edu/bb-clara/constitution.htm 'Clara Shortridge Foltz: Constitution-Maker']'', 66 INDIANA LAW JOURNAL 849 (1991).<br /> *Barbara Allen Babcock, ''[http://www.uchastings.edu/wlj/index.html 'Alma Mater: Clara Foltz and Hastings College of the Law' ]'' , 21 HASTINGS WOMEN'S LAW JOURNAL 99 (2010).<br /> <br /> <br /> On her role as founder of the public defender movement with detailed analysis of the legal and social sources and forces shaping her conception: <br /> Barbara Allen Babcock,''[http://wlh-static.law.stanford.edu/bb-clara/Inventing%20the%20PD1.pdf 'Inventing the Public Defender']'', 43 AMERICAN CRIMINAL LAW REVIEW 1267 (2006). <br /> <br /> <br /> On Foltz’s criminal law practice: Barbara Allen Babcock, ''[http://wlh-static.law.stanford.edu/bb-clara/NevadaLawArticler.pdf 'Women Defenders in the West']'', 1 UNIVERSITY OF NEVADE LAW JOURNAL 1 (Spring 2001).<br /> Barbara Allen Babcock, ''[http://wlh-static.law.stanford.edu/bb-clara/western.htm 'Western Women Lawyers']'', 45 STANFORD LAW REVIEW 2179 (1993).<br /> <br /> <br /> On her place as a leader of the women’s movement, see Barbara Allen Babcock, ''[http://wlh-static.law.stanford.edu/articles/kansasfinal.pdf 'A Real Revolution']'', 49 UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS LAW REVIEW 719 (2001); Barbara Allen Babcock, ''[http://wlh-static.law.stanford.edu/articles/h1femini.htm 'Feminist Lawyers']'', [Book Review], 50 STANFORD LAW REVIEW 1689 (1998); Barbara Allen Babcock, ''[http://wlh-static.law.stanford.edu/bb-clara/babcock61UCLR1139.pdf 'A Place in the Palladium: Women's Rights and Jury Service']'', 61 UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI LAW REVIEW 1139 (1993).<br /> <br /> <br /> On her marriage and divorce: Barbara Allen Babcock, ''[http://wlh.law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/BabcockW89.pdf 'Reconstructing the Person: The Case of Clara Shortridge Foltz']'', 12 BIOGRAPHY 1 (1989) reprinted in REVEALING LIVES 131 (Susan Bell &amp; Marilyn Yalom eds., 1990). <br /> <br /> <br /> On the process of biography writing: Barbara Allen Babcock, ''[http://wlh.law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/babcock70NYULR707.pdf 'Contracted']'' Biographies and Other Obstacles to 'Truth': Commentary'', 70 NEW YORK UNIVERSITY LAW REVIEW 707 (1995); Barbara Allen Babcock, ''Remarks on the Occasion of the Publication of ''[http://wlh.law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/babcock70NYULR707.pdf Called from Within: Early Women Lawyers of Hawaii]'', 16 BIOGRAPHY 3 (1993).<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Babcock Encyclopedia Entries===<br /> ----<br /> *Clara Foltz Entry: [http://wlh.law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/Yale-draft2.pdf Yale Biographical Dictionary of American Law]<br /> *Clara Foltz Entry: [http://wlh.law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/AmNatBiogentry.pdf American National Biography—volume 8]<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Website===<br /> ----<br /> The Public Defender and the Woman’s Rights Movement—1878-1913. This is part of [http://womhist.alexanderstreet.com The Women and Social Movements Website] [hereafter Social Movements Website].<br /> This is a collection of Foltz’s writings and articles about her, with extensive explanatory comments. <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Book Chapters and Other Writings===<br /> ----<br /> <br /> Clara Shortridge Foltz, ''[http://womhist.alexanderstreet.com Inventing the Public Defender]'', in NOBLE PURPOSES: NINE CHAMPIONS OF THE RULE OF LAW (Norman Gross ed., 2007).<br /> <br /> Barbara Allen Babcock, ''[http://wlh.law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/150thanniversaryspeech.pdf150th Anniversary of the Supreme Court]'', 22 CAL. REP., 1275 (2000).<br /> <br /> Speeches at Dedication of Clara Shortridge Foltz Criminal Justice Center, Feb. 8, 2002, Brochure with pictures and text, on life at WLH Website; Installation of artworks in the courthouse, Brochure with pictures and text, Feb. 13, 2008.<br /> <br /> ==Other articles on Clara Shortridge Foltz==<br /> <br /> Cotemporary: Clara Foltz, San Francisco, Cal. 1 THE LAW STUDENT'S HELPER 263 (October 1893). Mrs. Clara Shortridge Foltz<br /> A Woman Of The Century Fourteen Hundred-Seventy Biographical Sketches Accompanied by Portraits of Leading American Women in all Walks of Life, edited by Frances E. Willard, Mary A. Livermore Charles Wells Moulton (1893). <br /> <br /> <br /> Other biographical works on Foltz include, most importantly, Mortimer D. Schwartz, Susan L. Brandt, &amp; Patience Milrod, Clara Shortridge Foltz: Pioneer in the Law, 27 HASTINGS L.J. 545 (1976); Corrine Gilb, Clara Shortridge Foltz, Notable American Women: A Biographical Dictionary, 1607-1950, at 641 (Edward T. James et al. eds., 1971); Virginia Elwood-Akers, Clara Shortridge Foltz: California’s First Woman Lawyer, 28 PAC. HISTORIAN 23 (1984); Nicholas Polos, San Diego’s “Portia of the Pacific,” 2 J. SAN DIEGO HIST. 185 (1980).<br /> <br /> ==Clara Foltz’s Publications==<br /> <br /> '''Law Reviews'''<br /> <br /> *Evolution of Law, 48 ALB. L. REV. 206 (1893). <br /> <br /> *World’s Fair Speech, reprinted as Our Public Defenders, 25 CHI. LEGAL NEWS 431 (Aug. 12, 1893) and The Rights of Persons Accused, 48 ALB. L.J. 248 (1893). <br /> <br /> *Duties of District Attorneys in Prosecutions, 18 CRIM L. MAG. 415 (July 1896).<br /> <br /> *Should Women be Executed, 54 ALB. L.J. (1896).<br /> <br /> *Public Defenders, 31 AM. LAW. REV. 393 (1897) <br /> <br /> '''Journalism''' <br /> <br /> *San Diego Daily Bee (Editor 1887). <br /> <br /> *The Mecca (Editor, Denver 1898). <br /> <br /> *Oil Fields and Furnaces (Editor, San Francisco 1901-1903). <br /> <br /> *The New American Woman (Editor, Los Angeles 1916-1918).</div>

Babcock https://wlh-wiki.law.stanford.edu/index.php/About_and_By_Clara_Foltz:_Biographical_Material_and_Her_Writings 2011-12-05T20:22:32Z

<p>Babcock:&#32;</p> <hr /> <div>This Note provides citations to biographical articles, book chapters, and websites about Clara Foltz, as well as Clara Foltz's own published writings. <br /> <br /> ==Babcock's Work==<br /> <br /> I describe Foltz’s major achievements in a series of law review articles, available at this website as well as elsewhere. These articles contain hundreds of citations to newspapers and other contemporary works, as well as more detailed legal sources and arguments than appear in the endnotes to Woman Lawyer or in these on- line bibliographic notes. <br /> <br /> On Foltz’s entry into the Bar, and the anti-discrimination clauses of the 1879 constitution, see <br /> <br /> *Barbara Allen Babcock, ''[http://wlh-static.law.stanford.edu/bb-clara/babcock-28VULR1231.pdf Clara Shortridge Foltz: 'First Woman']'', 30 ARIZONA L. REV. 673 (1988), reprinted with a new introduction in 28 VALPARAISO U. L. REV. 1231, (1994). <br /> *Barbara Allen Babcock, ''[http://wlh-static.law.stanford.edu/bb-clara/constitution.htm 'Clara Shortridge Foltz: Constitution-Maker']'', 66 INDIANA LAW JOURNAL 849 (1991).<br /> *Barbara Allen Babcock, ''[http://www.uchastings.edu/wlj/index.html 'Alma Mater: Clara Foltz and Hastings College of the Law' ]'' , 21 HASTINGS WOMEN'S LAW JOURNAL 99 (2010).<br /> <br /> <br /> On her role as founder of the public defender movement with detailed analysis of the legal and social sources and forces shaping her conception: <br /> Barbara Allen Babcock,''[http://wlh-static.law.stanford.edu/bb-clara/Inventing%20the%20PD1.pdf 'Inventing the Public Defender']'', 43 AMERICAN CRIMINAL LAW REVIEW 1267 (2006). <br /> <br /> <br /> On Foltz’s criminal law practice: Barbara Allen Babcock, ''[http://wlh-static.law.stanford.edu/bb-clara/NevadaLawArticler.pdf 'Women Defenders in the West']'', 1 UNIVERSITY OF NEVADE LAW JOURNAL 1 (Spring 2001).<br /> Barbara Allen Babcock, ''[http://wlh-static.law.stanford.edu/bb-clara/western.htm 'Western Women Lawyers']'', 45 STANFORD LAW REVIEW 2179 (1993).<br /> <br /> <br /> On her place as a leader of the women’s movement, see Barbara Allen Babcock, ''[http://wlh-static.law.stanford.edu/articles/kansasfinal.pdf 'A Real Revolution']'', 49 UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS LAW REVIEW 719 (2001); Barbara Allen Babcock, ''[http://wlh-static.law.stanford.edu/articles/h1femini.htm 'Feminist Lawyers']'', [Book Review], 50 STANFORD LAW REVIEW 1689 (1998); Barbara Allen Babcock, ''[http://wlh-static.law.stanford.edu/bb-clara/babcock61UCLR1139.pdf 'A Place in the Palladium: Women's Rights and Jury Service']'', 61 UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI LAW REVIEW 1139 (1993).<br /> <br /> <br /> On her marriage and divorce: Barbara Allen Babcock, ''[http://wlh.law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/BabcockW89.pdf 'Reconstructing the Person: The Case of Clara Shortridge Foltz']'', 12 BIOGRAPHY 1 (1989) reprinted in REVEALING LIVES 131 (Susan Bell &amp; Marilyn Yalom eds., 1990). <br /> <br /> <br /> On the process of biography writing: Barbara Allen Babcock, ''[http://wlh.law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/babcock70NYULR707.pdf 'Contracted']'' Biographies and Other Obstacles to 'Truth': Commentary'', 70 NEW YORK UNIVERSITY LAW REVIEW 707 (1995); Barbara Allen Babcock, ''Remarks on the Occasion of the Publication of ''[http://wlh.law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/babcock70NYULR707.pdf Called from Within: Early Women Lawyers of Hawaii]'', 16 BIOGRAPHY 3 (1993).<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Babcock Encyclopedia Entries===<br /> ----<br /> *Clara Foltz Entry: [http://wlh.law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/Yale-draft2.pdf Yale Biographical Dictionary of American Law]<br /> *Clara Foltz Entry: [http://wlh.law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/AmNatBiogentry.pdf American National Biography—volume 8]<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Website===<br /> ----<br /> The Public Defender and the Woman’s Rights Movement—1878-1913. This is part of [http://womhist.alexanderstreet.com The Women and Social Movements Website] [hereafter Social Movements Website].<br /> This is a collection of Foltz’s writings and articles about her, with extensive explanatory comments. <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Book Chapters and Other Writings===<br /> ----<br /> <br /> Clara Shortridge Foltz, ''[http://womhist.alexanderstreet.com Inventing the Public Defender]'', in NOBLE PURPOSES: NINE CHAMPIONS OF THE RULE OF LAW (Norman Gross ed., 2007).<br /> <br /> Barbara Allen Babcock, ''[http://wlh.law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/150thanniversaryspeech.pdf|150th Anniversary of the Supreme Court]'', 22 CAL. REP., 1275 (2000).<br /> <br /> Speeches at Dedication of Clara Shortridge Foltz Criminal Justice Center, Feb. 8, 2002, Brochure with pictures and text, on life at WLH Website; Installation of artworks in the courthouse, Brochure with pictures and text, Feb. 13, 2008.<br /> <br /> ==Other articles on Clara Shortridge Foltz==<br /> <br /> Cotemporary: Clara Foltz, San Francisco, Cal. 1 THE LAW STUDENT'S HELPER 263 (October 1893). Mrs. Clara Shortridge Foltz<br /> A Woman Of The Century Fourteen Hundred-Seventy Biographical Sketches Accompanied by Portraits of Leading American Women in all Walks of Life, edited by Frances E. Willard, Mary A. Livermore Charles Wells Moulton (1893). <br /> <br /> <br /> Other biographical works on Foltz include, most importantly, Mortimer D. Schwartz, Susan L. Brandt, &amp; Patience Milrod, Clara Shortridge Foltz: Pioneer in the Law, 27 HASTINGS L.J. 545 (1976); Corrine Gilb, Clara Shortridge Foltz, Notable American Women: A Biographical Dictionary, 1607-1950, at 641 (Edward T. James et al. eds., 1971); Virginia Elwood-Akers, Clara Shortridge Foltz: California’s First Woman Lawyer, 28 PAC. HISTORIAN 23 (1984); Nicholas Polos, San Diego’s “Portia of the Pacific,” 2 J. SAN DIEGO HIST. 185 (1980).<br /> <br /> ==Clara Foltz’s Publications==<br /> <br /> '''Law Reviews'''<br /> <br /> *Evolution of Law, 48 ALB. L. REV. 206 (1893). <br /> <br /> *World’s Fair Speech, reprinted as Our Public Defenders, 25 CHI. LEGAL NEWS 431 (Aug. 12, 1893) and The Rights of Persons Accused, 48 ALB. L.J. 248 (1893). <br /> <br /> *Duties of District Attorneys in Prosecutions, 18 CRIM L. MAG. 415 (July 1896).<br /> <br /> *Should Women be Executed, 54 ALB. L.J. (1896).<br /> <br /> *Public Defenders, 31 AM. LAW. REV. 393 (1897) <br /> <br /> '''Journalism''' <br /> <br /> *San Diego Daily Bee (Editor 1887). <br /> <br /> *The Mecca (Editor, Denver 1898). <br /> <br /> *Oil Fields and Furnaces (Editor, San Francisco 1901-1903). <br /> <br /> *The New American Woman (Editor, Los Angeles 1916-1918).</div>

Babcock https://wlh-wiki.law.stanford.edu/index.php/About_and_By_Clara_Foltz:_Biographical_Material_and_Her_Writings 2011-12-05T20:22:01Z

<p>Babcock:&#32;</p> <hr /> <div>This Note provides citations to biographical articles, book chapters, and websites about Clara Foltz, as well as Clara Foltz's own published writings. <br /> <br /> ==Babcock's Work==<br /> <br /> I describe Foltz’s major achievements in a series of law review articles, available at this website as well as elsewhere. These articles contain hundreds of citations to newspapers and other contemporary works, as well as more detailed legal sources and arguments than appear in the endnotes to Woman Lawyer or in these on- line bibliographic notes. <br /> <br /> On Foltz’s entry into the Bar, and the anti-discrimination clauses of the 1879 constitution, see <br /> <br /> *Barbara Allen Babcock, ''[http://wlh-static.law.stanford.edu/bb-clara/babcock-28VULR1231.pdf Clara Shortridge Foltz: 'First Woman']'', 30 ARIZONA L. REV. 673 (1988), reprinted with a new introduction in 28 VALPARAISO U. L. REV. 1231, (1994). <br /> *Barbara Allen Babcock, ''[http://wlh-static.law.stanford.edu/bb-clara/constitution.htm 'Clara Shortridge Foltz: Constitution-Maker']'', 66 INDIANA LAW JOURNAL 849 (1991).<br /> *Barbara Allen Babcock, ''[http://www.uchastings.edu/wlj/index.html 'Alma Mater: Clara Foltz and Hastings College of the Law' ]'' , 21 HASTINGS WOMEN'S LAW JOURNAL 99 (2010).<br /> <br /> <br /> On her role as founder of the public defender movement with detailed analysis of the legal and social sources and forces shaping her conception: <br /> Barbara Allen Babcock,''[http://wlh-static.law.stanford.edu/bb-clara/Inventing%20the%20PD1.pdf 'Inventing the Public Defender']'', 43 AMERICAN CRIMINAL LAW REVIEW 1267 (2006). <br /> <br /> <br /> On Foltz’s criminal law practice: Barbara Allen Babcock, ''[http://wlh-static.law.stanford.edu/bb-clara/NevadaLawArticler.pdf 'Women Defenders in the West']'', 1 UNIVERSITY OF NEVADE LAW JOURNAL 1 (Spring 2001).<br /> Barbara Allen Babcock, ''[http://wlh-static.law.stanford.edu/bb-clara/western.htm 'Western Women Lawyers']'', 45 STANFORD LAW REVIEW 2179 (1993).<br /> <br /> <br /> On her place as a leader of the women’s movement, see Barbara Allen Babcock, ''[http://wlh-static.law.stanford.edu/articles/kansasfinal.pdf 'A Real Revolution']'', 49 UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS LAW REVIEW 719 (2001); Barbara Allen Babcock, ''[http://wlh-static.law.stanford.edu/articles/h1femini.htm 'Feminist Lawyers']'', [Book Review], 50 STANFORD LAW REVIEW 1689 (1998); Barbara Allen Babcock, ''[http://wlh-static.law.stanford.edu/bb-clara/babcock61UCLR1139.pdf 'A Place in the Palladium: Women's Rights and Jury Service']'', 61 UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI LAW REVIEW 1139 (1993).<br /> <br /> <br /> On her marriage and divorce: Barbara Allen Babcock, ''[http://wlh.law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/BabcockW89.pdf 'Reconstructing the Person: The Case of Clara Shortridge Foltz']'', 12 BIOGRAPHY 1 (1989) reprinted in REVEALING LIVES 131 (Susan Bell &amp; Marilyn Yalom eds., 1990). <br /> <br /> <br /> On the process of biography writing: Barbara Allen Babcock, ''[http://wlh.law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/babcock70NYULR707.pdf 'Contracted']'' Biographies and Other Obstacles to 'Truth': Commentary'', 70 NEW YORK UNIVERSITY LAW REVIEW 707 (1995); Barbara Allen Babcock, ''Remarks on the Occasion of the Publication of ''[http://wlh.law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/babcock70NYULR707.pdf Called from Within: Early Women Lawyers of Hawaii]'', 16 BIOGRAPHY 3 (1993).<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Babcock Encyclopedia Entries===<br /> ----<br /> *Clara Foltz Entry: Clara Foltz Entry: [http://wlh.law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/Yale-draft2.pdf| Yale Biographical Dictionary of American Law]<br /> *Clara Foltz Entry: [http://wlh.law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/AmNatBiogentry.pdf American National Biography—volume 8]<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Website===<br /> ----<br /> The Public Defender and the Woman’s Rights Movement—1878-1913. This is part of [http://womhist.alexanderstreet.com The Women and Social Movements Website] [hereafter Social Movements Website].<br /> This is a collection of Foltz’s writings and articles about her, with extensive explanatory comments. <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Book Chapters and Other Writings===<br /> ----<br /> <br /> Clara Shortridge Foltz, ''[http://womhist.alexanderstreet.com Inventing the Public Defender]'', in NOBLE PURPOSES: NINE CHAMPIONS OF THE RULE OF LAW (Norman Gross ed., 2007).<br /> <br /> Barbara Allen Babcock, ''[http://wlh.law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/150thanniversaryspeech.pdf|150th Anniversary of the Supreme Court]'', 22 CAL. REP., 1275 (2000).<br /> <br /> Speeches at Dedication of Clara Shortridge Foltz Criminal Justice Center, Feb. 8, 2002, Brochure with pictures and text, on life at WLH Website; Installation of artworks in the courthouse, Brochure with pictures and text, Feb. 13, 2008.<br /> <br /> ==Other articles on Clara Shortridge Foltz==<br /> <br /> Cotemporary: Clara Foltz, San Francisco, Cal. 1 THE LAW STUDENT'S HELPER 263 (October 1893). Mrs. Clara Shortridge Foltz<br /> A Woman Of The Century Fourteen Hundred-Seventy Biographical Sketches Accompanied by Portraits of Leading American Women in all Walks of Life, edited by Frances E. Willard, Mary A. Livermore Charles Wells Moulton (1893). <br /> <br /> <br /> Other biographical works on Foltz include, most importantly, Mortimer D. Schwartz, Susan L. Brandt, &amp; Patience Milrod, Clara Shortridge Foltz: Pioneer in the Law, 27 HASTINGS L.J. 545 (1976); Corrine Gilb, Clara Shortridge Foltz, Notable American Women: A Biographical Dictionary, 1607-1950, at 641 (Edward T. James et al. eds., 1971); Virginia Elwood-Akers, Clara Shortridge Foltz: California’s First Woman Lawyer, 28 PAC. HISTORIAN 23 (1984); Nicholas Polos, San Diego’s “Portia of the Pacific,” 2 J. SAN DIEGO HIST. 185 (1980).<br /> <br /> ==Clara Foltz’s Publications==<br /> <br /> '''Law Reviews'''<br /> <br /> *Evolution of Law, 48 ALB. L. REV. 206 (1893). <br /> <br /> *World’s Fair Speech, reprinted as Our Public Defenders, 25 CHI. LEGAL NEWS 431 (Aug. 12, 1893) and The Rights of Persons Accused, 48 ALB. L.J. 248 (1893). <br /> <br /> *Duties of District Attorneys in Prosecutions, 18 CRIM L. MAG. 415 (July 1896).<br /> <br /> *Should Women be Executed, 54 ALB. L.J. (1896).<br /> <br /> *Public Defenders, 31 AM. LAW. REV. 393 (1897) <br /> <br /> '''Journalism''' <br /> <br /> *San Diego Daily Bee (Editor 1887). <br /> <br /> *The Mecca (Editor, Denver 1898). <br /> <br /> *Oil Fields and Furnaces (Editor, San Francisco 1901-1903). <br /> <br /> *The New American Woman (Editor, Los Angeles 1916-1918).</div>

Babcock https://wlh-wiki.law.stanford.edu/index.php/About_and_By_Clara_Foltz:_Biographical_Material_and_Her_Writings 2011-12-05T20:21:24Z

<p>Babcock:&#32;</p> <hr /> <div>This Note provides citations to biographical articles, book chapters, and websites about Clara Foltz, as well as Clara Foltz's own published writings. <br /> <br /> ==Babcock's Work==<br /> <br /> I describe Foltz’s major achievements in a series of law review articles, available at this website as well as elsewhere. These articles contain hundreds of citations to newspapers and other contemporary works, as well as more detailed legal sources and arguments than appear in the endnotes to Woman Lawyer or in these on- line bibliographic notes. <br /> <br /> On Foltz’s entry into the Bar, and the anti-discrimination clauses of the 1879 constitution, see <br /> <br /> *Barbara Allen Babcock, ''[http://wlh-static.law.stanford.edu/bb-clara/babcock-28VULR1231.pdf Clara Shortridge Foltz: 'First Woman']'', 30 ARIZONA L. REV. 673 (1988), reprinted with a new introduction in 28 VALPARAISO U. L. REV. 1231, (1994). <br /> *Barbara Allen Babcock, ''[http://wlh-static.law.stanford.edu/bb-clara/constitution.htm 'Clara Shortridge Foltz: Constitution-Maker']'', 66 INDIANA LAW JOURNAL 849 (1991).<br /> *Barbara Allen Babcock, ''[http://www.uchastings.edu/wlj/index.html 'Alma Mater: Clara Foltz and Hastings College of the Law' ]'' , 21 HASTINGS WOMEN'S LAW JOURNAL 99 (2010).<br /> <br /> <br /> On her role as founder of the public defender movement with detailed analysis of the legal and social sources and forces shaping her conception: <br /> Barbara Allen Babcock,''[http://wlh-static.law.stanford.edu/bb-clara/Inventing%20the%20PD1.pdf 'Inventing the Public Defender']'', 43 AMERICAN CRIMINAL LAW REVIEW 1267 (2006). <br /> <br /> <br /> On Foltz’s criminal law practice: Barbara Allen Babcock, ''[http://wlh-static.law.stanford.edu/bb-clara/NevadaLawArticler.pdf 'Women Defenders in the West']'', 1 UNIVERSITY OF NEVADE LAW JOURNAL 1 (Spring 2001).<br /> Barbara Allen Babcock, ''[http://wlh-static.law.stanford.edu/bb-clara/western.htm 'Western Women Lawyers']'', 45 STANFORD LAW REVIEW 2179 (1993).<br /> <br /> <br /> On her place as a leader of the women’s movement, see Barbara Allen Babcock, ''[http://wlh-static.law.stanford.edu/articles/kansasfinal.pdf 'A Real Revolution']'', 49 UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS LAW REVIEW 719 (2001); Barbara Allen Babcock, ''[http://wlh-static.law.stanford.edu/articles/h1femini.htm 'Feminist Lawyers']'', [Book Review], 50 STANFORD LAW REVIEW 1689 (1998); Barbara Allen Babcock, ''[http://wlh-static.law.stanford.edu/bb-clara/babcock61UCLR1139.pdf 'A Place in the Palladium: Women's Rights and Jury Service']'', 61 UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI LAW REVIEW 1139 (1993).<br /> <br /> <br /> On her marriage and divorce: Barbara Allen Babcock, ''[http://wlh.law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/BabcockW89.pdf 'Reconstructing the Person: The Case of Clara Shortridge Foltz']'', 12 BIOGRAPHY 1 (1989) reprinted in REVEALING LIVES 131 (Susan Bell &amp; Marilyn Yalom eds., 1990). <br /> <br /> <br /> On the process of biography writing: Barbara Allen Babcock, ''[http://wlh.law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/babcock70NYULR707.pdf 'Contracted']'' Biographies and Other Obstacles to 'Truth': Commentary'', 70 NEW YORK UNIVERSITY LAW REVIEW 707 (1995); Barbara Allen Babcock, ''Remarks on the Occasion of the Publication of ''[http://wlh.law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/babcock70NYULR707.pdf Called from Within: Early Women Lawyers of Hawaii]'', 16 BIOGRAPHY 3 (1993).<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Babcock Encyclopedia Entries===<br /> ----<br /> *Clara Foltz Entry: [[Media:Yale-draft2.pdf | Yale Biographical Dictionary of American Law]]<br /> *Clara Foltz Entry: [http://wlh.law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/AmNatBiogentry.pdf American National Biography—volume 8]<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Website===<br /> ----<br /> The Public Defender and the Woman’s Rights Movement—1878-1913. This is part of [http://womhist.alexanderstreet.com The Women and Social Movements Website] [hereafter Social Movements Website].<br /> This is a collection of Foltz’s writings and articles about her, with extensive explanatory comments. <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Book Chapters and Other Writings===<br /> ----<br /> <br /> Clara Shortridge Foltz, ''[http://womhist.alexanderstreet.com Inventing the Public Defender]'', in NOBLE PURPOSES: NINE CHAMPIONS OF THE RULE OF LAW (Norman Gross ed., 2007).<br /> <br /> Barbara Allen Babcock, ''[http://wlh.law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/150thanniversaryspeech.pdf|150th Anniversary of the Supreme Court]'', 22 CAL. REP., 1275 (2000).<br /> <br /> Speeches at Dedication of Clara Shortridge Foltz Criminal Justice Center, Feb. 8, 2002, Brochure with pictures and text, on life at WLH Website; Installation of artworks in the courthouse, Brochure with pictures and text, Feb. 13, 2008.<br /> <br /> ==Other articles on Clara Shortridge Foltz==<br /> <br /> Cotemporary: Clara Foltz, San Francisco, Cal. 1 THE LAW STUDENT'S HELPER 263 (October 1893). Mrs. Clara Shortridge Foltz<br /> A Woman Of The Century Fourteen Hundred-Seventy Biographical Sketches Accompanied by Portraits of Leading American Women in all Walks of Life, edited by Frances E. Willard, Mary A. Livermore Charles Wells Moulton (1893). <br /> <br /> <br /> Other biographical works on Foltz include, most importantly, Mortimer D. Schwartz, Susan L. Brandt, &amp; Patience Milrod, Clara Shortridge Foltz: Pioneer in the Law, 27 HASTINGS L.J. 545 (1976); Corrine Gilb, Clara Shortridge Foltz, Notable American Women: A Biographical Dictionary, 1607-1950, at 641 (Edward T. James et al. eds., 1971); Virginia Elwood-Akers, Clara Shortridge Foltz: California’s First Woman Lawyer, 28 PAC. HISTORIAN 23 (1984); Nicholas Polos, San Diego’s “Portia of the Pacific,” 2 J. SAN DIEGO HIST. 185 (1980).<br /> <br /> ==Clara Foltz’s Publications==<br /> <br /> '''Law Reviews'''<br /> <br /> *Evolution of Law, 48 ALB. L. REV. 206 (1893). <br /> <br /> *World’s Fair Speech, reprinted as Our Public Defenders, 25 CHI. LEGAL NEWS 431 (Aug. 12, 1893) and The Rights of Persons Accused, 48 ALB. L.J. 248 (1893). <br /> <br /> *Duties of District Attorneys in Prosecutions, 18 CRIM L. MAG. 415 (July 1896).<br /> <br /> *Should Women be Executed, 54 ALB. L.J. (1896).<br /> <br /> *Public Defenders, 31 AM. LAW. REV. 393 (1897) <br /> <br /> '''Journalism''' <br /> <br /> *San Diego Daily Bee (Editor 1887). <br /> <br /> *The Mecca (Editor, Denver 1898). <br /> <br /> *Oil Fields and Furnaces (Editor, San Francisco 1901-1903). <br /> <br /> *The New American Woman (Editor, Los Angeles 1916-1918).</div>

Babcock https://wlh-wiki.law.stanford.edu/index.php/About_and_By_Clara_Foltz:_Biographical_Material_and_Her_Writings 2011-12-05T20:21:07Z

<p>Babcock:&#32;</p> <hr /> <div>This Note provides citations to biographical articles, book chapters, and websites about Clara Foltz, as well as Clara Foltz's own published writings. <br /> <br /> ==Babcock's Work==<br /> <br /> I describe Foltz’s major achievements in a series of law review articles, available at this website as well as elsewhere. These articles contain hundreds of citations to newspapers and other contemporary works, as well as more detailed legal sources and arguments than appear in the endnotes to Woman Lawyer or in these on- line bibliographic notes. <br /> <br /> On Foltz’s entry into the Bar, and the anti-discrimination clauses of the 1879 constitution, see <br /> <br /> *Barbara Allen Babcock, ''[http://wlh-static.law.stanford.edu/bb-clara/babcock-28VULR1231.pdf Clara Shortridge Foltz: 'First Woman']'', 30 ARIZONA L. REV. 673 (1988), reprinted with a new introduction in 28 VALPARAISO U. L. REV. 1231, (1994). <br /> *Barbara Allen Babcock, ''[http://wlh-static.law.stanford.edu/bb-clara/constitution.htm 'Clara Shortridge Foltz: Constitution-Maker']'', 66 INDIANA LAW JOURNAL 849 (1991).<br /> *Barbara Allen Babcock, ''[http://www.uchastings.edu/wlj/index.html 'Alma Mater: Clara Foltz and Hastings College of the Law' ]'' , 21 HASTINGS WOMEN'S LAW JOURNAL 99 (2010).<br /> <br /> <br /> On her role as founder of the public defender movement with detailed analysis of the legal and social sources and forces shaping her conception: <br /> Barbara Allen Babcock,''[http://wlh-static.law.stanford.edu/bb-clara/Inventing%20the%20PD1.pdf 'Inventing the Public Defender']'', 43 AMERICAN CRIMINAL LAW REVIEW 1267 (2006). <br /> <br /> <br /> On Foltz’s criminal law practice: Barbara Allen Babcock, ''[http://wlh-static.law.stanford.edu/bb-clara/NevadaLawArticler.pdf 'Women Defenders in the West']'', 1 UNIVERSITY OF NEVADE LAW JOURNAL 1 (Spring 2001).<br /> Barbara Allen Babcock, ''[http://wlh-static.law.stanford.edu/bb-clara/western.htm 'Western Women Lawyers']'', 45 STANFORD LAW REVIEW 2179 (1993).<br /> <br /> <br /> On her place as a leader of the women’s movement, see Barbara Allen Babcock, ''[http://wlh-static.law.stanford.edu/articles/kansasfinal.pdf 'A Real Revolution']'', 49 UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS LAW REVIEW 719 (2001); Barbara Allen Babcock, ''[http://wlh-static.law.stanford.edu/articles/h1femini.htm 'Feminist Lawyers']'', [Book Review], 50 STANFORD LAW REVIEW 1689 (1998); Barbara Allen Babcock, ''[http://wlh-static.law.stanford.edu/bb-clara/babcock61UCLR1139.pdf 'A Place in the Palladium: Women's Rights and Jury Service']'', 61 UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI LAW REVIEW 1139 (1993).<br /> <br /> <br /> On her marriage and divorce: Barbara Allen Babcock, ''[http://wlh.law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/BabcockW89.pdf 'Reconstructing the Person: The Case of Clara Shortridge Foltz']'', 12 BIOGRAPHY 1 (1989) reprinted in REVEALING LIVES 131 (Susan Bell &amp; Marilyn Yalom eds., 1990). <br /> <br /> <br /> On the process of biography writing: Barbara Allen Babcock, ''[http://wlh.law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/babcock70NYULR707.pdf 'Contracted']'' Biographies and Other Obstacles to 'Truth': Commentary'', 70 NEW YORK UNIVERSITY LAW REVIEW 707 (1995); Barbara Allen Babcock, ''Remarks on the Occasion of the Publication of ''[http://wlh.law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/babcock70NYULR707.pdf Called from Within: Early Women Lawyers of Hawaii]'', 16 BIOGRAPHY 3 (1993).<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Babcock Encyclopedia Entries===<br /> ----<br /> *Clara Foltz Entry: [Media:Yale-draft2.pdf | Yale Biographical Dictionary of American Law]<br /> *Clara Foltz Entry: [http://wlh.law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/AmNatBiogentry.pdf American National Biography—volume 8]<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Website===<br /> ----<br /> The Public Defender and the Woman’s Rights Movement—1878-1913. This is part of [http://womhist.alexanderstreet.com The Women and Social Movements Website] [hereafter Social Movements Website].<br /> This is a collection of Foltz’s writings and articles about her, with extensive explanatory comments. <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Book Chapters and Other Writings===<br /> ----<br /> <br /> Clara Shortridge Foltz, ''[http://womhist.alexanderstreet.com Inventing the Public Defender]'', in NOBLE PURPOSES: NINE CHAMPIONS OF THE RULE OF LAW (Norman Gross ed., 2007).<br /> <br /> Barbara Allen Babcock, ''[http://wlh.law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/150thanniversaryspeech.pdf|150th Anniversary of the Supreme Court]'', 22 CAL. REP., 1275 (2000).<br /> <br /> Speeches at Dedication of Clara Shortridge Foltz Criminal Justice Center, Feb. 8, 2002, Brochure with pictures and text, on life at WLH Website; Installation of artworks in the courthouse, Brochure with pictures and text, Feb. 13, 2008.<br /> <br /> ==Other articles on Clara Shortridge Foltz==<br /> <br /> Cotemporary: Clara Foltz, San Francisco, Cal. 1 THE LAW STUDENT'S HELPER 263 (October 1893). Mrs. Clara Shortridge Foltz<br /> A Woman Of The Century Fourteen Hundred-Seventy Biographical Sketches Accompanied by Portraits of Leading American Women in all Walks of Life, edited by Frances E. Willard, Mary A. Livermore Charles Wells Moulton (1893). <br /> <br /> <br /> Other biographical works on Foltz include, most importantly, Mortimer D. Schwartz, Susan L. Brandt, &amp; Patience Milrod, Clara Shortridge Foltz: Pioneer in the Law, 27 HASTINGS L.J. 545 (1976); Corrine Gilb, Clara Shortridge Foltz, Notable American Women: A Biographical Dictionary, 1607-1950, at 641 (Edward T. James et al. eds., 1971); Virginia Elwood-Akers, Clara Shortridge Foltz: California’s First Woman Lawyer, 28 PAC. HISTORIAN 23 (1984); Nicholas Polos, San Diego’s “Portia of the Pacific,” 2 J. SAN DIEGO HIST. 185 (1980).<br /> <br /> ==Clara Foltz’s Publications==<br /> <br /> '''Law Reviews'''<br /> <br /> *Evolution of Law, 48 ALB. L. REV. 206 (1893). <br /> <br /> *World’s Fair Speech, reprinted as Our Public Defenders, 25 CHI. LEGAL NEWS 431 (Aug. 12, 1893) and The Rights of Persons Accused, 48 ALB. L.J. 248 (1893). <br /> <br /> *Duties of District Attorneys in Prosecutions, 18 CRIM L. MAG. 415 (July 1896).<br /> <br /> *Should Women be Executed, 54 ALB. L.J. (1896).<br /> <br /> *Public Defenders, 31 AM. LAW. REV. 393 (1897) <br /> <br /> '''Journalism''' <br /> <br /> *San Diego Daily Bee (Editor 1887). <br /> <br /> *The Mecca (Editor, Denver 1898). <br /> <br /> *Oil Fields and Furnaces (Editor, San Francisco 1901-1903). <br /> <br /> *The New American Woman (Editor, Los Angeles 1916-1918).</div>

Babcock https://wlh-wiki.law.stanford.edu/index.php/About_and_By_Clara_Foltz:_Biographical_Material_and_Her_Writings 2011-12-05T20:12:10Z

<p>Babcock:&#32;</p> <hr /> <div>This Note provides citations to biographical articles, book chapters, and websites about Clara Foltz, as well as Clara Foltz's own published writings. <br /> <br /> ==Babcock's Work==<br /> <br /> I describe Foltz’s major achievements in a series of law review articles, available at this website as well as elsewhere. These articles contain hundreds of citations to newspapers and other contemporary works, as well as more detailed legal sources and arguments than appear in the endnotes to Woman Lawyer or in these on- line bibliographic notes. <br /> <br /> On Foltz’s entry into the Bar, and the anti-discrimination clauses of the 1879 constitution, see <br /> <br /> *Barbara Allen Babcock, ''[http://wlh-static.law.stanford.edu/bb-clara/babcock-28VULR1231.pdf Clara Shortridge Foltz: 'First Woman']'', 30 ARIZONA L. REV. 673 (1988), reprinted with a new introduction in 28 VALPARAISO U. L. REV. 1231, (1994). <br /> *Barbara Allen Babcock, ''[http://wlh-static.law.stanford.edu/bb-clara/constitution.htm 'Clara Shortridge Foltz: Constitution-Maker']'', 66 INDIANA LAW JOURNAL 849 (1991).<br /> *Barbara Allen Babcock, ''[http://www.uchastings.edu/wlj/index.html 'Alma Mater: Clara Foltz and Hastings College of the Law' ]'' , 21 HASTINGS WOMEN'S LAW JOURNAL 99 (2010).<br /> <br /> <br /> On her role as founder of the public defender movement with detailed analysis of the legal and social sources and forces shaping her conception: <br /> Barbara Allen Babcock,''[http://wlh-static.law.stanford.edu/bb-clara/Inventing%20the%20PD1.pdf 'Inventing the Public Defender']'', 43 AMERICAN CRIMINAL LAW REVIEW 1267 (2006). <br /> <br /> <br /> On Foltz’s criminal law practice: Barbara Allen Babcock, ''[http://wlh-static.law.stanford.edu/bb-clara/NevadaLawArticler.pdf 'Women Defenders in the West']'', 1 UNIVERSITY OF NEVADE LAW JOURNAL 1 (Spring 2001).<br /> Barbara Allen Babcock, ''[http://wlh-static.law.stanford.edu/bb-clara/western.htm 'Western Women Lawyers']'', 45 STANFORD LAW REVIEW 2179 (1993).<br /> <br /> <br /> On her place as a leader of the women’s movement, see Barbara Allen Babcock, ''[http://wlh-static.law.stanford.edu/articles/kansasfinal.pdf 'A Real Revolution']'', 49 UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS LAW REVIEW 719 (2001); Barbara Allen Babcock, ''[http://wlh-static.law.stanford.edu/articles/h1femini.htm 'Feminist Lawyers']'', [Book Review], 50 STANFORD LAW REVIEW 1689 (1998); Barbara Allen Babcock, ''[http://wlh-static.law.stanford.edu/bb-clara/babcock61UCLR1139.pdf 'A Place in the Palladium: Women's Rights and Jury Service']'', 61 UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI LAW REVIEW 1139 (1993).<br /> <br /> <br /> On her marriage and divorce: Barbara Allen Babcock, ''[http://wlh.law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/BabcockW89.pdf 'Reconstructing the Person: The Case of Clara Shortridge Foltz']'', 12 BIOGRAPHY 1 (1989) reprinted in REVEALING LIVES 131 (Susan Bell &amp; Marilyn Yalom eds., 1990). <br /> <br /> <br /> On the process of biography writing: Barbara Allen Babcock, ''[http://wlh.law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/babcock70NYULR707.pdf 'Contracted']'' Biographies and Other Obstacles to 'Truth': Commentary'', 70 NEW YORK UNIVERSITY LAW REVIEW 707 (1995); Barbara Allen Babcock, ''Remarks on the Occasion of the Publication of ''[http://wlh.law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/babcock70NYULR707.pdf Called from Within: Early Women Lawyers of Hawaii]'', 16 BIOGRAPHY 3 (1993).<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Babcock Encyclopedia Entries===<br /> ----<br /> *Clara Foltz Entry: [http://wlh.law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/Yale-draft2.pdf| Yale Biographical Dictionary of American Law]<br /> *Clara Foltz Entry: [http://wlh.law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/AmNatBiogentry.pdf American National Biography—volume 8]<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Website===<br /> ----<br /> The Public Defender and the Woman’s Rights Movement—1878-1913. This is part of [http://womhist.alexanderstreet.com The Women and Social Movements Website] [hereafter Social Movements Website].<br /> This is a collection of Foltz’s writings and articles about her, with extensive explanatory comments. <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Book Chapters and Other Writings===<br /> ----<br /> <br /> Clara Shortridge Foltz, ''[http://womhist.alexanderstreet.com Inventing the Public Defender]'', in NOBLE PURPOSES: NINE CHAMPIONS OF THE RULE OF LAW (Norman Gross ed., 2007).<br /> <br /> Barbara Allen Babcock, ''[http://wlh.law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/150thanniversaryspeech.pdf|150th Anniversary of the Supreme Court]'', 22 CAL. REP., 1275 (2000).<br /> <br /> Speeches at Dedication of Clara Shortridge Foltz Criminal Justice Center, Feb. 8, 2002, Brochure with pictures and text, on life at WLH Website; Installation of artworks in the courthouse, Brochure with pictures and text, Feb. 13, 2008.<br /> <br /> ==Other articles on Clara Shortridge Foltz==<br /> <br /> Cotemporary: Clara Foltz, San Francisco, Cal. 1 THE LAW STUDENT'S HELPER 263 (October 1893). Mrs. Clara Shortridge Foltz<br /> A Woman Of The Century Fourteen Hundred-Seventy Biographical Sketches Accompanied by Portraits of Leading American Women in all Walks of Life, edited by Frances E. Willard, Mary A. Livermore Charles Wells Moulton (1893). <br /> <br /> <br /> Other biographical works on Foltz include, most importantly, Mortimer D. Schwartz, Susan L. Brandt, &amp; Patience Milrod, Clara Shortridge Foltz: Pioneer in the Law, 27 HASTINGS L.J. 545 (1976); Corrine Gilb, Clara Shortridge Foltz, Notable American Women: A Biographical Dictionary, 1607-1950, at 641 (Edward T. James et al. eds., 1971); Virginia Elwood-Akers, Clara Shortridge Foltz: California’s First Woman Lawyer, 28 PAC. HISTORIAN 23 (1984); Nicholas Polos, San Diego’s “Portia of the Pacific,” 2 J. SAN DIEGO HIST. 185 (1980).<br /> <br /> ==Clara Foltz’s Publications==<br /> <br /> '''Law Reviews'''<br /> <br /> *Evolution of Law, 48 ALB. L. REV. 206 (1893). <br /> <br /> *World’s Fair Speech, reprinted as Our Public Defenders, 25 CHI. LEGAL NEWS 431 (Aug. 12, 1893) and The Rights of Persons Accused, 48 ALB. L.J. 248 (1893). <br /> <br /> *Duties of District Attorneys in Prosecutions, 18 CRIM L. MAG. 415 (July 1896).<br /> <br /> *Should Women be Executed, 54 ALB. L.J. (1896).<br /> <br /> *Public Defenders, 31 AM. LAW. REV. 393 (1897) <br /> <br /> '''Journalism''' <br /> <br /> *San Diego Daily Bee (Editor 1887). <br /> <br /> *The Mecca (Editor, Denver 1898). <br /> <br /> *Oil Fields and Furnaces (Editor, San Francisco 1901-1903). <br /> <br /> *The New American Woman (Editor, Los Angeles 1916-1918).</div>

Babcock https://wlh-wiki.law.stanford.edu/index.php/About_and_By_Clara_Foltz:_Biographical_Material_and_Her_Writings 2011-12-05T20:09:56Z

<p>Babcock:&#32;</p> <hr /> <div>This Note provides citations to biographical articles, book chapters, and websites about Clara Foltz, as well as Clara Foltz's own published writings. <br /> <br /> ==Babcock's Work==<br /> <br /> I describe Foltz’s major achievements in a series of law review articles, available at this website as well as elsewhere. These articles contain hundreds of citations to newspapers and other contemporary works, as well as more detailed legal sources and arguments than appear in the endnotes to Woman Lawyer or in these on- line bibliographic notes. <br /> <br /> On Foltz’s entry into the Bar, and the anti-discrimination clauses of the 1879 constitution, see <br /> <br /> *Barbara Allen Babcock, ''[http://wlh-static.law.stanford.edu/bb-clara/babcock-28VULR1231.pdf Clara Shortridge Foltz: 'First Woman']'', 30 ARIZONA L. REV. 673 (1988), reprinted with a new introduction in 28 VALPARAISO U. L. REV. 1231, (1994). <br /> *Barbara Allen Babcock, ''[http://wlh-static.law.stanford.edu/bb-clara/constitution.htm 'Clara Shortridge Foltz: Constitution-Maker']'', 66 INDIANA LAW JOURNAL 849 (1991).<br /> *Barbara Allen Babcock, ''[http://www.uchastings.edu/wlj/index.html 'Alma Mater: Clara Foltz and Hastings College of the Law' ]'' , 21 HASTINGS WOMEN'S LAW JOURNAL 99 (2010).<br /> <br /> <br /> On her role as founder of the public defender movement with detailed analysis of the legal and social sources and forces shaping her conception: <br /> Barbara Allen Babcock,''[http://wlh-static.law.stanford.edu/bb-clara/Inventing%20the%20PD1.pdf 'Inventing the Public Defender']'', 43 AMERICAN CRIMINAL LAW REVIEW 1267 (2006). <br /> <br /> <br /> On Foltz’s criminal law practice: Barbara Allen Babcock, ''[http://wlh-static.law.stanford.edu/bb-clara/NevadaLawArticler.pdf 'Women Defenders in the West']'', 1 UNIVERSITY OF NEVADE LAW JOURNAL 1 (Spring 2001).<br /> Barbara Allen Babcock, ''[http://wlh-static.law.stanford.edu/bb-clara/western.htm 'Western Women Lawyers']'', 45 STANFORD LAW REVIEW 2179 (1993).<br /> <br /> <br /> On her place as a leader of the women’s movement, see Barbara Allen Babcock, ''[http://wlh-static.law.stanford.edu/articles/kansasfinal.pdf 'A Real Revolution']'', 49 UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS LAW REVIEW 719 (2001); Barbara Allen Babcock, ''[http://wlh-static.law.stanford.edu/articles/h1femini.htm 'Feminist Lawyers']'', [Book Review], 50 STANFORD LAW REVIEW 1689 (1998); Barbara Allen Babcock, ''[http://wlh-static.law.stanford.edu/bb-clara/babcock61UCLR1139.pdf 'A Place in the Palladium: Women's Rights and Jury Service']'', 61 UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI LAW REVIEW 1139 (1993).<br /> <br /> <br /> On her marriage and divorce: Barbara Allen Babcock, ''[http://wlh.law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/BabcockW89.pdf 'Reconstructing the Person: The Case of Clara Shortridge Foltz']'', 12 BIOGRAPHY 1 (1989) reprinted in REVEALING LIVES 131 (Susan Bell &amp; Marilyn Yalom eds., 1990). <br /> <br /> <br /> On the process of biography writing: Barbara Allen Babcock, ''[http://wlh.law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/babcock70NYULR707.pdf 'Contracted']'' Biographies and Other Obstacles to 'Truth': Commentary'', 70 NEW YORK UNIVERSITY LAW REVIEW 707 (1995); Barbara Allen Babcock, ''Remarks on the Occasion of the Publication of Called from Within: ''[http://wlh.law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/babcock70NYULR707.pdf Early Women Lawyers of Hawaii]'', 16 BIOGRAPHY 3 (1993).<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Babcock Encyclopedia Entries===<br /> ----<br /> *Clara Foltz Entry: [http://wlh.law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/Yale-draft2.pdf| Yale Biographical Dictionary of American Law]<br /> *Clara Foltz Entry: [http://wlh.law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/AmNatBiogentry.pdf American National Biography—volume 8]<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Website===<br /> ----<br /> The Public Defender and the Woman’s Rights Movement—1878-1913. This is part of [http://womhist.alexanderstreet.com The Women and Social Movements Website] [hereafter Social Movements Website].<br /> This is a collection of Foltz’s writings and articles about her, with extensive explanatory comments. <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Book Chapters and Other Writings===<br /> ----<br /> <br /> Clara Shortridge Foltz, ''[http://womhist.alexanderstreet.com Inventing the Public Defender]'', in NOBLE PURPOSES: NINE CHAMPIONS OF THE RULE OF LAW (Norman Gross ed., 2007).<br /> <br /> Barbara Allen Babcock, ''[http://wlh.law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/150thanniversaryspeech.pdf|150th Anniversary of the Supreme Court]'', 22 CAL. REP., 1275 (2000).<br /> <br /> Speeches at Dedication of Clara Shortridge Foltz Criminal Justice Center, Feb. 8, 2002, Brochure with pictures and text, on life at WLH Website; Installation of artworks in the courthouse, Brochure with pictures and text, Feb. 13, 2008.<br /> <br /> ==Other articles on Clara Shortridge Foltz==<br /> <br /> Cotemporary: Clara Foltz, San Francisco, Cal. 1 THE LAW STUDENT'S HELPER 263 (October 1893). Mrs. Clara Shortridge Foltz<br /> A Woman Of The Century Fourteen Hundred-Seventy Biographical Sketches Accompanied by Portraits of Leading American Women in all Walks of Life, edited by Frances E. Willard, Mary A. Livermore Charles Wells Moulton (1893). <br /> <br /> <br /> Other biographical works on Foltz include, most importantly, Mortimer D. Schwartz, Susan L. Brandt, &amp; Patience Milrod, Clara Shortridge Foltz: Pioneer in the Law, 27 HASTINGS L.J. 545 (1976); Corrine Gilb, Clara Shortridge Foltz, Notable American Women: A Biographical Dictionary, 1607-1950, at 641 (Edward T. James et al. eds., 1971); Virginia Elwood-Akers, Clara Shortridge Foltz: California’s First Woman Lawyer, 28 PAC. HISTORIAN 23 (1984); Nicholas Polos, San Diego’s “Portia of the Pacific,” 2 J. SAN DIEGO HIST. 185 (1980).<br /> <br /> ==Clara Foltz’s Publications==<br /> <br /> '''Law Reviews'''<br /> <br /> *Evolution of Law, 48 ALB. L. REV. 206 (1893). <br /> <br /> *World’s Fair Speech, reprinted as Our Public Defenders, 25 CHI. LEGAL NEWS 431 (Aug. 12, 1893) and The Rights of Persons Accused, 48 ALB. L.J. 248 (1893). <br /> <br /> *Duties of District Attorneys in Prosecutions, 18 CRIM L. MAG. 415 (July 1896).<br /> <br /> *Should Women be Executed, 54 ALB. L.J. (1896).<br /> <br /> *Public Defenders, 31 AM. LAW. REV. 393 (1897) <br /> <br /> '''Journalism''' <br /> <br /> *San Diego Daily Bee (Editor 1887). <br /> <br /> *The Mecca (Editor, Denver 1898). <br /> <br /> *Oil Fields and Furnaces (Editor, San Francisco 1901-1903). <br /> <br /> *The New American Woman (Editor, Los Angeles 1916-1918).</div>

Babcock https://wlh-wiki.law.stanford.edu/index.php/About_and_By_Clara_Foltz:_Biographical_Material_and_Her_Writings 2011-12-05T20:09:45Z

<p>Babcock:&#32;</p> <hr /> <div>This Note provides citations to biographical articles, book chapters, and websites about Clara Foltz, as well as Clara Foltz's own published writings. <br /> <br /> ==Babcock's Work==<br /> <br /> I describe Foltz’s major achievements in a series of law review articles, available at this website as well as elsewhere. These articles contain hundreds of citations to newspapers and other contemporary works, as well as more detailed legal sources and arguments than appear in the endnotes to Woman Lawyer or in these on- line bibliographic notes. <br /> <br /> On Foltz’s entry into the Bar, and the anti-discrimination clauses of the 1879 constitution, see <br /> <br /> *Barbara Allen Babcock, ''[http://wlh-static.law.stanford.edu/bb-clara/babcock-28VULR1231.pdf Clara Shortridge Foltz: 'First Woman']'', 30 ARIZONA L. REV. 673 (1988), reprinted with a new introduction in 28 VALPARAISO U. L. REV. 1231, (1994). <br /> *Barbara Allen Babcock, ''[http://wlh-static.law.stanford.edu/bb-clara/constitution.html 'Clara Shortridge Foltz: Constitution-Maker']'', 66 INDIANA LAW JOURNAL 849 (1991).<br /> *Barbara Allen Babcock, ''[http://www.uchastings.edu/wlj/index.html 'Alma Mater: Clara Foltz and Hastings College of the Law' ]'' , 21 HASTINGS WOMEN'S LAW JOURNAL 99 (2010).<br /> <br /> <br /> On her role as founder of the public defender movement with detailed analysis of the legal and social sources and forces shaping her conception: <br /> Barbara Allen Babcock,''[http://wlh-static.law.stanford.edu/bb-clara/Inventing%20the%20PD1.pdf 'Inventing the Public Defender']'', 43 AMERICAN CRIMINAL LAW REVIEW 1267 (2006). <br /> <br /> <br /> On Foltz’s criminal law practice: Barbara Allen Babcock, ''[http://wlh-static.law.stanford.edu/bb-clara/NevadaLawArticler.pdf 'Women Defenders in the West']'', 1 UNIVERSITY OF NEVADE LAW JOURNAL 1 (Spring 2001).<br /> Barbara Allen Babcock, ''[http://wlh-static.law.stanford.edu/bb-clara/western.htm 'Western Women Lawyers']'', 45 STANFORD LAW REVIEW 2179 (1993).<br /> <br /> <br /> On her place as a leader of the women’s movement, see Barbara Allen Babcock, ''[http://wlh-static.law.stanford.edu/articles/kansasfinal.pdf 'A Real Revolution']'', 49 UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS LAW REVIEW 719 (2001); Barbara Allen Babcock, ''[http://wlh-static.law.stanford.edu/articles/h1femini.htm 'Feminist Lawyers']'', [Book Review], 50 STANFORD LAW REVIEW 1689 (1998); Barbara Allen Babcock, ''[http://wlh-static.law.stanford.edu/bb-clara/babcock61UCLR1139.pdf 'A Place in the Palladium: Women's Rights and Jury Service']'', 61 UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI LAW REVIEW 1139 (1993).<br /> <br /> <br /> On her marriage and divorce: Barbara Allen Babcock, ''[http://wlh.law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/BabcockW89.pdf 'Reconstructing the Person: The Case of Clara Shortridge Foltz']'', 12 BIOGRAPHY 1 (1989) reprinted in REVEALING LIVES 131 (Susan Bell &amp; Marilyn Yalom eds., 1990). <br /> <br /> <br /> On the process of biography writing: Barbara Allen Babcock, ''[http://wlh.law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/babcock70NYULR707.pdf 'Contracted']'' Biographies and Other Obstacles to 'Truth': Commentary'', 70 NEW YORK UNIVERSITY LAW REVIEW 707 (1995); Barbara Allen Babcock, ''Remarks on the Occasion of the Publication of Called from Within: ''[http://wlh.law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/babcock70NYULR707.pdf Early Women Lawyers of Hawaii]'', 16 BIOGRAPHY 3 (1993).<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Babcock Encyclopedia Entries===<br /> ----<br /> *Clara Foltz Entry: [http://wlh.law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/Yale-draft2.pdf| Yale Biographical Dictionary of American Law]<br /> *Clara Foltz Entry: [http://wlh.law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/AmNatBiogentry.pdf American National Biography—volume 8]<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Website===<br /> ----<br /> The Public Defender and the Woman’s Rights Movement—1878-1913. This is part of [http://womhist.alexanderstreet.com The Women and Social Movements Website] [hereafter Social Movements Website].<br /> This is a collection of Foltz’s writings and articles about her, with extensive explanatory comments. <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Book Chapters and Other Writings===<br /> ----<br /> <br /> Clara Shortridge Foltz, ''[http://womhist.alexanderstreet.com Inventing the Public Defender]'', in NOBLE PURPOSES: NINE CHAMPIONS OF THE RULE OF LAW (Norman Gross ed., 2007).<br /> <br /> Barbara Allen Babcock, ''[http://wlh.law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/150thanniversaryspeech.pdf|150th Anniversary of the Supreme Court]'', 22 CAL. REP., 1275 (2000).<br /> <br /> Speeches at Dedication of Clara Shortridge Foltz Criminal Justice Center, Feb. 8, 2002, Brochure with pictures and text, on life at WLH Website; Installation of artworks in the courthouse, Brochure with pictures and text, Feb. 13, 2008.<br /> <br /> ==Other articles on Clara Shortridge Foltz==<br /> <br /> Cotemporary: Clara Foltz, San Francisco, Cal. 1 THE LAW STUDENT'S HELPER 263 (October 1893). Mrs. Clara Shortridge Foltz<br /> A Woman Of The Century Fourteen Hundred-Seventy Biographical Sketches Accompanied by Portraits of Leading American Women in all Walks of Life, edited by Frances E. Willard, Mary A. Livermore Charles Wells Moulton (1893). <br /> <br /> <br /> Other biographical works on Foltz include, most importantly, Mortimer D. Schwartz, Susan L. Brandt, &amp; Patience Milrod, Clara Shortridge Foltz: Pioneer in the Law, 27 HASTINGS L.J. 545 (1976); Corrine Gilb, Clara Shortridge Foltz, Notable American Women: A Biographical Dictionary, 1607-1950, at 641 (Edward T. James et al. eds., 1971); Virginia Elwood-Akers, Clara Shortridge Foltz: California’s First Woman Lawyer, 28 PAC. HISTORIAN 23 (1984); Nicholas Polos, San Diego’s “Portia of the Pacific,” 2 J. SAN DIEGO HIST. 185 (1980).<br /> <br /> ==Clara Foltz’s Publications==<br /> <br /> '''Law Reviews'''<br /> <br /> *Evolution of Law, 48 ALB. L. REV. 206 (1893). <br /> <br /> *World’s Fair Speech, reprinted as Our Public Defenders, 25 CHI. LEGAL NEWS 431 (Aug. 12, 1893) and The Rights of Persons Accused, 48 ALB. L.J. 248 (1893). <br /> <br /> *Duties of District Attorneys in Prosecutions, 18 CRIM L. MAG. 415 (July 1896).<br /> <br /> *Should Women be Executed, 54 ALB. L.J. (1896).<br /> <br /> *Public Defenders, 31 AM. LAW. REV. 393 (1897) <br /> <br /> '''Journalism''' <br /> <br /> *San Diego Daily Bee (Editor 1887). <br /> <br /> *The Mecca (Editor, Denver 1898). <br /> <br /> *Oil Fields and Furnaces (Editor, San Francisco 1901-1903). <br /> <br /> *The New American Woman (Editor, Los Angeles 1916-1918).</div>

Babcock https://wlh-wiki.law.stanford.edu/index.php/About_and_By_Clara_Foltz:_Biographical_Material_and_Her_Writings 2011-12-05T20:09:01Z

<p>Babcock:&#32;</p> <hr /> <div>This Note provides citations to biographical articles, book chapters, and websites about Clara Foltz, as well as Clara Foltz's own published writings. <br /> <br /> ==Babcock's Work==<br /> <br /> I describe Foltz’s major achievements in a series of law review articles, available at this website as well as elsewhere. These articles contain hundreds of citations to newspapers and other contemporary works, as well as more detailed legal sources and arguments than appear in the endnotes to Woman Lawyer or in these on- line bibliographic notes. <br /> <br /> On Foltz’s entry into the Bar, and the anti-discrimination clauses of the 1879 constitution, see <br /> <br /> *Barbara Allen Babcock, ''[http://wlh-static.law.stanford.edu/bb-clara/babcock-28VULR1231.pdf Clara Shortridge Foltz: 'First Woman']'', 30 ARIZONA L. REV. 673 (1988), reprinted with a new introduction in 28 VALPARAISO U. L. REV. 1231, (1994). <br /> *Barbara Allen Babcock, ''[http://wlh-static.law.stanford.edu/bb-clara/constitution.htm'Clara Shortridge Foltz: Constitution-Maker']'', 66 INDIANA LAW JOURNAL 849 (1991).<br /> *Barbara Allen Babcock, ''[http://www.uchastings.edu/wlj/index.html 'Alma Mater: Clara Foltz and Hastings College of the Law' ]'' , 21 HASTINGS WOMEN'S LAW JOURNAL 99 (2010).<br /> <br /> <br /> On her role as founder of the public defender movement with detailed analysis of the legal and social sources and forces shaping her conception: <br /> Barbara Allen Babcock,''[http://wlh-static.law.stanford.edu/bb-clara/Inventing%20the%20PD1.pdf 'Inventing the Public Defender']'', 43 AMERICAN CRIMINAL LAW REVIEW 1267 (2006). <br /> <br /> <br /> On Foltz’s criminal law practice: Barbara Allen Babcock, ''[http://wlh-static.law.stanford.edu/bb-clara/NevadaLawArticler.pdf 'Women Defenders in the West']'', 1 UNIVERSITY OF NEVADE LAW JOURNAL 1 (Spring 2001).<br /> Barbara Allen Babcock, ''[http://wlh-static.law.stanford.edu/bb-clara/western.htm 'Western Women Lawyers']'', 45 STANFORD LAW REVIEW 2179 (1993).<br /> <br /> <br /> On her place as a leader of the women’s movement, see Barbara Allen Babcock, ''[http://wlh-static.law.stanford.edu/articles/kansasfinal.pdf 'A Real Revolution']'', 49 UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS LAW REVIEW 719 (2001); Barbara Allen Babcock, ''[http://wlh-static.law.stanford.edu/articles/h1femini.htm 'Feminist Lawyers']'', [Book Review], 50 STANFORD LAW REVIEW 1689 (1998); Barbara Allen Babcock, ''[http://wlh-static.law.stanford.edu/bb-clara/babcock61UCLR1139.pdf 'A Place in the Palladium: Women's Rights and Jury Service']'', 61 UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI LAW REVIEW 1139 (1993).<br /> <br /> <br /> On her marriage and divorce: Barbara Allen Babcock, ''[http://wlh.law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/BabcockW89.pdf 'Reconstructing the Person: The Case of Clara Shortridge Foltz']'', 12 BIOGRAPHY 1 (1989) reprinted in REVEALING LIVES 131 (Susan Bell &amp; Marilyn Yalom eds., 1990). <br /> <br /> <br /> On the process of biography writing: Barbara Allen Babcock, ''[http://wlh.law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/babcock70NYULR707.pdf 'Contracted']'' Biographies and Other Obstacles to 'Truth': Commentary'', 70 NEW YORK UNIVERSITY LAW REVIEW 707 (1995); Barbara Allen Babcock, ''Remarks on the Occasion of the Publication of Called from Within: ''[http://wlh.law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/babcock70NYULR707.pdf Early Women Lawyers of Hawaii]'', 16 BIOGRAPHY 3 (1993).<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Babcock Encyclopedia Entries===<br /> ----<br /> *Clara Foltz Entry: [http://wlh.law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/Yale-draft2.pdf| Yale Biographical Dictionary of American Law]<br /> *Clara Foltz Entry: [http://wlh.law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/AmNatBiogentry.pdf American National Biography—volume 8]<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Website===<br /> ----<br /> The Public Defender and the Woman’s Rights Movement—1878-1913. This is part of [http://womhist.alexanderstreet.com The Women and Social Movements Website] [hereafter Social Movements Website].<br /> This is a collection of Foltz’s writings and articles about her, with extensive explanatory comments. <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Book Chapters and Other Writings===<br /> ----<br /> <br /> Clara Shortridge Foltz, ''[http://womhist.alexanderstreet.com Inventing the Public Defender]'', in NOBLE PURPOSES: NINE CHAMPIONS OF THE RULE OF LAW (Norman Gross ed., 2007).<br /> <br /> Barbara Allen Babcock, ''[http://wlh.law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/150thanniversaryspeech.pdf|150th Anniversary of the Supreme Court]'', 22 CAL. REP., 1275 (2000).<br /> <br /> Speeches at Dedication of Clara Shortridge Foltz Criminal Justice Center, Feb. 8, 2002, Brochure with pictures and text, on life at WLH Website; Installation of artworks in the courthouse, Brochure with pictures and text, Feb. 13, 2008.<br /> <br /> ==Other articles on Clara Shortridge Foltz==<br /> <br /> Cotemporary: Clara Foltz, San Francisco, Cal. 1 THE LAW STUDENT'S HELPER 263 (October 1893). Mrs. Clara Shortridge Foltz<br /> A Woman Of The Century Fourteen Hundred-Seventy Biographical Sketches Accompanied by Portraits of Leading American Women in all Walks of Life, edited by Frances E. Willard, Mary A. Livermore Charles Wells Moulton (1893). <br /> <br /> <br /> Other biographical works on Foltz include, most importantly, Mortimer D. Schwartz, Susan L. Brandt, &amp; Patience Milrod, Clara Shortridge Foltz: Pioneer in the Law, 27 HASTINGS L.J. 545 (1976); Corrine Gilb, Clara Shortridge Foltz, Notable American Women: A Biographical Dictionary, 1607-1950, at 641 (Edward T. James et al. eds., 1971); Virginia Elwood-Akers, Clara Shortridge Foltz: California’s First Woman Lawyer, 28 PAC. HISTORIAN 23 (1984); Nicholas Polos, San Diego’s “Portia of the Pacific,” 2 J. SAN DIEGO HIST. 185 (1980).<br /> <br /> ==Clara Foltz’s Publications==<br /> <br /> '''Law Reviews'''<br /> <br /> *Evolution of Law, 48 ALB. L. REV. 206 (1893). <br /> <br /> *World’s Fair Speech, reprinted as Our Public Defenders, 25 CHI. LEGAL NEWS 431 (Aug. 12, 1893) and The Rights of Persons Accused, 48 ALB. L.J. 248 (1893). <br /> <br /> *Duties of District Attorneys in Prosecutions, 18 CRIM L. MAG. 415 (July 1896).<br /> <br /> *Should Women be Executed, 54 ALB. L.J. (1896).<br /> <br /> *Public Defenders, 31 AM. LAW. REV. 393 (1897) <br /> <br /> '''Journalism''' <br /> <br /> *San Diego Daily Bee (Editor 1887). <br /> <br /> *The Mecca (Editor, Denver 1898). <br /> <br /> *Oil Fields and Furnaces (Editor, San Francisco 1901-1903). <br /> <br /> *The New American Woman (Editor, Los Angeles 1916-1918).</div>

Babcock https://wlh-wiki.law.stanford.edu/index.php/About_and_By_Clara_Foltz:_Biographical_Material_and_Her_Writings 2011-12-05T20:04:36Z

<p>Babcock:&#32;</p> <hr /> <div>This Note provides citations to biographical articles, book chapters, and websites about Clara Foltz, as well as Clara Foltz's own published writings. <br /> <br /> ==Babcock's Work==<br /> <br /> I describe Foltz’s major achievements in a series of law review articles, available at this website as well as elsewhere. These articles contain hundreds of citations to newspapers and other contemporary works, as well as more detailed legal sources and arguments than appear in the endnotes to Woman Lawyer or in these on- line bibliographic notes. <br /> <br /> On Foltz’s entry into the Bar, and the anti-discrimination clauses of the 1879 constitution, see <br /> <br /> *Barbara Allen Babcock, ''[http://wlh-static.law.stanford.edu/bb-clara/babcock-28VULR1231.pdf Clara Shortridge Foltz: 'First Woman']'', 30 ARIZONA L. REV. 673 (1988), reprinted with a new introduction in 28 VALPARAISO U. L. REV. 1231, (1994). <br /> *Barbara Allen Babcock, ''[http://wlh-static.law.stanford.edu/bb-clara/constitution.htm|'Clara Shortridge Foltz: Constitution-Maker']'', 66 INDIANA LAW JOURNAL 849 (1991).<br /> *Barbara Allen Babcock, ''[http://www.uchastings.edu/wlj/index.html| 'Alma Mater: Clara Foltz and Hastings College of the Law' ]'' , 21 HASTINGS WOMEN'S LAW JOURNAL 99 (2010).<br /> <br /> <br /> On her role as founder of the public defender movement with detailed analysis of the legal and social sources and forces shaping her conception: <br /> Barbara Allen Babcock,''[http://wlh-static.law.stanford.edu/bb-clara/Inventing%20the%20PD1.pdf| 'Inventing the Public Defender']'', 43 AMERICAN CRIMINAL LAW REVIEW 1267 (2006). <br /> <br /> <br /> On Foltz’s criminal law practice: Barbara Allen Babcock, ''[http://wlh-static.law.stanford.edu/bb-clara/NevadaLawArticler.pdf| 'Women Defenders in the West']'', 1 UNIVERSITY OF NEVADE LAW JOURNAL 1 (Spring 2001).<br /> Barbara Allen Babcock, ''[http://wlh-static.law.stanford.edu/bb-clara/western.htm| 'Western Women Lawyers']'', 45 STANFORD LAW REVIEW 2179 (1993).<br /> <br /> <br /> On her place as a leader of the women’s movement, see Barbara Allen Babcock, ''[http://wlh-static.law.stanford.edu/articles/kansasfinal.pdf| 'A Real Revolution']'', 49 UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS LAW REVIEW 719 (2001); Barbara Allen Babcock, ''[http://wlh-static.law.stanford.edu/articles/h1femini.htm| 'Feminist Lawyers']'', [Book Review], 50 STANFORD LAW REVIEW 1689 (1998); Barbara Allen Babcock, ''[http://wlh-static.law.stanford.edu/bb-clara/babcock61UCLR1139.pdf| 'A Place in the Palladium: Women's Rights and Jury Service']'', 61 UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI LAW REVIEW 1139 (1993).<br /> <br /> <br /> On her marriage and divorce: Barbara Allen Babcock, ''[http://wlh.law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/BabcockW89.pdf| 'Reconstructing the Person: The Case of Clara Shortridge Foltz']'', 12 BIOGRAPHY 1 (1989) reprinted in REVEALING LIVES 131 (Susan Bell &amp; Marilyn Yalom eds., 1990). <br /> <br /> <br /> On the process of biography writing: Barbara Allen Babcock, ''[http://wlh.law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/babcock70NYULR707.pdf| 'Contracted']'' Biographies and Other Obstacles to 'Truth': Commentary'', 70 NEW YORK UNIVERSITY LAW REVIEW 707 (1995); Barbara Allen Babcock, ''Remarks on the Occasion of the Publication of Called from Within: ''[http://wlh.law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/babcock70NYULR707.pdf| Early Women Lawyers of Hawaii]'', 16 BIOGRAPHY 3 (1993).<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Babcock Encyclopedia Entries===<br /> ----<br /> *Clara Foltz Entry: [http://wlh.law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/Yale-draft2.pdf| Yale Biographical Dictionary of American Law]<br /> *Clara Foltz Entry: [http://wlh.law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/AmNatBiogentry.pdf| American National Biography—volume 8]<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Website===<br /> ----<br /> The Public Defender and the Woman’s Rights Movement—1878-1913. This is part of [http://womhist.alexanderstreet.com| The Women and Social Movements Website] [hereafter Social Movements Website].<br /> This is a collection of Foltz’s writings and articles about her, with extensive explanatory comments. <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Book Chapters and Other Writings===<br /> ----<br /> <br /> Clara Shortridge Foltz, ''[http://womhist.alexanderstreet.com| Inventing the Public Defender]'', in NOBLE PURPOSES: NINE CHAMPIONS OF THE RULE OF LAW (Norman Gross ed., 2007).<br /> <br /> Barbara Allen Babcock, ''[http://wlh.law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/150thanniversaryspeech.pdf|150th Anniversary of the Supreme Court]'', 22 CAL. REP., 1275 (2000).<br /> <br /> Speeches at Dedication of Clara Shortridge Foltz Criminal Justice Center, Feb. 8, 2002, Brochure with pictures and text, on life at WLH Website; Installation of artworks in the courthouse, Brochure with pictures and text, Feb. 13, 2008.<br /> <br /> ==Other articles on Clara Shortridge Foltz==<br /> <br /> Cotemporary: Clara Foltz, San Francisco, Cal. 1 THE LAW STUDENT'S HELPER 263 (October 1893). Mrs. Clara Shortridge Foltz<br /> A Woman Of The Century Fourteen Hundred-Seventy Biographical Sketches Accompanied by Portraits of Leading American Women in all Walks of Life, edited by Frances E. Willard, Mary A. Livermore Charles Wells Moulton (1893). <br /> <br /> <br /> Other biographical works on Foltz include, most importantly, Mortimer D. Schwartz, Susan L. Brandt, &amp; Patience Milrod, Clara Shortridge Foltz: Pioneer in the Law, 27 HASTINGS L.J. 545 (1976); Corrine Gilb, Clara Shortridge Foltz, Notable American Women: A Biographical Dictionary, 1607-1950, at 641 (Edward T. James et al. eds., 1971); Virginia Elwood-Akers, Clara Shortridge Foltz: California’s First Woman Lawyer, 28 PAC. HISTORIAN 23 (1984); Nicholas Polos, San Diego’s “Portia of the Pacific,” 2 J. SAN DIEGO HIST. 185 (1980).<br /> <br /> ==Clara Foltz’s Publications==<br /> <br /> '''Law Reviews'''<br /> <br /> *Evolution of Law, 48 ALB. L. REV. 206 (1893). <br /> <br /> *World’s Fair Speech, reprinted as Our Public Defenders, 25 CHI. LEGAL NEWS 431 (Aug. 12, 1893) and The Rights of Persons Accused, 48 ALB. L.J. 248 (1893). <br /> <br /> *Duties of District Attorneys in Prosecutions, 18 CRIM L. MAG. 415 (July 1896).<br /> <br /> *Should Women be Executed, 54 ALB. L.J. (1896).<br /> <br /> *Public Defenders, 31 AM. LAW. REV. 393 (1897) <br /> <br /> '''Journalism''' <br /> <br /> *San Diego Daily Bee (Editor 1887). <br /> <br /> *The Mecca (Editor, Denver 1898). <br /> <br /> *Oil Fields and Furnaces (Editor, San Francisco 1901-1903). <br /> <br /> *The New American Woman (Editor, Los Angeles 1916-1918).</div>

Babcock https://wlh-wiki.law.stanford.edu/index.php/About_and_By_Clara_Foltz:_Biographical_Material_and_Her_Writings 2011-05-11T00:28:53Z

<p>Babcock:&#32;/* Babcock's Work */</p> <hr /> <div>This Note provides citations to biographical articles, book chapters, and websites about Clara Foltz, as well as Clara Foltz's own published writings. <br /> <br /> ==Babcock's Work==<br /> <br /> I describe Foltz’s major achievements in a series of law review articles, available at this website as well as elsewhere. These articles contain hundreds of citations to newspapers and other contemporary works, as well as more detailed legal sources and arguments than appear in the endnotes to Woman Lawyer or in these on- line bibliographic notes. <br /> <br /> On Foltz’s entry into the Bar, and the anti-discrimination clauses of the 1879 constitution, see <br /> <br /> *Barbara Allen Babcock, ''[http://wlh-static.law.stanford.edu/bb-clara/babcock-28VULR1231.pdf| Clara Shortridge Foltz: 'First Woman']'', 30 ARIZONA L. REV. 673 (1988), reprinted with a new introduction in 28 VALPARAISO U. L. REV. 1231, (1994). <br /> *Barbara Allen Babcock, ''[http://wlh-static.law.stanford.edu/bb-clara/constitution.htm|'Clara Shortridge Foltz: Constitution-Maker']'', 66 INDIANA LAW JOURNAL 849 (1991).<br /> *Barbara Allen Babcock, ''[http://www.uchastings.edu/wlj/index.html| 'Alma Mater: Clara Foltz and Hastings College of the Law' ]'' , 21 HASTINGS WOMEN'S LAW JOURNAL 99 (2010).<br /> <br /> <br /> On her role as founder of the public defender movement with detailed analysis of the legal and social sources and forces shaping her conception: <br /> Barbara Allen Babcock,''[http://wlh-static.law.stanford.edu/bb-clara/Inventing%20the%20PD1.pdf| 'Inventing the Public Defender']'', 43 AMERICAN CRIMINAL LAW REVIEW 1267 (2006). <br /> <br /> <br /> On Foltz’s criminal law practice: Barbara Allen Babcock, ''[http://wlh-static.law.stanford.edu/bb-clara/NevadaLawArticler.pdf| 'Women Defenders in the West']'', 1 UNIVERSITY OF NEVADE LAW JOURNAL 1 (Spring 2001).<br /> Barbara Allen Babcock, ''[http://wlh-static.law.stanford.edu/bb-clara/western.htm| 'Western Women Lawyers']'', 45 STANFORD LAW REVIEW 2179 (1993).<br /> <br /> <br /> On her place as a leader of the women’s movement, see Barbara Allen Babcock, ''[http://wlh-static.law.stanford.edu/articles/kansasfinal.pdf| 'A Real Revolution']'', 49 UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS LAW REVIEW 719 (2001); Barbara Allen Babcock, ''[http://wlh-static.law.stanford.edu/articles/h1femini.htm| 'Feminist Lawyers']'', [Book Review], 50 STANFORD LAW REVIEW 1689 (1998); Barbara Allen Babcock, ''[http://wlh-static.law.stanford.edu/bb-clara/babcock61UCLR1139.pdf| 'A Place in the Palladium: Women's Rights and Jury Service']'', 61 UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI LAW REVIEW 1139 (1993).<br /> <br /> <br /> On her marriage and divorce: Barbara Allen Babcock, ''[http://wlh.law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/BabcockW89.pdf| 'Reconstructing the Person: The Case of Clara Shortridge Foltz']'', 12 BIOGRAPHY 1 (1989) reprinted in REVEALING LIVES 131 (Susan Bell &amp; Marilyn Yalom eds., 1990). <br /> <br /> <br /> On the process of biography writing: Barbara Allen Babcock, ''[http://wlh.law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/babcock70NYULR707.pdf| 'Contracted']'' Biographies and Other Obstacles to 'Truth': Commentary'', 70 NEW YORK UNIVERSITY LAW REVIEW 707 (1995); Barbara Allen Babcock, ''Remarks on the Occasion of the Publication of Called from Within: ''[http://wlh.law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/babcock70NYULR707.pdf| Early Women Lawyers of Hawaii]'', 16 BIOGRAPHY 3 (1993).<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Babcock Encyclopedia Entries===<br /> ----<br /> *Clara Foltz Entry: [http://wlh.law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/Yale-draft2.pdf| Yale Biographical Dictionary of American Law]<br /> *Clara Foltz Entry: [http://wlh.law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/AmNatBiogentry.pdf| American National Biography—volume 8]<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Website===<br /> ----<br /> The Public Defender and the Woman’s Rights Movement—1878-1913. This is part of [http://womhist.alexanderstreet.com| The Women and Social Movements Website] [hereafter Social Movements Website].<br /> This is a collection of Foltz’s writings and articles about her, with extensive explanatory comments. <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Book Chapters and Other Writings===<br /> ----<br /> <br /> Clara Shortridge Foltz, ''[http://womhist.alexanderstreet.com| Inventing the Public Defender]'', in NOBLE PURPOSES: NINE CHAMPIONS OF THE RULE OF LAW (Norman Gross ed., 2007).<br /> <br /> Barbara Allen Babcock, ''[http://wlh.law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/150thanniversaryspeech.pdf|150th Anniversary of the Supreme Court]'', 22 CAL. REP., 1275 (2000).<br /> <br /> Speeches at Dedication of Clara Shortridge Foltz Criminal Justice Center, Feb. 8, 2002, Brochure with pictures and text, on life at WLH Website; Installation of artworks in the courthouse, Brochure with pictures and text, Feb. 13, 2008.<br /> <br /> ==Other articles on Clara Shortridge Foltz==<br /> <br /> Cotemporary: Clara Foltz, San Francisco, Cal. 1 THE LAW STUDENT'S HELPER 263 (October 1893). Mrs. Clara Shortridge Foltz<br /> A Woman Of The Century Fourteen Hundred-Seventy Biographical Sketches Accompanied by Portraits of Leading American Women in all Walks of Life, edited by Frances E. Willard, Mary A. Livermore Charles Wells Moulton (1893). <br /> <br /> <br /> Other biographical works on Foltz include, most importantly, Mortimer D. Schwartz, Susan L. Brandt, &amp; Patience Milrod, Clara Shortridge Foltz: Pioneer in the Law, 27 HASTINGS L.J. 545 (1976); Corrine Gilb, Clara Shortridge Foltz, Notable American Women: A Biographical Dictionary, 1607-1950, at 641 (Edward T. James et al. eds., 1971); Virginia Elwood-Akers, Clara Shortridge Foltz: California’s First Woman Lawyer, 28 PAC. HISTORIAN 23 (1984); Nicholas Polos, San Diego’s “Portia of the Pacific,” 2 J. SAN DIEGO HIST. 185 (1980).<br /> <br /> ==Clara Foltz’s Publications==<br /> <br /> '''Law Reviews'''<br /> <br /> *Evolution of Law, 48 ALB. L. REV. 206 (1893). <br /> <br /> *World’s Fair Speech, reprinted as Our Public Defenders, 25 CHI. LEGAL NEWS 431 (Aug. 12, 1893) and The Rights of Persons Accused, 48 ALB. L.J. 248 (1893). <br /> <br /> *Duties of District Attorneys in Prosecutions, 18 CRIM L. MAG. 415 (July 1896).<br /> <br /> *Should Women be Executed, 54 ALB. L.J. (1896).<br /> <br /> *Public Defenders, 31 AM. LAW. REV. 393 (1897) <br /> <br /> '''Journalism''' <br /> <br /> *San Diego Daily Bee (Editor 1887). <br /> <br /> *The Mecca (Editor, Denver 1898). <br /> <br /> *Oil Fields and Furnaces (Editor, San Francisco 1901-1903). <br /> <br /> *The New American Woman (Editor, Los Angeles 1916-1918).</div>

Babcock https://wlh-wiki.law.stanford.edu/index.php/About_and_By_Clara_Foltz:_Biographical_Material_and_Her_Writings 2011-05-11T00:12:24Z

<p>Babcock:&#32;/* Babcock's Work */</p> <hr /> <div>This Note provides citations to biographical articles, book chapters, and websites about Clara Foltz, as well as Clara Foltz's own published writings. <br /> <br /> ==Babcock's Work==<br /> <br /> I describe Foltz’s major achievements in a series of law review articles, available at this website as well as elsewhere. These articles contain hundreds of citations to newspapers and other contemporary works, as well as more detailed legal sources and arguments than appear in the endnotes to Woman Lawyer or in these on- line bibliographic notes. <br /> <br /> On Foltz’s entry into the Bar, and the anti-discrimination clauses of the 1879 constitution, see <br /> <br /> *Barbara Allen Babcock, ''[http://wlh-static.law.stanford.edu/bb-clara/babcock-28VULR1231.pdf| Clara Shortridge Foltz: 'First Woman']'', 30 ARIZONA L. REV. 673 (1988), reprinted with a new introduction in 28 VALPARAISO U. L. REV. 1231, (1994). <br /> *Barbara Allen Babcock, '[http://wlh-static.law.stanford.edu/bb-clara/constitution.htm|'Clara Shortridge Foltz: Constitution-Maker']', 66 INDIANA LAW JOURNAL 849 (1991).<br /> *Barbara Allen Babcock, ''Alma Mater: Clara Foltz and Hastings College of the Law'' , 21 HASTINGS WOMEN'S LAW JOURNAL 99 (2010).<br /> <br /> <br /> On her role as founder of the public defender movement with detailed analysis of the legal and social sources and forces shaping her conception: <br /> Barbara Allen Babcock,[http://wlh-static.law.stanford.edu/bb-clara/Inventing%20the%20PD1.pdf| 'Inventing the Public Defender'], 43 AMERICAN CRIMINAL LAW REVIEW 1267 (2006). <br /> <br /> <br /> On Foltz’s criminal law practice: Barbara Allen Babcock, [http://wlh-static.law.stanford.edu/bb-clara/NevadaLawArticler.pdf| 'Women Defenders in the West'], 1 UNIVERSITY OF NEVADE LAW JOURNAL 1 (Spring 2001).<br /> Barbara Allen Babcock, [http://wlh-static.law.stanford.edu/bb-clara/western.htm| 'Western Women Lawyers'], 45 STANFORD LAW REVIEW 2179 (1993).<br /> <br /> <br /> On her place as a leader of the women’s movement, see Barbara Allen Babcock, [http://wlh-static.law.stanford.edu/articles/kansasfinal.pdf| 'A Real Revolution'], 49 UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS LAW REVIEW 719 (2001); Barbara Allen Babcock, [http://wlh-static.law.stanford.edu/articles/h1femini.htm| 'Feminist Lawyers'], [Book Review], 50 STANFORD LAW REVIEW 1689 (1998); Barbara Allen Babcock, [http://wlh-static.law.stanford.edu/bb-clara/babcock61UCLR1139.pdf| 'A Place in the Palladium: Women's Rights and Jury Service'], 61 UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI LAW REVIEW 1139 (1993).<br /> <br /> <br /> On her marriage and divorce: Barbara Allen Babcock, ''Reconstructing the Person: The Case of Clara Shortridge Foltz'', 12 BIOGRAPHY 1 (1989) reprinted in REVEALING LIVES 131 (Susan Bell &amp; Marilyn Yalom eds., 1990). <br /> <br /> <br /> On the process of biography writing: Barbara Allen Babcock, '''Contracted' Biographies and Other Obstacles to 'Truth': Commentary'', 70 NEW YORK UNIVERSITY LAW REVIEW 707 (1995); Barbara Allen Babcock, ''Remarks on the Occasion of the Publication of Called from Within: Early Women Lawyers of Hawaii'', 16 BIOGRAPHY 3 (1993).<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Babcock Encyclopedia Entries===<br /> ----<br /> *Clara Foltz Entry: Yale Biographical Dictionary of American Law<br /> *Clara Foltz Entry: American National Biography—volume 8<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Website===<br /> ----<br /> The Public Defender and the Woman’s Rights Movement—1878-1913. This is part of The Women and Social Movements Website available at http://womhist.alexanderstreet.com [hereafter Social Movements Website].<br /> This is a collection of Foltz’s writings and articles about her, with extensive explanatory comments. <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Book Chapters and Other Writings===<br /> ----<br /> <br /> Clara Shortridge Foltz, ''Inventing the Public Defender'', in NOBLE PURPOSES: NINE CHAMPIONS OF THE RULE OF LAW (Norman Gross ed., 2007).<br /> <br /> Barbara Allen Babcock, ''150th Anniversary of the Supreme Court'', 22 CAL. REP., 1275 (2000).<br /> <br /> Speeches at Dedication of Clara Shortridge Foltz Criminal Justice Center, Feb. 8, 2002, Brochure with pictures and text, on life at WLH Website; Installation of artworks in the courthouse, Brochure with pictures and text, Feb. 13, 2008.<br /> <br /> ==Other articles on Clara Shortridge Foltz==<br /> <br /> Cotemporary: Clara Foltz, San Francisco, Cal. 1 THE LAW STUDENT'S HELPER 263 (October 1893). Mrs. Clara Shortridge Foltz<br /> A Woman Of The Century Fourteen Hundred-Seventy Biographical Sketches Accompanied by Portraits of Leading American Women in all Walks of Life, edited by Frances E. Willard, Mary A. Livermore Charles Wells Moulton (1893). <br /> <br /> <br /> Other biographical works on Foltz include, most importantly, Mortimer D. Schwartz, Susan L. Brandt, &amp; Patience Milrod, Clara Shortridge Foltz: Pioneer in the Law, 27 HASTINGS L.J. 545 (1976); Corrine Gilb, Clara Shortridge Foltz, Notable American Women: A Biographical Dictionary, 1607-1950, at 641 (Edward T. James et al. eds., 1971); Virginia Elwood-Akers, Clara Shortridge Foltz: California’s First Woman Lawyer, 28 PAC. HISTORIAN 23 (1984); Nicholas Polos, San Diego’s “Portia of the Pacific,” 2 J. SAN DIEGO HIST. 185 (1980).<br /> <br /> ==Clara Foltz’s Publications==<br /> <br /> '''Law Reviews'''<br /> <br /> *Evolution of Law, 48 ALB. L. REV. 206 (1893). <br /> <br /> *World’s Fair Speech, reprinted as Our Public Defenders, 25 CHI. LEGAL NEWS 431 (Aug. 12, 1893) and The Rights of Persons Accused, 48 ALB. L.J. 248 (1893). <br /> <br /> *Duties of District Attorneys in Prosecutions, 18 CRIM L. MAG. 415 (July 1896).<br /> <br /> *Should Women be Executed, 54 ALB. L.J. (1896).<br /> <br /> *Public Defenders, 31 AM. LAW. REV. 393 (1897) <br /> <br /> '''Journalism''' <br /> <br /> *San Diego Daily Bee (Editor 1887). <br /> <br /> *The Mecca (Editor, Denver 1898). <br /> <br /> *Oil Fields and Furnaces (Editor, San Francisco 1901-1903). <br /> <br /> *The New American Woman (Editor, Los Angeles 1916-1918).</div>

Babcock https://wlh-wiki.law.stanford.edu/index.php/About_and_By_Clara_Foltz:_Biographical_Material_and_Her_Writings 2011-05-11T00:04:26Z

<p>Babcock:&#32;/* Babcock's Work */</p> <hr /> <div>This Note provides citations to biographical articles, book chapters, and websites about Clara Foltz, as well as Clara Foltz's own published writings. <br /> <br /> ==Babcock's Work==<br /> <br /> I describe Foltz’s major achievements in a series of law review articles, available at this website as well as elsewhere. These articles contain hundreds of citations to newspapers and other contemporary works, as well as more detailed legal sources and arguments than appear in the endnotes to Woman Lawyer or in these on- line bibliographic notes. <br /> <br /> On Foltz’s entry into the Bar, and the anti-discrimination clauses of the 1879 constitution, see <br /> <br /> *Barbara Allen Babcock, ''[http://wlh-static.law.stanford.edu/bb-clara/babcock-28VULR1231.pdf| Clara Shortridge Foltz: 'First Woman']'', 30 ARIZONA L. REV. 673 (1988), reprinted with a new introduction in 28 VALPARAISO U. L. REV. 1231, (1994). <br /> *Barbara Allen Babcock, ''Clara Shortridge Foltz: Constitution-Maker'', 66 INDIANA LAW JOURNAL 849 (1991).<br /> *Barbara Allen Babcock, ''Alma Mater: Clara Foltz and Hastings College of the Law'' , 21 HASTINGS WOMEN'S LAW JOURNAL 99 (2010).<br /> <br /> <br /> On her role as founder of the public defender movement with detailed analysis of the legal and social sources and forces shaping her conception: <br /> Barbara Allen Babcock,'' Inventing the Public Defender'', 43 AMERICAN CRIMINAL LAW REVIEW 1267 (2006). <br /> <br /> <br /> On Foltz’s criminal law practice: Barbara Allen Babcock, ''Women Defenders in the West'', 1 UNIVERSITY OF NEVADE LAW JOURNAL 1 (Spring 2001).<br /> Barbara Allen Babcock, ''Western Women Lawyers'', 45 STANFORD LAW REVIEW 2179 (1993).<br /> <br /> <br /> On her place as a leader of the women’s movement, see Barbara Allen Babcock, ''A Real Revolution'', 49 UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS LAW REVIEW 719 (2001); Barbara Allen Babcock, ''Feminist Lawyers'', [Book Review], 50 STANFORD LAW REVIEW 1689 (1998); Barbara Allen Babcock, ''A Place in the Palladium: Women's Rights and Jury Service'', 61 UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI LAW REVIEW 1139 (1993).<br /> <br /> <br /> On her marriage and divorce: Barbara Allen Babcock, ''Reconstructing the Person: The Case of Clara Shortridge Foltz'', 12 BIOGRAPHY 1 (1989) reprinted in REVEALING LIVES 131 (Susan Bell &amp; Marilyn Yalom eds., 1990). <br /> <br /> <br /> On the process of biography writing: Barbara Allen Babcock, '''Contracted' Biographies and Other Obstacles to 'Truth': Commentary'', 70 NEW YORK UNIVERSITY LAW REVIEW 707 (1995); Barbara Allen Babcock, ''Remarks on the Occasion of the Publication of Called from Within: Early Women Lawyers of Hawaii'', 16 BIOGRAPHY 3 (1993).<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Babcock Encyclopedia Entries===<br /> ----<br /> *Clara Foltz Entry: Yale Biographical Dictionary of American Law<br /> *Clara Foltz Entry: American National Biography—volume 8<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Website===<br /> ----<br /> The Public Defender and the Woman’s Rights Movement—1878-1913. This is part of The Women and Social Movements Website available at http://womhist.alexanderstreet.com [hereafter Social Movements Website].<br /> This is a collection of Foltz’s writings and articles about her, with extensive explanatory comments. <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Book Chapters and Other Writings===<br /> ----<br /> <br /> Clara Shortridge Foltz, ''Inventing the Public Defender'', in NOBLE PURPOSES: NINE CHAMPIONS OF THE RULE OF LAW (Norman Gross ed., 2007).<br /> <br /> Barbara Allen Babcock, ''150th Anniversary of the Supreme Court'', 22 CAL. REP., 1275 (2000).<br /> <br /> Speeches at Dedication of Clara Shortridge Foltz Criminal Justice Center, Feb. 8, 2002, Brochure with pictures and text, on life at WLH Website; Installation of artworks in the courthouse, Brochure with pictures and text, Feb. 13, 2008.<br /> <br /> ==Other articles on Clara Shortridge Foltz==<br /> <br /> Cotemporary: Clara Foltz, San Francisco, Cal. 1 THE LAW STUDENT'S HELPER 263 (October 1893). Mrs. Clara Shortridge Foltz<br /> A Woman Of The Century Fourteen Hundred-Seventy Biographical Sketches Accompanied by Portraits of Leading American Women in all Walks of Life, edited by Frances E. Willard, Mary A. Livermore Charles Wells Moulton (1893). <br /> <br /> <br /> Other biographical works on Foltz include, most importantly, Mortimer D. Schwartz, Susan L. Brandt, &amp; Patience Milrod, Clara Shortridge Foltz: Pioneer in the Law, 27 HASTINGS L.J. 545 (1976); Corrine Gilb, Clara Shortridge Foltz, Notable American Women: A Biographical Dictionary, 1607-1950, at 641 (Edward T. James et al. eds., 1971); Virginia Elwood-Akers, Clara Shortridge Foltz: California’s First Woman Lawyer, 28 PAC. HISTORIAN 23 (1984); Nicholas Polos, San Diego’s “Portia of the Pacific,” 2 J. SAN DIEGO HIST. 185 (1980).<br /> <br /> ==Clara Foltz’s Publications==<br /> <br /> '''Law Reviews'''<br /> <br /> *Evolution of Law, 48 ALB. L. REV. 206 (1893). <br /> <br /> *World’s Fair Speech, reprinted as Our Public Defenders, 25 CHI. LEGAL NEWS 431 (Aug. 12, 1893) and The Rights of Persons Accused, 48 ALB. L.J. 248 (1893). <br /> <br /> *Duties of District Attorneys in Prosecutions, 18 CRIM L. MAG. 415 (July 1896).<br /> <br /> *Should Women be Executed, 54 ALB. L.J. (1896).<br /> <br /> *Public Defenders, 31 AM. LAW. REV. 393 (1897) <br /> <br /> '''Journalism''' <br /> <br /> *San Diego Daily Bee (Editor 1887). <br /> <br /> *The Mecca (Editor, Denver 1898). <br /> <br /> *Oil Fields and Furnaces (Editor, San Francisco 1901-1903). <br /> <br /> *The New American Woman (Editor, Los Angeles 1916-1918).</div>

Babcock https://wlh-wiki.law.stanford.edu/index.php/The_Workingmen%E2%80%99s_Party_of_California_(WPC) 2011-03-25T16:01:46Z

<p>Babcock:&#32;/* Rise and Composition of the WPC */</p> <hr /> <div>This Note reflects my research on the Workingmen's Party of California, particularly with regard to its relation to the anti-Chinese movement and the Workingmen's Party of the United States.<br /> <br /> ==Rise and Composition of the WPC==<br /> <br /> See Babcock, ''Constitution-Maker'', at 851-864, nn.8-49 for many more detailed sources. WALTON BEAN &amp; JAMES R. RAWLS, CALIFORNIA: AN INTERPRETIVE HISTORY (7th ed. 1988) (especially chapter and bibliography on “The Terrible Seventies”) gives the generally accepted account of the conditions which gave rise to the WPC. ETHINGTON, THE PUBLIC CITY (1994) is a major modern work on the period. Ethington is one of the few historians of any period to examine the role of women, especially in his section ''Women as Orators, Lawyers, Politicians: Natural Rights Versus the Masculine Public Sphere,'' at 208 [hereafter ETHINGTON, PUBLIC CITY]. DARCY G.RICHARDSON, OTHERS, THIRD-PARTY POLITICS FROM THE NATION'S FOUNDING TO THE RISE AND FALL OF THE GEENBACK -LABOR PARTY(2004)has a chapter on the Workingmen's Party of the United States, with a good account of Dennis Kearney and the California offshoot 495-507. <br /> <br /> <br /> The contemporary works I found most useful follow: Henry George, ''The Kearney Agitation in California,'' 17 POPULAR SCI. MONTHLY 433 (1880) best captures the atmosphere and temper of the times [hereafter, George]. The most widely known work is the chapter on Kearneyism in California, 3 JAMES BRYCE, THE AMERICAN COMMONWEALTH 223 (1888). Bryce relied heavily on Henry George for his interpretations. A distinguished English statesman and scholar, Bryce traveled to America in 1870, 1881 and 1883 to gather material for a book on the political character and behavior of Americans. In his effort to determine whether Kearney was “merely a rabble rouser,” Bryce talked mostly with newspaper editors and journalists, almost all opposed to Kearneyism. EDMUND S. IONS, JAMES BRYCE AND AMERICAN DEMOCRACY, 1870-1922, at 116 (1970). <br /> <br /> <br /> Denis Kearney complained about the accuracy of the account, and Bryce slightly modified his descriptions of both Kearney and the WPC in response. The correspondence is reproduced in Doyce Blackman Nunis, ''The Demagogue and the Demographer: Correspondence of Denis Kearney and Lord Bryce,'' 36 PAC. HIST. REV. 269 (1967), and described also in Russell M. Posner, ''The Lord and the Drayman: James Bryce vs. Denis Kearney'', 50 CAL. HIST. SOC’Y Q. 277 (1971). On the composition of the WPC, Lord Bryce noted that the party could never have achieved electoral success without the support “from the better sort of working-men, clerks and small shopkeepers.” 3 J. BRYCE, supra at 378. ''See also'', ETHINGTON, PUBLIC CITY, at 309-12 (chapter entitled “Workingmen's Gothic: The Meaning of the Workingmen’s Party of California”) (containing a sophisticated analysis of meaning and composition of the WPC, arguing that it was essentially a political—rather than a labor—movement, and reached considerably beyond workingmen as such to include many middle-class occupations, as well as blue-collar workers in skilled occupations).<br /> <br /> <br /> Other important contemporary sources on the WPC are 7 H.H. BANCROFT, HISTORY OF CALIFORNIA (1890); 2 H.H. BANCROFT, POPULAR TRIBUNALS (1887); 4 THEODORE HITTELL, HISTORY OF CALIFORNIA (1897); Hittell, ''The Legislature of 1880'', 1 BERKELEY Q. 234 (1880); GEORGE H. TINKHAM, CALIFORNIA MEN AND EVENTS: TIME 1769-1890 (1915).<br /> <br /> <br /> For examples of Kearney’s rhetoric, see 4 HITTELL, at 608 (references to “hemp” and to &quot;Judge Lynch&quot;); 2 BANCROFT, at 722 (“shoddy aristocrats” was shortened to “shoddys,” or the “shoddyites”); ETHINGTON, PUBLIC CITY, at 27; Speeches of Dennis [sic] Kearney, Labor Champion (1878) (pamphlet; found in Special Collections, Stanford University Library) (samples of Kearney's speeches on a tour of Eastern states in 1878).<br /> <br /> ==WPC and the Anti-Chinese Movement==<br /> <br /> ALEXANDER SAXTON, THE INDISPENSABLE ENEMY: LABOR AND THE ANTI-CHINESE MOVEMENT IN CALIFORNIA (1971) is the most important single source. Saxton gives appropriate credit to Ira Cross, whose HISTORY OF THE LABOR MOVEMENT IN CALIFORNIA (1935) is a basic resource for understanding the contending forces within the Workingmen's Party. ELMER SANDMEYER, THE ANTI-CHINESE MOVEMENT IN CALIFORNIA 62-63 (1973) (originally published in 1939 in ILL. STUD. SOC. SCI.), is still the best source for the buildup of tension and prejudice that culminated in the depressed seventies. ''See also'' GUNTHER PAUL BARTH, BITTER STRENGTH: A HISTORY OF THE CHINESE IN THE UNITED STATES, 1850-1870 (1964); Ralph Kauer, ''The Workingmen's Party of California'', 13 PAC. HIST. REV. 278 (1944); Michael Kazin, ''Prelude to Kearneyism: The “July Days” in San Francisco, 1877'', 3 NEW LAB. REV. 5 (1980); Michael Kazin, ''The Great Exception Revisited: Organized Labor and Politics in San Francisco and Los Angeles'', 1870-1940, 55 PAC. HIST. REV. 3 (1986); Neil L. Shumsky, ''San Francisco’s Workingmen Respond to the Modern City'', 55 CAL. HIST. SOC’Y Q. 46 (1976). <br /> <br /> <br /> For the depth of the anti-Chinese feeling in the West, see S. Rep. No. 689, 44th Cong., 2d Sess. (1877), recording the hearings, held in California, of a special U.S. Senate investigating committee. The extremes of racialized rhetoric involved in the testimony are explored in Luther William Spoehr, ''Sambo and the Heathen Chinese: Californians’ Racial Stereotypes in the Late 1870s'', 42 PAC. HIST. REV. 185, 190-97 (1973). Indiana Senator Oliver P. Morton headed the Senate investigating committee. He was sympathetic to Chinese immigration but died before the report was written. See ARGONAUT, Dec. 19, 1877, at 4; Harry N. Scheiber, ''Race, Radicalism, and Reform: Historical Perspective on the 1879 California Constitution'', 17 HASTINGS CONST. L.Q. 35 (1989) (the Chinese were railed against “with a savagery that transcended all limits of ordinary political discourse even in an age of harsh rhetoric.”) ''Id''. at 43.<br /> <br /> <br /> The position of Henry George was typical of those thinkers and reformers who were anti-Chinese. Saxton, supra, writes that George’s Letter to the Editor, ''The Chinese on the Pacific Coast'', N.Y. TRIBUNE, May 1, 1869, was “a classic statement of the economic argument against Chinese immigration as it has been developed during the preceding five years by anticoolie clubs, trade unions, and the renascent Democratic party.” SAXTON, supra at 100. Later George recognized that the Chinese were being used politically to divert attention from real and radical reforms, but never completely gave up his “ethnocentric exclusivism,&quot; the &quot;dark side of his intellectual background.” JOHN L. THOMAS, ALTERNATIVE AMERICA: HENRY GEORGE, EDWARD BELLAMY, HENRY DEMAREST LLOYD AND THE ADVERSARY TRADITION 62 (1983).<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Relation with the Workingmen’s Party of the United States (WPUS)==<br /> <br /> In addition to CROSS, at 88-95, and SAXTON, at 113-16, on the relationship of the WPUS and the WPC, see ERIC FONER, RECONSTRUCTION, at 583-84 (1988) (the WPUS led “one of the bitterest explosions of class warfare in American history—the Great strike of 1877,” directed at the railroads. “Although in San Francisco the strike degenerated into anti-Chinese rioting, elsewhere it achieved… remarkable… solidarity… ”); see also PHILLIP SHELDON FONER, THE WORKINGMEN’S PARTY OF THE UNITED STATES (1984); WINFIELD J. DAVIS, HISTORY OF POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA, 1849-1892, at 366-67 (1893) (WPC platform and expulsion of WPUS). <br /> <br /> <br /> For a description of the power struggle between Frank Roney and Denis Kearney, see CROSS, at 110-20; FRANK RONEY, IRISH REBEL AND CALIFORNIA LABOR LEADER: AN AUTOBIOGRAPHY (Ira B. Cross ed., 1931); F. FAHEY, DENIS KEARNEY, A STUDY IN DEMAGOGUERY 194-201 (1956) (unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Stanford University) (an excellent account of the split in the Workingmen's Party); R. SHAFFER, RADICALISM IN CALIFORNIA 1869-1929, at 18 (1962) (unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of California at Berkeley) (Roney was “the outstanding labor leader of California in the 19th century”).</div>

Babcock https://wlh-wiki.law.stanford.edu/index.php/The_Women%27s_Movement,_Free_Love,_and_Spiritualism 2011-03-25T15:38:03Z

<p>Babcock:&#32;/* Victoria Woodhull */</p> <hr /> <div>This Note discusses the connection between the women's suffrage movement and spiritualism, focusing on Foltz's connection to spiritualism and the lives of Addie Ballou and Victoria Woodhull.<br /> <br /> ==Spiritualism and Suffragists Generally==<br /> <br /> Ann Braude in her comprehensive and very readable study of the connection between suffragists and spiritualism, RADICAL SPIRITS, SPIRITUALISM AND WOMEN'S RIGHTS IN NINETEENTH-CENTURY AMERICA (1989) says there were more “mediums and radicals” in the West than elsewhere at the end of the nineteenth century. ''Id.'' at 195. At its inception, the California women’s movement “relied almost exclusively on trance speakers” such as H.M.F. Brown, Laura Gordon, and Addie Ballou. ''Id.'' at 193. Robert J. Chandler has written several informative and interesting studies of the spiritualists and their impact. ''In the Van: Spiritualists as Catalysts for the California Women's Suffrage Movement'', 73 CALIFORNIA HISTORY 189 (1994); Emma Hardinge, ''A Spiritual Voice for the Slave and the Union'', 29 DOGTOWN TERRITORIAL QUARTERLY 6 (1997) (name changed to CALIFORNIA TERRITORIAL QUARTERLY with volume 50; includes many references to Hardinge’s speeches). <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Foltz and Spiritualism==<br /> <br /> Some of Foltz’s closest associates, Laura Gordon, J.J. Owen and Abigail Duniway were Spiritualists, as were some of her clients. Early in her career, Foltz’s pardon application for Charles Colby came through Spiritualist connections. See Chapter Two for more on Colby. <br /> <br /> While in San Diego at the end of the 1880s, Foltz represented a woman who claimed that potential purchasers of her property had promised to build a Spiritualist retreat there and then reneged and planned to sell it to a large corporation. When she lost in the trial court on the ground that the facts did not support a legal claim, Foltz appealed and won rescission of the contract. ''Newman v. Smith'', 77 Cal. 22, 18 P. 791 (1888); ''Spirit Thieves'', L. A. TIMES, Apr 9, (1888); ''The Spook Home'', L.A.TIMES, May 8, 1889. For more about this case and where cases like it fit into Foltz’s practice, see On-line Bibliographic Note, Law Practice in the West. <br /> <br /> <br /> Foltz herself does not seem to have had Spiritualist leanings, though in her period of Bellamy Nationalism and Populism especially she worked closely with those who did. <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Addie Ballou==<br /> <br /> Addie Ballou is an example of a person, like Charlotte Gilman (Chapter 2) and Anna Smith (Chapter 3) who were activist figures and Spiritualists that Foltz knew, probably well and worked with in many contexts. Addie Ballou is constantly in Clara Foltz’s story from her earliest suffrage activities to the Portia farewell ceremonies in 1895. Indeed, the two may have met first at the 1880 legislative session, where Foltz was a legislative clerk, and Ballou was a prominent member of the suffrage lobby. ''See e.g.'', S. F. CHROINCLE March 12, 1880 describing a suffrage meeting in the Assembly chamber and mentioning “Addie Ballou, Miss Clara Foltz, and others” as speakers. Further, Addie Ballou, a prison reformer, joined Foltz and Gordon in lobbying for the bill allowing women to be Notary Publics in California. REDA DAVIS, CALIFORNIA WOMEN 138-139 (1968). (This book is not annotated, but is obviously based on a scouring of many newspaper sources. It describes Ballou’s activities as both a suffragist and a spiritualist; like Laura Gordon, Ballou was also a medium and trance speaker.) <br /> <br /> <br /> Addie Ballou was one of the few activist women at the farewell party for Foltz in the mid-nineties when she moved from San Francisco to New York. ''All Bade Her Godspeed'', San Francisco Call, Nov. 5, 1895. Coming from Laura Gordon’s generation, a decade older than Foltz, Ballou appears as a footnote in many California and suffrage histories. ''See e.g''., III HWS 755 noting that in 1870, she was one of the earliest speakers for suffrage in California (1870). But Ballou’s life is not fully covered in any of the major biographical indexes of either the nineteenth or twentieth centuries. <br /> <br /> <br /> Perhaps the time that Foltz and Ballou were the closest ideologically was when they were both Bellamy Nationalists at the end of the1880s. MARI JO BUHLE, WOMEN AND AMERICAN SOCIALISM, 1870-1920 (1981) has a passage illustrating the appeal of this movement to women, especially to Addie Ballou. She describes Ballou as the “dynamic president of the state’s banner club in San Francisco.” Relating her own history, Ballou “saw in Nationalism the culmination of a long search for a universal reform movement.&quot; Recalling her father’s part in the underground railroad, her own work with the wounded during the Civil War, the call she signed for Victoria Woodhull’s Equal rights party in 1872, her stints as a spiritualist and suffrage lecturer, Ballou claimed that Bellamy nationalism trumped all previous causes because as far as women were concerned it was aimed at “a slavery more prevalent and more destructive than even that of the negro.” ''Id.'' at 78.<br /> <br /> <br /> EVERETT W. MCNAIR, EDWARD BELLAMY AND THE NATIONALIST MOVEMENT 217-20 (1957) describes the scene in April 1890 when the Nationalists made their only attempt at a political convention and were faced with instant schism. Addie Ballou and Laura Gordon played big roles in the proceedings. Ballou was a painter and a poet. Her most notable painting was of Emperor Norton, a legendary San Francisco character. Addie L. Ballou, Personal Recollections of Norton 1, Emperor of the United States, ''reprinted from'' the SAN FRANCISCO SUNDAY CALL, September 27, 1908. ROBERT ERNEST COWAN, ANNE BANCROFT, ADDIE L. BALLOU, THE FORGOTTEN CHARACTERS OF OLD SAN FRANCISCO (1938). <br /> <br /> <br /> In 1896 she published a collection of her (very undistinguished) verse, titled DRIFTWOOD. By feminist accounts she was the author of a popular song and hymn “Where is my wandering boy tonight?” ''See'' Reda Davis, at 139. (Several men are credited with the song on a Google search, though some sources say the author is unknown.) Ballou had a husband and children but her family seldom figures in the public record. <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Victoria Woodhull==<br /> <br /> Victoria Woodhull was the best known Spiritualist in the country in the seventies. Her activities are well documented in a number of biographies. MARY GABRIEL, NOTORIOUS VICTORIA: THE LIFE OF VICTORIA WOODHULL, UNCENSORED (1998). BARBARA GOLDSMITH, OTHER POWERS; THE AGE OF SUFFRAGE, SPIRITUALISM AND THE SCANDALOUS VICTORIA WOODHULL (1998); LOIS BEACHY UNDERHILL, THE WOMAN WHO RAN FOR PRESIDENT (1995). MADELEINE B. STERN, THE PANTARCH: A BIOGRAPHY OF STEPHEN PEARL ANDREWS, (1968); THE VICTORIA WOODHULL READER (1974). ''See also'' Geoffrey Blodgett, NOTABLE AMERICAN WOMEN (Woodhull entry) for a fine short account. OTHER POWERS has a gripping description of the free love speech in 1871 and its circumstances. ''Id.'' at 303 (quote in text); ''see also'' descriptions in WOODHULL READER at 23-24. NOTORIOUS VICTORIA at 143-50. On Woodhull’s connection with Beecher -Tilton scandal, covered in Chapter Six, see in addition to other sources, DEBBY APPLEGATE, THE MOST FAMOUS MAN IN AMERICA: THE BIOGRAPHY OF HENRY WARD BEECHER (2006).<br /> <br /> DARCY G. RICHARDSON, OTHERS: THIRD –PARTY POLITICS FROM THE NATION’S FOUNDING TO THE RISE AND FALL OF THE GREENBACK-LABOR PARTY (2004) has a chapter on ''Victoria Woodhull and the Emergence of Feminist Politics'' focusing on her 1872 campaign for the U.S.Presidency. <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===The Beecher-Tilton Scandal===<br /> ----<br /> <br /> In the midst of the Beecher-Tilton scandal, two of the Beecher sisters, Harriet Beecher Stowe and Catherine Beecher (an educator, home economist and anti-suffragist) sided with their brother. Isabella Beecher, however, took Woodhull’s part, prompted by her own Spiritualist beliefs, including free love. See Chapters 1 and 6 for more on the connections between Spiritualism, free love, and suffrage. Isabella Beecher is a well documented woman and plays a role in many nineteenth century biographies. Most sympathetic to her and attentive to her contributions to the women’s movement is BARBARA A. WHITE. THE BEECHER SISTERS (2003).</div>

Babcock https://wlh-wiki.law.stanford.edu/index.php/Suffrage_History 2011-03-21T18:49:10Z

<p>Babcock:&#32;/* Suffrage and Black Civil Rights Movement */</p> <hr /> <div>This Note contains descriptions of important works regarding the women's suffrage movement, including its connection to other reform movements and causes.<br /> <br /> ==Legal Status of Women in Nineteenth Century==<br /> <br /> Women’s quest for full citizenship—to be voters, serve on juries, and enter the professions—has been of increasing interest to scholars in recent years. Feminists have challenged the use of legal discourses to maintain gendered social hierarchies and discrimination in all areas of life. ''See, e.g.'', SANDRA VAN BURKLEO, BELONGING TO THE WORLD: WOMEN'S RIGHTS AND AMERICAN CONSTITUTIONAL CULTURE (2001) (a comprehensive treatment of women’s changing legal status and legal feminist movements from the colonial period to the modern day); DEBORAH RHODE, JUSTICE AND GENDER: SEX DISCRIMINATION AND THE LAW (1989) (discussing the historical background to modern sex discrimination); JOAN HOFF, LAW, GENDER AND INJUSTICE: A LEGAL HISTORY OF U.S. WOMEN (1991) (covering over two hundred years of women’s legal history through the lens of radical feminism). Historian Linda Kerber examines the meaning of citizenship in light of women’s exclusion from obligations of citizenship, such as jury duty and military service. LINDA KERBER, NO CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHT TO BE LADIES: WOMEN AND THE OBLIGATIONS OF CITIZENSHIP (1998). <br /> <br /> <br /> In their respective writings, political scientists Judith Shklar and Gretchen Ritter focus on questions of citizenship, arguing that feminists’ struggle for legal rights has always been part of a broader quest for civic inclusion. JUDITH SKLAR, IN AMERICAN CITIZENSHIP: THE QUEST FOR INCLUSION (1991); GRETCHEN RITTER, THE CONSTITUTION AS SOCIAL DESIGN: GENDER AND CIVIC MEMBERSHIP IN THE AMERICAN CONSTITUTIONAL ORDER (2006). Legal relations and gendered discourses of citizenship across U.S. history are discussed in Rogers Smith, ''One United People: Second-Class Female Citizenship and the American Quest for Community'', 1 YALE J.L. &amp; HUMAN. 229 (1989); Nancy Cott, Marriage and Women’s Citizenship in the United States, 1830-1934, 103 AM. HIST. REV. 1440 (1998); Linda Kerber, ''The Paradox of Women’s Citizenship in the Early Republic: The Case of Martin v. Massachusetts'', 97 AM. HIST. REV. 349 (1992); Linda Kerber, ''The Meanings of Citizenship'', 84 J. AM. HIST. 833 (1997). For scholarly writings focusing on women’s contested claims to citizenship in the charged political climate of the post-Civil War era, see LAURA EDWARDS, GENDERED STRIFE AND CONFUSION: THE POLITICAL CULTURE OF RECONSTRUCTION (1997) and Norma Basch, ''Reconstructing Female Citizenship'', ''in'' THE CONSTITUTION, LAW, AND AMERICAN LIFE (Donald Nieman ed., 1994). <br /> <br /> <br /> The study of women and the law in the nineteenth century has focused extensively on the evolving rights of married women. Norma Basch discusses the tensions between republican ideology and the notion of marital unity embodied in the doctrine of coverture, and the influence of feminist movements in the gradual erosion of coverture through married women’s property laws in the mid-nineteenth century. NORMA BASCH, IN THE EYES OF THE LAW: WOMEN, MARRIAGE, AND PROPERTY IN NINETEENTH-CENTURY NEW YORK (1982). Basch has also studied the changing law of divorce and its impact on women. NORMA BASCH, FRAMING AMERICAN DIVORCE: FROM THE REVOLUTIONARY GENERATION TO THE VICTORIANS (2001); Norma Basch, ''Invisible Women: The Legal Fiction of Marital Unity in Nineteenth-Century America'', 5 FEMINIST STUD. 346 (1979); Norma Basch, ''Relief in the Premises: Divorce as a Woman's Remedy in New York and Indiana'', 1815-1870, 8 LAW &amp; HIST. REV. 1 (1990); Norma Basch, ''The Emerging Legal History of Women in the United States: Property, Divorce, and the Constitution'', 12 SIGNS 97 (1986). For summaries of nineteenth-century women’s legal status within marriage and the family, see MICHAEL GROSSBERG, GOVERNING THE HEARTH: LAW AND FAMILY IN NINETEENTH CENTURY AMERICA (1985); ELIZABETH BOWLES WARBASSE, THE CHANGING LEGAL RIGHTS OF MARRIED WOMEN, 1800-1861 (1987); PEGGY RABKIN, FATHERS TO DAUGHTERS: THE LEGAL FOUNDATIONS OF FEMALE EMANCIPATION (1980); Reva Siegel, ''Home As Work: The First Woman’s Rights Claims Concerning Wives’ Household Labor, 1850-1880'', 103 YALE L.J. 1073 (1994); Reva Siegel, ''The Modernization of Marital Status Law: Adjudicating Wives' Rights to Earnings, 1860-1930'', 82 GEO. L.J. 2127 (1995); Carole Shammas, ''Reassessing the Married Women’s Property Acts'', 6 J. WOMEN’S HIST. 9 (1994). Ariela Dubler explores the historical impact of the normative framework of marriage on single women. Ariela Dubler, In the Shadow of Marriage: Single Women and the Legal Construction of the Family and the State, 112 YALE L.J. 1641 (2003).<br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;div id=senecafalls&gt;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Seneca Falls==<br /> <br /> More than a hundred years after publication of its first volume, THE HISTORY OF WOMAN SUFFRAGE (published in its entirety in six volumes covering the years 1848-192) remains a major source on the nineteenth century efforts for women's rights and especially Seneca Falls. 1 HWS, at 70-71 describes the Seneca Falls convention and reproduces the Declaration of Sentiments and list of resolutions, along with discussion of the “spheres” arguments. The Seneca Falls meeting is analyzed in SALLY MCMILLEN, SENECA FALLS AND THE ORIGINS OF THE WOMEN’S RIGHTS MOVEMENT (2008); JUDITH WELLMAN, THE ROAD TO SENECA FALLS: ELIZABETH CADY STANTON AND THE FIRST WOMAN'S RIGHTS CONVENTION (2004); Ellen Carol DuBois, ''Seneca Falls Goes Public'', 21 THE PUB. HISTORIAN, 41-47 (1999). <br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;div id=historiography&gt;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> ==Historiography==<br /> <br /> The classic early works on suffrage are ELEANOR FLEXNER, CENTURY OF STRUGGLE: THE WOMAN’S RIGHTS MOVEMENT IN THE UNITED STATES (1959) (new enlarged edition with ELLEN FITZPATRICK (1996)) and AILEEN KRADITOR, THE IDEAS OF THE WOMAN SUFFRAGE MOVEMENT 1890-1920 (1965). Kraditor’s thesis was that American suffragism declined from its early years of “justice-based” arguments to a politics of expediency that used the traditional rhetoric of separate spheres and appeals to racism and nativism. This “declension” argument has provided the backdrop for numerous scholarly writings. During the two decades after Flexner’s and Kraditor’s pathbreaking studies, the suffrage movement fell into disfavor as a subject of academic inquiry; many women’s historians saw it variously as a limited, repetitive, boring, racist, and elitist movement. <br /> <br /> <br /> Notable exceptions include WILLIAM O’NEILL, EVERYONE WAS BRAVE: THE RISE AND FALL OF FEMINISM IN AMERICA (1975); GERDA LERNER, THE MAJORITY FINDS ITS PAST: PLACING WOMEN IN HISTORY (1979); DUBOIS, FEMINISM AND SUFFRAGE: THE EMERGENCE OF AN INDEPENDENT WOMAN’S MOVEMENT IN AMERICA, 1848-1869 (1978) (exploring the significance of the emerging woman’s rights movement in the 1860s and its ties to abolitionism). DuBois’ article, ''The Radicalism of the Woman Suffrage Movement: Notes Toward the Reconstruction of Nineteenth Century Feminism'', ''in'' WOMEN, LAW AND THE CONSTITUTION (Kermit Hall ed., 1987) was especially enlightening to me in understanding Clara Foltz’s movement activities. DuBois is the main proponent of the argument that the split in the women’s movement after the Civil War did not significantly weaken the suffrage movement but propelled it into political independence. Some of her best essays are collected with new chapters on historiography in WOMAN SUFFRAGE AND WOMEN’S RIGHTS (1998). In HARRIOT STANTON BLATCH AND THE WINNING OF WOMAN SUFFRAGE (1997), Dubois brings her understanding of the movement history to bear on its final stages.<br /> <br /> <br /> The 1990s saw a renaissance in suffrage studies, with women’s historians, political scientists, sociologists, and legal scholars using new sources and multidisciplinary approaches to analyze the historical and political significance of the women’s suffrage movement, regional differences in the suffrage campaign, suffragists’ ties with other political and social movements, the participation of women of color, and suffragists’ complex relationships to issues of class and race. SUZANNE MARILLEY, WOMAN SUFFRAGE AND THE ORIGINS OF LIBERAL FEMINISM IN THE UNITED STATES, 1820-1920 (1996) revises the Kraditor thesis, arguing that although the movement’s strategic and rhetorical tactics may have changed over time, feminists never lost their fundamental liberal commitment to equal rights. Essay collections from this period include: ONE WOMAN, ONE VOTE: REDISCOVERING THE WOMAN SUFFRAGE MOVEMENT (Marjorie Spruill Wheeler ed., 1995) (featuring nineteen essays from prominent scholars on the impact of women’s suffrage movements from the early national period to the post suffrage era); AFRICAN AMERICAN WOMEN AND THE VOTE, 1837-1965 (Ann D. Gordon &amp; Bettye Collier-Thomas eds., 1997) (discussing black women in the suffrage movement); VISIBLE WOMEN: NEW ESSAYS ON AMERICAN ACTIVISM (Nancy A. Hewitt &amp; Suzanne Lebsock eds., 1993) (including essays on suffrage, notably Lebsock’s, Woman Suffrage and White Supremacy: A Virginia Case Study). A useful collection of primary source documents is KATHRYN KISH SKLAR, WOMEN’S RIGHTS EMERGES WITHIN THE ANTI-SLAVERY MOVEMENT, 1830-1870: A BRIEF HISTORY WITH DOCUMENTS (2000); AMERICAN FEMINISM: KEY SOURCE DOCUMENTS, 1848-1920 (Janet Beer, Anne-Marie Ford, &amp; Katherine Joslin eds., 2003). Ann D. Gordon’s comprehensive collection of papers, with outstanding organization and ordering, is in the THE SELECTED PAPERS OF ELIZABETH CADY STANTON AND SUSAN B. ANTHONY, VOLS. 1-5 (1997-2006) (a sixth volume is projected). Patricia G. Holland joined Gordon in editing the papers for online presentation from 45 microfilm reels. <br /> <br /> <br /> The attempts by women to use the Civil War Amendments to secure their own rights is described in Ellen DuBois, ''Taking the Law into Our Own Hands: Bradwell, Minor, &amp; Suffrage Militance in the 1870s'','' in'' VISIBLE WOMEN and DuBois, ''Outgrowing the Compact of the Fathers: Equal Rights, Woman Suffrage, and the United States Constitution, 1820-1878'', 74 J. AM. HIST. 836 (1987). In recent years, legal scholars have been interested in the widespread use of the tactic named “the new departure.” ''See'' Jack Balkin, ''How Social Movements Change the Constitution: The Case of the New Departure'', 39 SUFFOLK U. L. REV. 27 (2005); Jules Lobel, ''Losers, Fools &amp; Prophets: Justice as Struggle'', 80 CORNELL L. REV. 1331, 1364-75 (1995); Adam Winkler, ''A Revolution Too Soon: Woman Suffragists and the Living Constitution'', 76 N.Y.U.L. REV. 1456 (2001).<br /> <br /> <br /> In recent years, there has also been new interest in the western women’s movement and growing recognition of its significance. GAYLE GULLETT, BECOMING CITIZENS, THE EMERGENCE AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE CALIFORNIA WOMEN’S MOVEMENT, 1880-1911 (2000) [hereafter GULLETT, BECOMING CITIZENS] has been especially useful to me because it examines many events in which Foltz was involved and is well-researched and written. Another important work on suffrage campaigns in the western states is REBECCA MEAD, HOW THE VOTE WAS WON: WOMAN SUFFRAGE IN THE WESTERN UNITED STATES 1868-1914 (2004). Mead argues that the Western suffrage campaigns profoundly shaped the national suffrage movement by developing tactics that were later used by activists in eastern states. She also shows how the suffragists mobilized cross-class coalitions, mass media, and direct action tactics to create an ambitious modern campaign. Foltz is mentioned many times. I summarize the western suffrage history in Babcock, ''First Woman,'' at nn. 6-54. Beverly Beeton, WOMEN VOTE IN THE WEST: THE WOMAN SUFFRAGE MOVEMENT, 1869-1896 (1986) addresses the question of why women suffrage came to the West before other parts of the country. A similar question is considered from a sociological perspective in Holly J. McCammon &amp; Karen E. Campbell, ''Winning the Vote in the West: The Political Successes of the Women's Suffrage Movements, 1866-1919'', 15 GENDER &amp; SOC’Y 55 (2001). See also Rebecca Edwards, ''Pioneers at the Polls: Woman Suffrage in the West'', ''in'' VOTES FOR WOMEN: THE STRUGGLE FOR SUFFRAGE REVISITED (Jean H. Baker ed., 2002); T.A. Larson, Dolls, Vassals &amp; Drudges – Pioneer Women in the West, 3 W. HIST. Q. 5 (1972) (discussing the winning of suffrage in Wyoming, Utah, and Washington); 3 HWS, at 767-88; G. THOMAS EDWARDS, SOWING GOOD SEEDS: THE NORTHWEST SUFFRAGE CAMPAIGNS OF SUSAN B. ANTHONY (1990).<br /> <br /> <br /> On the 1896 California suffrage campaign, the indispensable article is Susan Schreiber Edelman, ''“A Red Hot Suffrage Campaign:” The Woman Suffrage Cause in California, 1896'', CAL. SUP. CT. HIST. SOC’Y YEARBOOK (2d volume 1995). On the successful 1911 California campaign, see MAE SILVER AND SUE CAZALY, THE SIXTH STAR: IMAGES AND MEMORABILIA OF CALIFORNIA WOMEN’S POLITICAL HISTORY 1868-1915 (2000) and Ronald Schaffer, ''The Problem of Consciousness in the Woman’s Suffrage Movement: A California Perspective'', 45 PAC. HIST. REV., Nov. 1976, at 469-93, reprinted in 19 HISTORY OF WOMEN IN THE UNITED STATES 367, 382-91 (Nancy F. Cott ed., 1994) (discussing the tactics developed to win suffrage after the 1896 defeat and using biographical data to illustrate the range of views and experiences among the suffragists). A contemporary account can be found in SELINA SOLOMONS, HOW WE WON THE VOTE IN CALIFORNIA: A TRUE STORY OF THE CAMPAIGN OF 1911 (1912). Foltz is specifically mentioned at pp. 38 and 66; the Votes for Women Club is mentioned throughout. See On-Line Bibliographic Note: Victory in California-1911, at WLH Website for many other sources.<br /> <br /> <br /> One of the most interesting aspects of women’s legal status in the nineteenth century is that they were able to have considerable political influence long before they had the vote. Recent years have seen a surge of interest in this phenomenon. REBECCA EDWARDS, ANGELS IN THE MACHINERY: GENDER IN AMERICAN PARTY POLITICS FROM THE CIVIL WAR TO THE PROGRESSIVE ERA (1997); JO FREEMAN, WE WILL BE HEARD: WOMEN’S STRUGGLES FOR POLITICAL POWER IN THE UNITED STATES (2008); FREEMAN, A ROOM AT A TIME: HOW WOMEN ENTERED PARTY POLITICS (2000); WE HAVE COME TO STAY: AMERICAN WOMEN AND POLITICAL PARTIES, 1880-1960 (Melanie Gustafson, Kristie Miller &amp; Elisabeth I. Perry eds., 1999); MELANIE GUSTAFSON, WOMEN AND THE REPUBLICAN PARTY 1854-1924 ( 2001); ROBERT J. DINKEN, BEFORE EQUAL SUFFRAGE, WOMEN IN PARTISAN POLITICS FROM COLONIAL TIMES TO 1920 (1995). ''See also'' ALANA S. JEYDEL, POLITICAL WOMEN: THE WOMEN'S MOVEMENT, POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS, THE BATTLE FOR WOMEN'S SUFFRAGE AND THE ERA (2004).<br /> <br /> &lt;div id=relationship&gt;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> ==Relationship with Other Movements and Causes==<br /> <br /> The women's suffrage movement was connected with many other causes and reforms. In the most basic sense, such reforms were seen as those women would seek through the use of the franchise. But there were philosphical and strategic bonds as well between suffrage and other social reform movements including, of course, the broader women's rights movement, the black civil rights movement, and the temperance and prohibition movements. See also, Note; [[The Women's Movement, Free Love and Spiritualism]] (Chapter One) and Woman Suffrage and Public Defense <br /> Chapter Seven).<br /> <br /> ===Suffrage and Other Women's Rights===<br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> On the connection between reform movements and women’s rights, MARY JO BUHLE, WOMEN AND AMERICAN SOCIALISM, 1870-1920 (1981) is a classic work. On the interconnection of suffragism with earlier nineteenth century social reform movements (other than abolitionism), see KEITH MELDER, BEGINNINGS OF SISTERHOOD: THE AMERICAN WOMAN’S RIGHTS MOVEMENT, 1800-1850 (1997). REBECCA EDWARDS, ANGELS IN THE MACHINERY: GENDER IN AMERICAN PARTY POLITICS FROM THE CIVIL WAR TO THE PROGRESSIVE ERA (1997) explains the involvement of women in many reform movements and in party politics long before they had the vote. Edwards also connects women’s suffrage with other populist reforms in the west--which she suggests was a staging ground for national reform--in ''Pioneers at the Polls: Woman Suffrage in the West'', ''in'' VOTES FOR WOMEN: THE STRUGGLE FOR SUFFRAGE REVISITED 90, 90-91 (Jean H. Baker ed., 2002).'' See also'' PEGGY PASCOE, RELATIONS OF RESCUE: THE SEARCH FOR FEMALE MORAL AUTHORITY IN THE AMERICAN WEST, 1874-1939 (1990) (highlighting women’s part in reforms devoted to rescuing other women). MEREDITH TAX, THE RISING OF THE WOMEN: FEMINIST SOLIDARITY AND CLASS CONFLICT 1880-1917 (1981) delineates the connection of the suffragists with various labor movements and with socialism. Sherry J. Katz discusses the impact of socialism on California women’s suffrage in ''Redefining ‘The Political’: Socialist Women and Party Politics in California, 1900-1920'', ''in'' WE HAVE COME TO STAY, AMERICAN WOMEN AND POLITICAL PARTIES, 1886-1960 (Melanie Gustafson, Kristie Miller &amp; Elisabeth I. Perry eds., 1999). ''See also'' Sherry Katz, ''Frances Nacke Noel and &quot;Sister Movements&quot;: Socialism, Feminism, and Trade Unionism in Los Angeles, 1909-1916'', 67 CAL. HIST. 180, 181-89 (1988).<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Suffrage and Black Civil Rights Movement===<br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> On suffrage and and the black civil rights movement, see BLANCHE GLASSMAN HERSH, THE SLAVERY OF SEX: FEMINIST ABOLITIONISTS IN AMERICA (1978); JEAN FAGAN YELLIN, WOMEN &amp; SISTERS: THE ANTISLAVERY FEMINISTS IN AMERICAN CULTURE (1998). Louise Michele Newman suggests that despite its emergence from the abolitionist movement, feminism’s understanding of citizenship was racist at the root. LOUISE MICHELLE NEWMAN, WHITE WOMEN’S RIGHTS: THE RACIAL ORIGINS OF FEMINISM IN THE UNITED STATES (1999). In her biography of Stanton, Lori Ginzburg shows how her positions on race harmed the women’s movement historically and the bad effects of racists arguments continue to this day. She pins the main blame for the National Association’s use of racist arguments on Stanton, though others used them widely in the seventies and eighties. LORI GINZBURG, ELIZABETH CADY STANTON: AN AMERICAN LIFE 129-31 (2009). A more balanced view of where the &quot;ascriptive&quot; (ascribing traits and arguments for rights on shared traits of gender, race, etc.) of the suffragists, and Stanton in particular fit into the women's rights ideology is SUE DAVIS, THE POLITICAL THOUGHT OF ELIZABETH CADY STANTON; WOMEN'S RIGHTS AND THE AMERICAN POLITICAL TRADITION (2008).<br /> <br /> <br /> For black suffragists, winning the vote was only part of a larger struggle for racial justice. On black women’s involvement in suffrage movements, see ROSALYN TERBORG-PENN, AFRICAN AMERICAN WOMEN IN THE STRUGGLE FOR THE VOTE, 1850-1920 (1998); MARTHA S. JONES, ALL BOUND UP TOGETHER: THE WOMAN QUESTION IN AFRICAN AMERICAN PUBLIC CULTURE, 1830-1900 (2007).<br /> <br /> ===Suffrage and Temperance and Prohibition===<br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> The temperance and prohibition movements were particularly appealing to women because of the effect of excessive alcohol drinking on family and work life and were thought by many to be a more appropriate reform activity than the fight for suffrage. Susan Anthony and other suffrage leaders moved to ally with the Women’s Christian Temperance Union in the early 1890s, and events in California mirrored the national scene—as described in Chapter Six. ''See'' RUTH BORDIN, FRANCES WILLARD: A BIOGRAPHY (1986); RUTH BORDIN, WOMEN AND TEMPERANCE: THE QUEST FOR POWER AND LIBERTY, 1873-1900, at 7 (1981); MORTON KELLER, AFFAIRS OF STATE: PUBLIC LIFE IN LATE NINETEENTH CENTURY AMERICA 122-36 (1977) (describing the post-war quest for the good society, free of vice and intemperance); SUZANNE M. MARILLEY, WOMAN SUFFRAGE AND THE ORIGINS OF LIBERAL FEMINISM IN THE UNITED STATES 1820-1920, at 118-129 (1996). There is a rich literature on the arguments and campaigns of the two movements. ''See'' BARBARA LEE EPSTEIN, THE POLITICS OF DOMESTICITY: WOMEN, EVANGELISM, AND TEMPERANCE IN NINETEENTH CENTURY AMERICA 102 (1981) (discussing temperance crusaders' arguments about victimization of women by men who drank); JOSEPH R. GUSFELD, SYMBOLIC CRUSADE, STATUS POLITICS AND THE AMERICAN TEMPERANCE MOVEMENT 91-105 (1963) (including many references to suffrage); CAROL MATTINGLY, WELL-TEMPERED WOMEN: NINETEENTH CENTURY TEMPERANCE RHETORIC 144 (1998); CATHERINE GILBERT MURDOCK, DOMESTICATING DRINK: WOMEN, MEN AND ALCOHOL (1998); THOMAS R. PEGRAM, BATTLING DEMON RUM: THE STRUGGLE FOR A DRY AMERICA 1800-1933, at 73 (1998).</div>

Babcock https://wlh-wiki.law.stanford.edu/index.php/Women%27s_Rights_Movement_History 2011-03-21T18:30:45Z

<p>Babcock:&#32;</p> <hr /> <div>==Legal Status of Women in Nineteenth Century==<br /> <br /> After this note, the rest in chapter six focus on suffrage history, which in the late nineteenth century came to encapsulate and embrace the other women's rights reforms.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Citizenship===<br /> ----<br /> <br /> Historian Linda Kerber examines the meaning of citizenship in light of women’s exclusion from obligations of citizenship, such as jury duty and military service. LINDA KERBER, NO CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHT TO BE LADIES: WOMEN AND THE OBLIGATIONS OF CITIZENSHIP (1998). In their respective writings, political scientists Judith Shklar and Gretchen Ritter focus on questions of citizenship, arguing that feminists’ struggle for legal rights has always been part of a broader quest for civic inclusion. JUDITH SHKLAR, IN AMERICAN CITIZENSHIP: THE QUEST FOR INCLUSION (1991); GRETCHEN RITTER, THE CONSTITUTION AS SOCIAL DESIGN: GENDER AND CIVIC MEMBERSHIP IN THE AMERICAN CONSTITUTIONAL ORDER (2006. Legal relations and gendered discourses of citizenship across U.S. history are discussed in Rogers Smith, ''One United People: Second-Class Female Citizenship and the American Quest for Community'', 1 YALE J.L. &amp; HUMAN. 229 (1989); Nancy Cott, ''Marriage and Women’s Citizenship in the United States, 1830-1934'', 103 AM. HIST. REV. 1440 (1998); Linda Kerber, ''The Paradox of Women’s Citizenship in the Early Republic: The Case of Martin v. Massachusetts,'' 97 AM. HIST. REV. 349 (1992); Linda Kerber, ''The Meanings of Citizenship'', 84 J. AM. HIST. 833 (1997. For scholarly writings focusing on women’s contested claims to citizenship in the charged political climate of the post-Civil War era, see LAURA EDWARDS, GENDERED STRIFE AND CONFUSION: THE POLITICAL CULTURE OF RECONSTRUCTION (1997) and Norma Basch, ''Reconstructing Female Citizenship'', ''in'' THE CONSTITUTION, LAW, AND AMERICAN LIFE (Donald Nieman ed., 1994). <br /> <br /> ===Married Women===<br /> ----<br /> <br /> The study of women and the law in the nineteenth century has focused extensively on the evolving rights of married women. Norma Basch discusses the tensions between republican ideology and the notion of marital unity embodied in the doctrine of coverture, and the influence of feminist movements in the gradual erosion of coverture through married women’s property laws in the mid-nineteenth century. NORMA BASCH, IN THE EYES OF THE LAW: WOMEN, MARRIAGE, AND PROPERTY IN NINETEENTH-CENTURY NEW YORK (1982). Basch has also studied the changing law of divorce and its impact on women. NORMA BASCH, FRAMING AMERICAN DIVORCE: FROM THE REVOLUTIONARY GENERATION TO THE VICTORIANS (2001); Norma Basch, ''Invisible Women: The Legal Fiction of Marital Unity in Nineteenth-Century America'', 5 FEMINIST STUD. 346 (1979); Norma Basch, ''Relief in the Premises: Divorce as a Woman's Remedy in New York and Indiana'', 1815-1870, 8 LAW &amp; HIST. REV. 1 (1990); Norma Basch, ''The Emerging Legal History of Women in the United States: Property, Divorce, and the Constitution'', 12 SIGNS 97 (1986). See Note to Chapter One-- Women and Divorce. <br /> <br /> For summaries of nineteenth-century women’s legal status within marriage and the family, see MICHAEL GROSSBERG, GOVERNING THE HEARTH: LAW AND FAMILY IN NINETEENTH CENTURY AMERICA (1985); ELIZABETH BOWLES WARBASSE, THE CHANGING LEGAL RIGHTS OF MARRIED WOMEN, 1800-1861 (1987); PEGGY RABKIN, FATHERS TO DAUGHTERS: THE LEGAL FOUNDATIONS OF FEMALE EMANCIPATION (1980); Reva Siegel, ''Home As Work: The First Woman’s Rights Claims Concerning Wives’ Household Labor, 1850-1880'', 103 YALE L.J. 1073 (1994); Reva Siegel, ''The Modernization of Marital Status Law: Adjudicating Wives' Rights to Earnings'', 1860-1930, 82 GEO. L.J. 2127 (1995); Carole Shammas, ''Reassessing the Married Women’s Property Acts'', 6 J. WOMEN’S HIST. 9 (1994). Ariela Dubler explores the historical impact of the normative framework of marriage on single women. Ariela Dubler, ''In the Shadow of Marriage: Single Women and the Legal Construction of the Family and the State,'' 112 YALE L.J. 1641 (2003).</div>

Babcock https://wlh-wiki.law.stanford.edu/index.php/Indexes_and_Bibliographic_Notes 2011-03-21T18:07:28Z

<p>Babcock:&#32;/* List of Bibliographic Notes */</p> <hr /> <div>==Indexes and Bibliographic Notes== <br /> <br /> There are two indexes here: the [http://wlh.law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/woman_lawyer-index.pdf first] is to subjects and page numbers in [http://www.sup.org/search/search.cgi?search=babcock WOMAN LAWYER: THE TRIALS OF CLARA FOLTZ] [http://wlh.law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/woman_lawyer-index.pdf (the book index)]. This index also appears on the website of the [http://www.sup.org/search/search.cgi?search=babcock Stanford University Press]. The [http://wlh-wiki.law.stanford.edu/index.php/Bibliographic_Notes_and_Supplementary_text second index] provides access to the extensive Bibliographic Notes with links to the relevant notes. <br /> <br /> The Bibliographical Notes are arranged in the order of the book chapters and provide additional source material for the facts and interpretations in the text and endnotes. A list of the notes, with links, appears below. Some of these are traditional bibliographic notes listing essential references with a few words of critical explanation. Also included are first person essays and descriptions of people and events that influenced Clara Foltz, but whose stories would extend the book unduly. <br /> <br /> A biography written over many years has more sources than can be cited even in this format – especially in a burgeoning new field like women’s legal history. I have tried to cite the main works that influenced my thinking, which may not be exactly the same as all the main works. In a larger sense, virtually everything I have read concerning women’s rights and nineteenth century history is in here somewhere even though not mentioned explicitly. To those whose work deserves more recognition than I have given it here, my sincerest apologies.<br /> <br /> == List of Bibliographic Notes==<br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; Introductory &lt;/font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> #[[About and By Clara Foltz: Biographical Material and Her Writings]]<br /> ##[[About and By Clara Foltz: Biographical Material and Her Writings#Babcock's Work|Babcock's Work]] <br /> ###[[About and By Clara Foltz: Biographical Material and Her Writings#Babcock Encyclopedia Entries|Babcock Encyclopedia Entries]] <br /> ###[[About and By Clara Foltz: Biographical Material and Her Writings#Website|Website]] <br /> ###[[About and By Clara Foltz: Biographical Material and Her Writings#Book Chapters and Other Writings|Book Chapters and Other Writings]]<br /> ##[[About and By Clara Foltz: Biographical Material and Her Writings#Other articles on Clara Shortridge Foltz|Other articles on Clara Shortridge Foltz]] <br /> ##[[About and By Clara Foltz: Biographical Material and Her Writings#Clara Foltz’s Publications|Clara Foltz’s Publications]] <br /> #[[Archival and Investigative Materials]]<br /> ##[[Archival and Investigative Materials#Libraries|Libraries]]<br /> ###[[Archival and Investigative Materials#Bancroft Library of the University of California, Berkeley|Bancroft Library of the University of California, Berkeley]]<br /> ###[[Archival and Investigative Materials#Special Collections, Stanford University, Stanford, California|Special Collections, Stanford University, Stanford, California]]<br /> ###[[Archival and Investigative Materials#Huntington Library, San Merino, Califonria|Huntington Library, San Merino, Califonria]]<br /> ###[[Archival and Investigative Materials#UCLA Special Collections|UCLA Special Collections]]<br /> ###[[Archival and Investigative Materials#California State Library|California State Library]]<br /> ##[[Archival and Investigative Materials#Court records|Court records]]<br /> ##[[Archival and Investigative Materials#Interviews|Interviews]]<br /> #[[Timelines]]<br /> ##[[Timelines#Life Events|Life Events]] <br /> ##[[Timelines#Passage of Constitutional Clauses|Passage of Constitutional Clauses]] <br /> ##[[Timelines#Public Defender Campaign|Public Defender Campaign]]<br /> #[[Women’s History]]<br /> ##[[Women’s History#Legal Status of Women in Nineteenth Century|Legal Status of Women in the Nineteenth Century]]<br /> ##[[Women’s History#“Feminism” and Women’s Rights: Nomenclature|&quot;Feminism&quot; and Women’s Rights: Nomenclature]]<br /> ##[[Women’s History#Women’s Biographies|Women’s Biographies]]<br /> ###[[Women’s History#National Suffrage Movement Biographies|National Suffrage Movement Biographies]]<br /> #[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies]]<br /> ##[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Women Lawyers History|Women Lawyers History]]<br /> ###[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#General Works|General Works]]<br /> ###[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Comparison of Women Lawyers in Europe and the United States|Comparison of Women Lawyers in Europe and the United States]]<br /> ###[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Women Criminal Defense Lawyers|Women Criminal Defense Lawyers]]<br /> ###[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#The 1920s and 1930s in Boston, D.C., and Chicago|The 1920s and 1930s in Boston, D.C., and Chicago]]<br /> ###[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Women and the Bar|Women and the Bar]]<br /> ##[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Women Lawyers and the Women's Rights Movement|Women Lawyers and the Women's Rights Movement]]<br /> ###[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Excerpt from Feminist Lawyers|Excerpt from Feminist Lawyers]]<br /> ##[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Individual Women's Biographies|Individual Women's Biographies]]<br /> ###[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Myra Bradwell|Myra Bradwell]]<br /> ###[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Lavinia Goodell|Lavinia Goodell]]<br /> ###[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Mary Greene|Mary Greene]]<br /> ###[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Belva Lockwood|Belva Lockwood]]<br /> ###[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Arabella (Belle) Mansfield|Arabella (Belle) Mansfield]]<br /> ###[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Marilla Ricker|Marilla Ricker]]<br /> ###[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Lelia Robinson|Lelia Robinson]]<br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; Chapter One &lt;/font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> #[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa]]<br /> ##[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Parents|Parents]]<br /> ###[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Quotes from Funeral of Elias W. Shortridge|Quotes from Funeral of Elias W. Shortridge]]<br /> ##[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Siblings: Milton and John|Siblings]]<br /> ##[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Charles Morris Shortridge|Charles Morris Shortridge]]<br /> ###[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#General|General]]<br /> ###[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Early Life and Career|Early Life and Career]]<br /> ###[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#The San Francisco Call|The San Francisco Call]]<br /> ###[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Marriages|Marriages]]<br /> ###[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Timeline of Charles's Life|Timeline of Charles's Life]]<br /> ###[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Ambrose Bierce's BLACK BEETLES IN AMBER|Ambrose Bierce's BLACK BEETLES IN AMBER]]<br /> ##[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Senator Samuel Morgan Shortridge (brother)|Senator Samuel Morgan Shortridge (brother)]]<br /> ###[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#General|General]]<br /> ###[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Summary of Career|Summary of Career]]<br /> ##[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Clara Foltz’s Children|Foltz’s Children]]<br /> ###[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Trella Evelyn Foltz|Trella Evelyn Foltz]]<br /> ###[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Samuel Courtland Foltz|Samuel Courtland Foltz]]<br /> ###[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#David Milton Foltz|David Milton Foltz]]<br /> ###[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Bertha May Foltz Newman|Bertha May Foltz Newman]]<br /> ###[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Virginia Foltz Catron|Virginia Foltz Catron]]<br /> ####[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Investigative Material|Investigative Material]]<br /> ####[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Newspaper Interviews of Virgina|Newspaper Interviews of Virgina]]<br /> ##[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Mt. Pleasant and Howe’s Academy|Mt. Pleasant and Howe’s Academy]]<br /> #[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies]]<br /> ##[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Lillie Devereux Blake|Lillie Devereux Blake]]<br /> ###[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Early Life and W.L.H. Barnes|Early Life and W.L.H. Barnes]]<br /> ###[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Marriages and Early Writings|Marriages and Early Writings]]<br /> ###[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Contributions to the Women's Movement|Contributions to the Women's Movement]]<br /> ##[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Clara Colby|Clara Colby]]<br /> ###[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Correspondence Between Colby and Foltz|Correspondence Between Colby and Foltz]]<br /> ###[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Colby and Laura Gordon|Colby and Laura Gordon]]<br /> ##[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Abigail Duniway|Abigail Duniway]]<br /> ##[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Sarah Knox Goodrich|Sarah Knox Goodrich]]<br /> ##[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Laura Gordon|Laura Gordon]]<br /> ###[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Early Life and Work With Foltz|Early Life and Work With Foltz]]<br /> ###[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Gordon's 'Greatest Case'|Gordon's 'Greatest Case']]<br /> ##[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Grove L. Johnson|Grove L. Johnson]]<br /> ###[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Rivalry With Hiram Johnson|Rivalry With Hiram Johnson]]<br /> #[[The Workingmen’s Party of California (WPC)]]<br /> ##[[The Workingmen’s Party of California (WPC)#Rise and Composition of the WPC|Rise and Composition of the WPC]]<br /> ##[[The Workingmen’s Party of California (WPC)#WPC and the Anti-Chinese Movement|WPC and the Anti-Chinese Movement ]]<br /> ##[[The Workingmen’s Party of California (WPC)#Relation with the Workingmen’s Party of the United States (WPUS)|Relation with the Workingmen’s Party of the United States (WPUS)]]<br /> #[[California Constitutional History]]<br /> ##[[California Constitutional History#Convention of 1879|Convention of 1879]]<br /> ##[[California Constitutional History#Passage of the Anti-Discrimination Clauses|Passage of the Anti-Discrimination Clauses]]<br /> ##[[California Constitutional History#Prominent Pro-Woman Delegates at the 1879 Convention|Prominent Pro-Woman Delegates at the 1879 Convention]]<br /> ###[[California Constitutional History#James J. Ayers|James J. Ayers]]<br /> ###[[California Constitutional History#Eli T. Blackmer|Eli T. Blackmer]]<br /> ###[[California Constitutional History#Charles Ringgold|Charles Ringgold]]<br /> ###[[California Constitutional History#David Terry|David Terry]]<br /> ###[[California Constitutional History#Alphonse Vacquerel|Alphonse Vacquerel]]<br /> ##[[California Constitutional History#Prominent Opponents|Prominent Opponents]]<br /> ###[[California Constitutional History#Joseph Hoge|Joseph Hoge]]<br /> ###[[California Constitutional History#Samuel Wilson|Samuel Wilson]]<br /> ###[[California Constitutional History#Thomas Bishop|Thomas Bishop]]<br /> ###[[California Constitutional History#Delos Lake|Delos Lake]]<br /> #[[The Women's Movement, Free Love and Spiritualism]]<br /> ##[[The Women's Movement, Free Love and Spiritualism#Spiritualism and Suffragists Generally|Spiritualism and Suffragists Generally]]<br /> ##[[The Women's Movement, Free Love and Spiritualism#Foltz and Spiritualism|Foltz and Spiritualism]]<br /> ##[[The Women's Movement, Free Love and Spiritualism#Addie Ballou|Addie Ballou]]<br /> ##[[The Women's Movement, Free Love and Spiritualism#Victoria Woodhull|Victoria Woodhull]]<br /> ###[[The Women's Movement, Free Love and Spiritualism#The Beecher-Tilton Scandal|The Beecher-Tilton Scandal]]<br /> #[[Women and Divorce]]<br /> ##[[Women and Divorce#General|General]]<br /> ##[[Women and Divorce#Marriage and Divorce in the West|Marriage and Divorce in the West]]<br /> ##[[Women and Divorce#National Studies|National Studies]]<br /> ##[[Women and Divorce#End of the Century|End of the Century]]<br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; Chapter Two &lt;/font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> #[[Women as Public Lecturers]] <br /> ##[[Women as Public Lecturers#Lecturing and Lyceums Generally|Lecturing and Lyceums Generally]]<br /> ###[[Women as Public Lecturers#Robert Ingersoll|Robert Ingersoll]]<br /> ##[[Women as Public Lecturers#Women Lecturers|Women Lecturers]]<br /> ###[[Women as Public Lecturers#Foltz's First Lecturing Tour|Foltz's First Lecturing Tour]]<br /> ###[[Women as Public Lecturers#Anna Dickinson|Anna Dickinson]]<br /> ###[[Women as Public Lecturers#Kate Field|Kate Field]]<br /> #[[Women and Jury Service]]<br /> ##[[Women and Jury Service#General Sources|General Sources]]<br /> ##[[Women and Jury Service#The Connection Between Women Defense Lawyers and Women Jurors|The Connection Between Women Defense Lawyers and Women Jurors]]<br /> ###[[Women and Jury Service#Women Defenders and Women Jurors|Women Defenders and Women Jurors]]<br /> ##[[Women and Jury Service#The Washington Territory Experience|The Washington Territory Experience]]<br /> ###[[Women and Jury Service#Rosencrantz v. Territory|Rosencrantz v. Territory]]<br /> ###[[Women and Jury Service#Harland v. Territory|Harland v. Territory]]<br /> ###[[Women and Jury Service#Bloomer v. Todd|Bloomer v. Todd]]<br /> #[[San Francisco Social Life and Clara Foltz's Circle]]<br /> ##[[San Francisco Social Life and Clara Foltz's Circle#General Sources|General Sources]]<br /> ###[[San Francisco Social Life and Clara Foltz's Circle#The Montgomery Block|The Montgomery Block]]<br /> ##[[San Francisco Social Life and Clara Foltz's Circle#Frona Wait, Madge Morris, Ella Cummins|Frona Wait, Madge Morris, Ella Cummins]]<br /> ###[[San Francisco Social Life and Clara Foltz's Circle#Excerpt From Frona Wait's Notes|Excerpt From Frona Wait's Notes]]<br /> ###[[San Francisco Social Life and Clara Foltz's Circle#Morris's &quot;Ode to Clara Foltz&quot;|Morris's &quot;Ode to Clara Foltz&quot;]]<br /> ###[[San Francisco Social Life and Clara Foltz's Circle#Rocking the Baby|Rocking the Baby]]<br /> ###[[San Francisco Social Life and Clara Foltz's Circle#Cummins' Exhibit|Cummins' Exhibit]]<br /> #[[San Diego in the Real Estate Boom]]<br /> ##[[San Diego in the Real Estate Boom#General Works|General Works]]<br /> ##[[San Diego in the Real Estate Boom#The Rail War|The Rail War]]<br /> ##[[San Diego in the Real Estate Boom#The Ensenada|The Ensenada]]<br /> #[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing]]<br /> ##[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#General Works|General Works]]<br /> ##[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#Biographies and Autobiographies|Biographies and Autobiographies]]<br /> ###[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#Women and Western Journalism|Women and Western Journalism]]<br /> ###[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#Lawyers and Publishing|Lawyers and Publishing]]<br /> ##[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#A Bee Sampler|A Bee Sampler]]<br /> ###[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#The Boom|The Boom]]<br /> ###[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#Outside News|Outside News]]<br /> ###[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#Local Excitement|Local Excitement]]<br /> ###[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#Regular Items|Regular Items]]<br /> ###[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#Civic Events|Civic Events]]<br /> ###[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#Society and Fashion|Society and Fashion]]<br /> ###[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#Last Days at the Bee|Last Days at the Bee]]<br /> #[[Bellamy Nationalism]]<br /> ##[[Bellamy Nationalism#General Sources|General Sources]]<br /> ##[[Bellamy Nationalism#Women and Bellamy Nationalism|Women and Bellamy Nationalism]]<br /> ###[[Bellamy Nationalism#Clara's Activism|Clara's Activism]]<br /> ##[[Bellamy Nationalism#Charlotte Perkins Gilman|Charlotte Perkins Gilman]]<br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; Chapter Three &lt;/font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> #[[Law Practice in the West]]<br /> ##[[Law Practice in the West#General Works|General works]]<br /> ##[[Law Practice in the West#Biographical Works|Biographical works]]<br /> ###[[Law Practice in the West#Oscar Shuck's Work|Oscar Shuck's Work]]<br /> ##[[Law Practice in the West#Clara Foltz’s Practice|Clara Foltz’s Practice]]<br /> ##[[Law Practice in the West#Women and Criminal Law Practice|Women and Criminal Law Practice]]<br /> ###[[Law Practice in the West#Lelia Robinson|Lelia Robinson]]<br /> ###[[Law Practice in the West#Women Defenders: The Negative Image|Women Defenders: The Negative Image]]<br /> ###[[Law Practice in the West#Women Defenders and Women Jurors|Women Defenders and Women Jurors]]<br /> ###[[Law Practice in the West#Laura Gordon and the Sproule Case|Laura Gordon and the Sproule Case]]<br /> ###[[Law Practice in the West#Why Women Became Defenders|Why Women Became Defenders]]<br /> ###[[Law Practice in the West#The Contributions of Women to Criminal Defense|The Contributions of Women to Criminal Defense]]<br /> #[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics]]<br /> ##[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics#General Sources|General Sources]]<br /> ###[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics#Coxey's Army, The Pullman Strike, and the Haymarket Tragedy|Coxey's Army, The Pullman Strike, and the Haymarket Tragedy]]<br /> ###[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics#Bellamy Nationalism and Populism|Bellamy Nationalism and Populism]]<br /> ###[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics#Women's Pre-Suffrage Participation in Politics|Women's Pre-Suffrage Participation in Politics]]<br /> ###[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics#1894 Election in California|1894 Election in California]]<br /> ##[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics#Mary Elizabeth Lease (also known as Mary Ellen)|Mary Elizabeth Lease]]<br /> ##[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics#Stephen White|Stephen White]]<br /> ##[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics#Anna Ferry Smith|Anna Ferry Smith]]<br /> #[[Foltz as Reform Lobbyist in the 1890s]] <br /> ##[[Foltz as Reform Lobbyist in the 1890s#Parole Legislation|Parole Legislation]] <br /> ##[[Foltz as Reform Lobbyist in the 1890s#Women's Rights Measures|Women's Rights Measures]] <br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; Chapter Four &lt;/font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> #[[The New Woman]]<br /> #[[Trella Toland and Her Autograph Book]] <br /> ##[[Trella Toland and Her Autograph Book#Writers and Journalists|Writers and Journalists]]<br /> ##[[Trella Toland and Her Autograph Book#Actors|Actors]]<br /> ##[[Trella Toland and Her Autograph Book#Theater People|Theater People]]<br /> ##[[Trella Toland and Her Autograph Book#Trella's Family: William Toland, Sam Shortridge, and Virginia Toland|Trella's Family: William Toland, Sam Shortridge, and Virginia Toland]]<br /> ##[[Trella Toland and Her Autograph Book#Isaac Trumbo|Isaac Trumbo]]<br /> #[[The New York Legal Scene]]<br /> ##[[The New York Legal Scene#Women’s Legal Education Society (WLES) and Law Class|Women’s Legal Education Society (WLES) and Law Class]]<br /> ##[[The New York Legal Scene#The New Corporate Practice|The New Corporate Practice]]<br /> ##[[The New York Legal Scene#Criminal Practice|Criminal practice]]<br /> #[[The Oil Boom and Foltz’s Companies]]<br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; Chapter Five &lt;/font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> #[[Murder Defendants and Equal Justice]]<br /> ##[[Murder Defendants and Equal Justice#Women as Criminal Defendants|Women as Criminal Defendants]]<br /> ###[[Murder Defendants and Equal Justice#The Death Penalty|The Death Penalty]]<br /> ###[[Murder Defendants and Equal Justice#Maria Barbella|Maria Barbella]]<br /> ###[[Murder Defendants and Equal Justice#Laura Fair|Laura Fair]]<br /> ###[[Murder Defendants and Equal Justice#Florence Maybrick|Florence Maybrick]]<br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; Chapter Six &lt;/font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> #[[Women's Rights Movement History]]<br /> ##[[Women's Rights Movement History#Legal Status of Women in Nineteenth Century|Legal Status of Women in Nineteenth Century]]<br /> ##[[Suffrage History#Seneca Falls|Seneca Falls]]<br /> ##[[Suffrage History#Historiography|Historiography]]<br /> ##[[Suffrage History#Relationship with Other Movements and Causes|Relationship to Other Movements and Causes]]<br /> ###[[Suffrage History#Suffrage and Other Women's Rights|Suffrage and Other Women's Rights]]<br /> ###[[Suffrage History#Suffrage and Black Civil Rights Movement|Suffrage and Black Civil Rights Movement]]<br /> ###[[Suffrage History#Suffrage and Temperance and Prohibition|Suffrage and Temperance and Prohibition]]<br /> #[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention]]<br /> ##[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention#General Sources|General Sources]]<br /> ##[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention#Matilda Gage, President|Matilda Gage, President]]<br /> ##[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention#Reaction to Foltz’s Remarks|Reaction to Foltz’s Remarks]]<br /> ##[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention#Other Notable Attendants|Other Notable Attendants]]<br /> ###[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention#Theosophy and Madame Blavatsky|Theosophy and Madame Blavatsky]]<br /> ###[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention#William Aldrich and Josephine Cables|William Aldrich and Josephine Cables]]<br /> ###[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention#Elliott and Emily Coues|Elliott and Emily Coues]]<br /> ###[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention#Charlotte Smith|Charlotte Smith]]<br /> #[[The World's Fair]]<br /> ##[[The World's Fair#General Works|General Works]]<br /> ##[[The World's Fair#African Americans at the Fair|African Americans at the Fair]]<br /> #[[Women at the World's Fair]]<br /> ##[[Women at the World's Fair#General Works|General Works]]<br /> ##[[Women at the World's Fair#Bertha Palmer and the Isabella Club|Bertha Palmer and the Isabella Club]]<br /> ##[[Women at the World's Fair#Clara Foltz, Laura Gordon, and Clara Colby|Clara Foltz, Laura Gordon, and Clara Colby]]<br /> ##[[Women at the World's Fair#The Women's Congresses|The Women's Congresses]]<br /> ##[[Women at the World's Fair#Participation in the Other Auxiliary Congresses|Participation in the Other Auxiliary Congresses]]<br /> #[[Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns]]<br /> ##[[Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns#New York|New York]]<br /> ###[[Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns#General Description|General Description]]<br /> ###[[Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns#New York Constitutional Convention|New York Constitutional Convention]]<br /> ####[[Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns#Explaining Choate's Change in Position|Explaining Choate's Change in Position]]<br /> ####[[Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns#Interview with Stanleyetta Titus on Winning the Vote at the Convention|Interview with Stanleyetta Titus on Winning the Vote at the Convention]]<br /> ##[[Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns#California|California]]<br /> ###[[Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns#General Description|General Description]]<br /> ###[[Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns#Foltz and Other Women Suffragists|Foltz and Other Women Suffragists]]<br /> #[[Victory in California -- 1911]]<br /> ##[[Victory in California -- 1911#The California Suffrage Campaign Generally|The California Suffrage Campaign Generally]]<br /> ##[[Victory in California -- 1911#The 1911 Campaign|The 1911 Campaign]]<br /> ##[[Victory in California -- 1911#Coffin and Edson|Coffin and Edson]]<br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; Chapter Seven &lt;/font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> #[[Progressivism, Suffrage, and Public Defense]]<br /> ##[[Progressivism, Suffrage, and Public Defense#General Works on Progressivism|General Works on Progressivism]]<br /> ##[[Progressivism, Suffrage, and Public Defense#California Progressives|California Progressives]]<br /> ##[[Progressivism, Suffrage, and Public Defense#Progressivism and Suffrage|Progressivism and Suffrage]]<br /> ###[[Progressivism, Suffrage, and Public Defense#Suffrage and Public Defense|Suffrage and Public Defense]]<br /> #[[The Early History of Public Defense]]<br /> ##[[The Early History of Public Defense#General Works on Public Defense|General Works on Public Defense]]<br /> ##[[The Early History of Public Defense#Relation of Legal Societies to Public Defense|Relation of Legal Societies to Public Defense]]<br /> #[[Foltz the Founder of Public Defense]]<br /> #[[Foltz's Arguments for Public Defense]]<br /> ##[[Foltz's Arguments for Public Defense#Prosecutorial Misconduct|Prosecutorial Misconduct]]<br /> ###[[Foltz's Arguments for Public Defense#People v. Wells|People v. Wells]]<br /> ##[[Foltz's Arguments for Public Defense#The Presumption of Innocence|The Presumption of Innocence]]<br /> ##[[Foltz's Arguments for Public Defense#Burdening the Right|Burdening the Right]]<br /> ###[[Foltz's Arguments for Public Defense#Aaron Burr. Greene v. Briggs|Aaron Burr. Greene v. Briggs]]<br /> ###[[Foltz's Arguments for Public Defense#United States v. Burr|United States v. Burr]]<br /> ###[[Foltz's Arguments for Public Defense#Carpenter v. County of Dane|Carpenter v. County of Dane]]<br /> ##[[Foltz's Arguments for Public Defense#Woman Suffrage and Public Defense|Woman Suffrage and Public Defense]]<br /> #[[The Right to Counsel and the Appointed Counsel System]]<br /> #[[New York Politics and Foltz’s Public Defender Bill]]<br /> ##[[New York Politics and Foltz’s Public Defender Bill#Tammany Hall|Tammany Hall]]<br /> ##[[New York Politics and Foltz’s Public Defender Bill#Thomas Grady|Thomas Grady]]<br /> ##[[New York Politics and Foltz’s Public Defender Bill#Late Nineteenth Century New York Politics|Late Nineteenth Century New York Politics]]<br /> ##[[New York Politics and Foltz’s Public Defender Bill#Thomas C. Platt and the 1897 Mayoral Election|Thomas C. Platt and the 1897 Mayoral Election]]<br /> ##[[New York Politics and Foltz’s Public Defender Bill#Women in the Anti-Tammany Efforts|Women in the Anti-Tammany Efforts]]<br /> ##[[New York Politics and Foltz’s Public Defender Bill#Biographical Works|Biographical Works]]<br /> #[[Comparison of Public Defender Statutes]]<br /> ##[[Comparison of Public Defender Statutes#1885 Statute|1885 Statute]]<br /> ##[[Comparison of Public Defender Statutes#1897 Statute|1897 Statute]]<br /> ###[[Comparison of Public Defender Statutes#Text of the 1897 Statute|Text of the 1897 Statute]]<br /> ###[[Comparison of Public Defender Statutes#Comparison to Public Defender Statutes Actually Enacted|Comparison to Public Defender Statutes Actually Enacted]]<br /> ###[[Comparison of Public Defender Statutes#Foltz's Bill Introduced in Multiple States|Foltz's Bill Introduced in Multiple States]]<br /> ##[[Comparison of Public Defender Statutes#The 1912 Los Angeles Charter Provision and the 1921 California Statute|The 1912 Los Angeles Charter Provision and the 1921 Statute]]<br /> ###[[Comparison of Public Defender Statutes#Wisconsin Statute Tracks the California Statute|Wisconsin Statute Tracks the California Statute]]<br /> #[[Comparison of Progressive Defender with Foltzian Model]]<br /> ##[[Comparison of Progressive Defender with Foltzian Model#Progressivism and Public Defense|Progressivism and Public Defense]]<br /> ##[[Comparison of Progressive Defender with Foltzian Model#The Progressive and the Foltzian Defenders|The Progressive and the Foltzian Defenders]]<br /> ###[[Comparison of Progressive Defender with Foltzian Model#Example of Progressive-Type Representation|Example of Progressive-Type Representation]]<br /> ###[[Comparison of Progressive Defender with Foltzian Model#The Foltzian Model|The Foltzian Model]]<br /> ##[[Comparison of Progressive Defender with Foltzian Model#Cost of the Public Defender|Cost of the Public Defender]]<br /> ##[[Comparison of Progressive Defender with Foltzian Model#Competing Visions in New York: Mayer Goldman’s Public Defender and the Legal Aid Societies|Competing Visions in New York: Mayer Goldman’s Public Defender and the Legal Aid Societies]]<br /> ##[[Comparison of Progressive Defender with Foltzian Model#History of the Legal Aid Society|History of the Legal Aid Society]]<br /> ###[[Comparison of Progressive Defender with Foltzian Model#The Voluntary Defenders|The Voluntary Defenders]]<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> <br /> ------------------------------------------------------------------------<br /> <br /> [http://wlh.law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/woman_lawyer-index.pdf Index to Woman Lawyer: The Trials of Clara Foltz]<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Bibliographic Notes and Supplementary Text]]</div>

Babcock https://wlh-wiki.law.stanford.edu/index.php/Indexes_and_Bibliographic_Notes 2011-03-21T18:04:38Z

<p>Babcock:&#32;</p> <hr /> <div>==Indexes and Bibliographic Notes== <br /> <br /> There are two indexes here: the [http://wlh.law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/woman_lawyer-index.pdf first] is to subjects and page numbers in [http://www.sup.org/search/search.cgi?search=babcock WOMAN LAWYER: THE TRIALS OF CLARA FOLTZ] [http://wlh.law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/woman_lawyer-index.pdf (the book index)]. This index also appears on the website of the [http://www.sup.org/search/search.cgi?search=babcock Stanford University Press]. The [http://wlh-wiki.law.stanford.edu/index.php/Bibliographic_Notes_and_Supplementary_text second index] provides access to the extensive Bibliographic Notes with links to the relevant notes. <br /> <br /> The Bibliographical Notes are arranged in the order of the book chapters and provide additional source material for the facts and interpretations in the text and endnotes. A list of the notes, with links, appears below. Some of these are traditional bibliographic notes listing essential references with a few words of critical explanation. Also included are first person essays and descriptions of people and events that influenced Clara Foltz, but whose stories would extend the book unduly. <br /> <br /> A biography written over many years has more sources than can be cited even in this format – especially in a burgeoning new field like women’s legal history. I have tried to cite the main works that influenced my thinking, which may not be exactly the same as all the main works. In a larger sense, virtually everything I have read concerning women’s rights and nineteenth century history is in here somewhere even though not mentioned explicitly. To those whose work deserves more recognition than I have given it here, my sincerest apologies.<br /> <br /> == List of Bibliographic Notes==<br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; Introductory &lt;/font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> #[[About and By Clara Foltz: Biographical Material and Her Writings]]<br /> ##[[About and By Clara Foltz: Biographical Material and Her Writings#Babcock's Work|Babcock's Work]] <br /> ###[[About and By Clara Foltz: Biographical Material and Her Writings#Babcock Encyclopedia Entries|Babcock Encyclopedia Entries]] <br /> ###[[About and By Clara Foltz: Biographical Material and Her Writings#Website|Website]] <br /> ###[[About and By Clara Foltz: Biographical Material and Her Writings#Book Chapters and Other Writings|Book Chapters and Other Writings]]<br /> ##[[About and By Clara Foltz: Biographical Material and Her Writings#Other articles on Clara Shortridge Foltz|Other articles on Clara Shortridge Foltz]] <br /> ##[[About and By Clara Foltz: Biographical Material and Her Writings#Clara Foltz’s Publications|Clara Foltz’s Publications]] <br /> #[[Archival and Investigative Materials]]<br /> ##[[Archival and Investigative Materials#Libraries|Libraries]]<br /> ###[[Archival and Investigative Materials#Bancroft Library of the University of California, Berkeley|Bancroft Library of the University of California, Berkeley]]<br /> ###[[Archival and Investigative Materials#Special Collections, Stanford University, Stanford, California|Special Collections, Stanford University, Stanford, California]]<br /> ###[[Archival and Investigative Materials#Huntington Library, San Merino, Califonria|Huntington Library, San Merino, Califonria]]<br /> ###[[Archival and Investigative Materials#UCLA Special Collections|UCLA Special Collections]]<br /> ###[[Archival and Investigative Materials#California State Library|California State Library]]<br /> ##[[Archival and Investigative Materials#Court records|Court records]]<br /> ##[[Archival and Investigative Materials#Interviews|Interviews]]<br /> #[[Timelines]]<br /> ##[[Timelines#Life Events|Life Events]] <br /> ##[[Timelines#Passage of Constitutional Clauses|Passage of Constitutional Clauses]] <br /> ##[[Timelines#Public Defender Campaign|Public Defender Campaign]]<br /> #[[Women’s History]]<br /> ##[[Women’s History#Legal Status of Women in Nineteenth Century|Legal Status of Women in the Nineteenth Century]]<br /> ##[[Women’s History#“Feminism” and Women’s Rights: Nomenclature|&quot;Feminism&quot; and Women’s Rights: Nomenclature]]<br /> ##[[Women’s History#Women’s Biographies|Women’s Biographies]]<br /> ###[[Women’s History#National Suffrage Movement Biographies|National Suffrage Movement Biographies]]<br /> #[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies]]<br /> ##[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Women Lawyers History|Women Lawyers History]]<br /> ###[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#General Works|General Works]]<br /> ###[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Comparison of Women Lawyers in Europe and the United States|Comparison of Women Lawyers in Europe and the United States]]<br /> ###[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Women Criminal Defense Lawyers|Women Criminal Defense Lawyers]]<br /> ###[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#The 1920s and 1930s in Boston, D.C., and Chicago|The 1920s and 1930s in Boston, D.C., and Chicago]]<br /> ###[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Women and the Bar|Women and the Bar]]<br /> ##[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Women Lawyers and the Women's Rights Movement|Women Lawyers and the Women's Rights Movement]]<br /> ###[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Excerpt from Feminist Lawyers|Excerpt from Feminist Lawyers]]<br /> ##[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Individual Women's Biographies|Individual Women's Biographies]]<br /> ###[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Myra Bradwell|Myra Bradwell]]<br /> ###[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Lavinia Goodell|Lavinia Goodell]]<br /> ###[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Mary Greene|Mary Greene]]<br /> ###[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Belva Lockwood|Belva Lockwood]]<br /> ###[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Arabella (Belle) Mansfield|Arabella (Belle) Mansfield]]<br /> ###[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Marilla Ricker|Marilla Ricker]]<br /> ###[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Lelia Robinson|Lelia Robinson]]<br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; Chapter One &lt;/font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> #[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa]]<br /> ##[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Parents|Parents]]<br /> ###[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Quotes from Funeral of Elias W. Shortridge|Quotes from Funeral of Elias W. Shortridge]]<br /> ##[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Siblings: Milton and John|Siblings]]<br /> ##[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Charles Morris Shortridge|Charles Morris Shortridge]]<br /> ###[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#General|General]]<br /> ###[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Early Life and Career|Early Life and Career]]<br /> ###[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#The San Francisco Call|The San Francisco Call]]<br /> ###[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Marriages|Marriages]]<br /> ###[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Timeline of Charles's Life|Timeline of Charles's Life]]<br /> ###[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Ambrose Bierce's BLACK BEETLES IN AMBER|Ambrose Bierce's BLACK BEETLES IN AMBER]]<br /> ##[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Senator Samuel Morgan Shortridge (brother)|Senator Samuel Morgan Shortridge (brother)]]<br /> ###[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#General|General]]<br /> ###[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Summary of Career|Summary of Career]]<br /> ##[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Clara Foltz’s Children|Foltz’s Children]]<br /> ###[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Trella Evelyn Foltz|Trella Evelyn Foltz]]<br /> ###[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Samuel Courtland Foltz|Samuel Courtland Foltz]]<br /> ###[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#David Milton Foltz|David Milton Foltz]]<br /> ###[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Bertha May Foltz Newman|Bertha May Foltz Newman]]<br /> ###[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Virginia Foltz Catron|Virginia Foltz Catron]]<br /> ####[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Investigative Material|Investigative Material]]<br /> ####[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Newspaper Interviews of Virgina|Newspaper Interviews of Virgina]]<br /> ##[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Mt. Pleasant and Howe’s Academy|Mt. Pleasant and Howe’s Academy]]<br /> #[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies]]<br /> ##[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Lillie Devereux Blake|Lillie Devereux Blake]]<br /> ###[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Early Life and W.L.H. Barnes|Early Life and W.L.H. Barnes]]<br /> ###[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Marriages and Early Writings|Marriages and Early Writings]]<br /> ###[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Contributions to the Women's Movement|Contributions to the Women's Movement]]<br /> ##[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Clara Colby|Clara Colby]]<br /> ###[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Correspondence Between Colby and Foltz|Correspondence Between Colby and Foltz]]<br /> ###[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Colby and Laura Gordon|Colby and Laura Gordon]]<br /> ##[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Abigail Duniway|Abigail Duniway]]<br /> ##[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Sarah Knox Goodrich|Sarah Knox Goodrich]]<br /> ##[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Laura Gordon|Laura Gordon]]<br /> ###[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Early Life and Work With Foltz|Early Life and Work With Foltz]]<br /> ###[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Gordon's 'Greatest Case'|Gordon's 'Greatest Case']]<br /> ##[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Grove L. Johnson|Grove L. Johnson]]<br /> ###[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Rivalry With Hiram Johnson|Rivalry With Hiram Johnson]]<br /> #[[The Workingmen’s Party of California (WPC)]]<br /> ##[[The Workingmen’s Party of California (WPC)#Rise and Composition of the WPC|Rise and Composition of the WPC]]<br /> ##[[The Workingmen’s Party of California (WPC)#WPC and the Anti-Chinese Movement|WPC and the Anti-Chinese Movement ]]<br /> ##[[The Workingmen’s Party of California (WPC)#Relation with the Workingmen’s Party of the United States (WPUS)|Relation with the Workingmen’s Party of the United States (WPUS)]]<br /> #[[California Constitutional History]]<br /> ##[[California Constitutional History#Convention of 1879|Convention of 1879]]<br /> ##[[California Constitutional History#Passage of the Anti-Discrimination Clauses|Passage of the Anti-Discrimination Clauses]]<br /> ##[[California Constitutional History#Prominent Pro-Woman Delegates at the 1879 Convention|Prominent Pro-Woman Delegates at the 1879 Convention]]<br /> ###[[California Constitutional History#James J. Ayers|James J. Ayers]]<br /> ###[[California Constitutional History#Eli T. Blackmer|Eli T. Blackmer]]<br /> ###[[California Constitutional History#Charles Ringgold|Charles Ringgold]]<br /> ###[[California Constitutional History#David Terry|David Terry]]<br /> ###[[California Constitutional History#Alphonse Vacquerel|Alphonse Vacquerel]]<br /> ##[[California Constitutional History#Prominent Opponents|Prominent Opponents]]<br /> ###[[California Constitutional History#Joseph Hoge|Joseph Hoge]]<br /> ###[[California Constitutional History#Samuel Wilson|Samuel Wilson]]<br /> ###[[California Constitutional History#Thomas Bishop|Thomas Bishop]]<br /> ###[[California Constitutional History#Delos Lake|Delos Lake]]<br /> #[[The Women's Movement, Free Love and Spiritualism]]<br /> ##[[The Women's Movement, Free Love and Spiritualism#Spiritualism and Suffragists Generally|Spiritualism and Suffragists Generally]]<br /> ##[[The Women's Movement, Free Love and Spiritualism#Foltz and Spiritualism|Foltz and Spiritualism]]<br /> ##[[The Women's Movement, Free Love and Spiritualism#Addie Ballou|Addie Ballou]]<br /> ##[[The Women's Movement, Free Love and Spiritualism#Victoria Woodhull|Victoria Woodhull]]<br /> ###[[The Women's Movement, Free Love and Spiritualism#The Beecher-Tilton Scandal|The Beecher-Tilton Scandal]]<br /> #[[Women and Divorce]]<br /> ##[[Women and Divorce#General|General]]<br /> ##[[Women and Divorce#Marriage and Divorce in the West|Marriage and Divorce in the West]]<br /> ##[[Women and Divorce#National Studies|National Studies]]<br /> ##[[Women and Divorce#End of the Century|End of the Century]]<br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; Chapter Two &lt;/font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> #[[Women as Public Lecturers]] <br /> ##[[Women as Public Lecturers#Lecturing and Lyceums Generally|Lecturing and Lyceums Generally]]<br /> ###[[Women as Public Lecturers#Robert Ingersoll|Robert Ingersoll]]<br /> ##[[Women as Public Lecturers#Women Lecturers|Women Lecturers]]<br /> ###[[Women as Public Lecturers#Foltz's First Lecturing Tour|Foltz's First Lecturing Tour]]<br /> ###[[Women as Public Lecturers#Anna Dickinson|Anna Dickinson]]<br /> ###[[Women as Public Lecturers#Kate Field|Kate Field]]<br /> #[[Women and Jury Service]]<br /> ##[[Women and Jury Service#General Sources|General Sources]]<br /> ##[[Women and Jury Service#The Connection Between Women Defense Lawyers and Women Jurors|The Connection Between Women Defense Lawyers and Women Jurors]]<br /> ###[[Women and Jury Service#Women Defenders and Women Jurors|Women Defenders and Women Jurors]]<br /> ##[[Women and Jury Service#The Washington Territory Experience|The Washington Territory Experience]]<br /> ###[[Women and Jury Service#Rosencrantz v. Territory|Rosencrantz v. Territory]]<br /> ###[[Women and Jury Service#Harland v. Territory|Harland v. Territory]]<br /> ###[[Women and Jury Service#Bloomer v. Todd|Bloomer v. Todd]]<br /> #[[San Francisco Social Life and Clara Foltz's Circle]]<br /> ##[[San Francisco Social Life and Clara Foltz's Circle#General Sources|General Sources]]<br /> ###[[San Francisco Social Life and Clara Foltz's Circle#The Montgomery Block|The Montgomery Block]]<br /> ##[[San Francisco Social Life and Clara Foltz's Circle#Frona Wait, Madge Morris, Ella Cummins|Frona Wait, Madge Morris, Ella Cummins]]<br /> ###[[San Francisco Social Life and Clara Foltz's Circle#Excerpt From Frona Wait's Notes|Excerpt From Frona Wait's Notes]]<br /> ###[[San Francisco Social Life and Clara Foltz's Circle#Morris's &quot;Ode to Clara Foltz&quot;|Morris's &quot;Ode to Clara Foltz&quot;]]<br /> ###[[San Francisco Social Life and Clara Foltz's Circle#Rocking the Baby|Rocking the Baby]]<br /> ###[[San Francisco Social Life and Clara Foltz's Circle#Cummins' Exhibit|Cummins' Exhibit]]<br /> #[[San Diego in the Real Estate Boom]]<br /> ##[[San Diego in the Real Estate Boom#General Works|General Works]]<br /> ##[[San Diego in the Real Estate Boom#The Rail War|The Rail War]]<br /> ##[[San Diego in the Real Estate Boom#The Ensenada|The Ensenada]]<br /> #[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing]]<br /> ##[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#General Works|General Works]]<br /> ##[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#Biographies and Autobiographies|Biographies and Autobiographies]]<br /> ###[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#Women and Western Journalism|Women and Western Journalism]]<br /> ###[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#Lawyers and Publishing|Lawyers and Publishing]]<br /> ##[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#A Bee Sampler|A Bee Sampler]]<br /> ###[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#The Boom|The Boom]]<br /> ###[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#Outside News|Outside News]]<br /> ###[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#Local Excitement|Local Excitement]]<br /> ###[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#Regular Items|Regular Items]]<br /> ###[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#Civic Events|Civic Events]]<br /> ###[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#Society and Fashion|Society and Fashion]]<br /> ###[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#Last Days at the Bee|Last Days at the Bee]]<br /> #[[Bellamy Nationalism]]<br /> ##[[Bellamy Nationalism#General Sources|General Sources]]<br /> ##[[Bellamy Nationalism#Women and Bellamy Nationalism|Women and Bellamy Nationalism]]<br /> ###[[Bellamy Nationalism#Clara's Activism|Clara's Activism]]<br /> ##[[Bellamy Nationalism#Charlotte Perkins Gilman|Charlotte Perkins Gilman]]<br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; Chapter Three &lt;/font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> #[[Law Practice in the West]]<br /> ##[[Law Practice in the West#General Works|General works]]<br /> ##[[Law Practice in the West#Biographical Works|Biographical works]]<br /> ###[[Law Practice in the West#Oscar Shuck's Work|Oscar Shuck's Work]]<br /> ##[[Law Practice in the West#Clara Foltz’s Practice|Clara Foltz’s Practice]]<br /> ##[[Law Practice in the West#Women and Criminal Law Practice|Women and Criminal Law Practice]]<br /> ###[[Law Practice in the West#Lelia Robinson|Lelia Robinson]]<br /> ###[[Law Practice in the West#Women Defenders: The Negative Image|Women Defenders: The Negative Image]]<br /> ###[[Law Practice in the West#Women Defenders and Women Jurors|Women Defenders and Women Jurors]]<br /> ###[[Law Practice in the West#Laura Gordon and the Sproule Case|Laura Gordon and the Sproule Case]]<br /> ###[[Law Practice in the West#Why Women Became Defenders|Why Women Became Defenders]]<br /> ###[[Law Practice in the West#The Contributions of Women to Criminal Defense|The Contributions of Women to Criminal Defense]]<br /> #[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics]]<br /> ##[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics#General Sources|General Sources]]<br /> ###[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics#Coxey's Army, The Pullman Strike, and the Haymarket Tragedy|Coxey's Army, The Pullman Strike, and the Haymarket Tragedy]]<br /> ###[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics#Bellamy Nationalism and Populism|Bellamy Nationalism and Populism]]<br /> ###[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics#Women's Pre-Suffrage Participation in Politics|Women's Pre-Suffrage Participation in Politics]]<br /> ###[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics#1894 Election in California|1894 Election in California]]<br /> ##[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics#Mary Elizabeth Lease (also known as Mary Ellen)|Mary Elizabeth Lease]]<br /> ##[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics#Stephen White|Stephen White]]<br /> ##[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics#Anna Ferry Smith|Anna Ferry Smith]]<br /> #[[Foltz as Reform Lobbyist in the 1890s]] <br /> ##[[Foltz as Reform Lobbyist in the 1890s#Parole Legislation|Parole Legislation]] <br /> ##[[Foltz as Reform Lobbyist in the 1890s#Women's Rights Measures|Women's Rights Measures]] <br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; Chapter Four &lt;/font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> #[[The New Woman]]<br /> #[[Trella Toland and Her Autograph Book]] <br /> ##[[Trella Toland and Her Autograph Book#Writers and Journalists|Writers and Journalists]]<br /> ##[[Trella Toland and Her Autograph Book#Actors|Actors]]<br /> ##[[Trella Toland and Her Autograph Book#Theater People|Theater People]]<br /> ##[[Trella Toland and Her Autograph Book#Trella's Family: William Toland, Sam Shortridge, and Virginia Toland|Trella's Family: William Toland, Sam Shortridge, and Virginia Toland]]<br /> ##[[Trella Toland and Her Autograph Book#Isaac Trumbo|Isaac Trumbo]]<br /> #[[The New York Legal Scene]]<br /> ##[[The New York Legal Scene#Women’s Legal Education Society (WLES) and Law Class|Women’s Legal Education Society (WLES) and Law Class]]<br /> ##[[The New York Legal Scene#The New Corporate Practice|The New Corporate Practice]]<br /> ##[[The New York Legal Scene#Criminal Practice|Criminal practice]]<br /> #[[The Oil Boom and Foltz’s Companies]]<br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; Chapter Five &lt;/font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> #[[Murder Defendants and Equal Justice]]<br /> ##[[Murder Defendants and Equal Justice#Women as Criminal Defendants|Women as Criminal Defendants]]<br /> ###[[Murder Defendants and Equal Justice#The Death Penalty|The Death Penalty]]<br /> ###[[Murder Defendants and Equal Justice#Maria Barbella|Maria Barbella]]<br /> ###[[Murder Defendants and Equal Justice#Laura Fair|Laura Fair]]<br /> ###[[Murder Defendants and Equal Justice#Florence Maybrick|Florence Maybrick]]<br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; Chapter Six &lt;/font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> #[[Women's Rights Movement History]]<br /> ##[[Women's Rights Movement History#Legal Status of Women in Nineteenth Century|Legal Status of Women in Nineteenth Century]]<br /> ##[[Suffrage History#Seneca Falls|Seneca Falls]]<br /> ##[[Suffrage History#Historiography|Historiography]]<br /> ##[[Women's Rights Movement History#Relationship with Other Movements and Causes|Relationship to Other Movements and Causes]]<br /> ###[[Women's Rights Movement History#Suffrage and Other Women's Rights|Suffrage and Other Women's Rights]]<br /> ###[[Women's Rights Movement History#Suffrage and Black Civil Rights Movement|Suffrage and Black Civil Rights Movement]]<br /> ###[[Women's Rights Movement History#Suffrage and Temperance and Prohibition|Suffrage and Temperance and Prohibition]]<br /> #[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention]]<br /> ##[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention#General Sources|General Sources]]<br /> ##[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention#Matilda Gage, President|Matilda Gage, President]]<br /> ##[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention#Reaction to Foltz’s Remarks|Reaction to Foltz’s Remarks]]<br /> ##[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention#Other Notable Attendants|Other Notable Attendants]]<br /> ###[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention#Theosophy and Madame Blavatsky|Theosophy and Madame Blavatsky]]<br /> ###[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention#William Aldrich and Josephine Cables|William Aldrich and Josephine Cables]]<br /> ###[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention#Elliott and Emily Coues|Elliott and Emily Coues]]<br /> ###[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention#Charlotte Smith|Charlotte Smith]]<br /> #[[The World's Fair]]<br /> ##[[The World's Fair#General Works|General Works]]<br /> ##[[The World's Fair#African Americans at the Fair|African Americans at the Fair]]<br /> #[[Women at the World's Fair]]<br /> ##[[Women at the World's Fair#General Works|General Works]]<br /> ##[[Women at the World's Fair#Bertha Palmer and the Isabella Club|Bertha Palmer and the Isabella Club]]<br /> ##[[Women at the World's Fair#Clara Foltz, Laura Gordon, and Clara Colby|Clara Foltz, Laura Gordon, and Clara Colby]]<br /> ##[[Women at the World's Fair#The Women's Congresses|The Women's Congresses]]<br /> ##[[Women at the World's Fair#Participation in the Other Auxiliary Congresses|Participation in the Other Auxiliary Congresses]]<br /> #[[Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns]]<br /> ##[[Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns#New York|New York]]<br /> ###[[Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns#General Description|General Description]]<br /> ###[[Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns#New York Constitutional Convention|New York Constitutional Convention]]<br /> ####[[Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns#Explaining Choate's Change in Position|Explaining Choate's Change in Position]]<br /> ####[[Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns#Interview with Stanleyetta Titus on Winning the Vote at the Convention|Interview with Stanleyetta Titus on Winning the Vote at the Convention]]<br /> ##[[Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns#California|California]]<br /> ###[[Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns#General Description|General Description]]<br /> ###[[Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns#Foltz and Other Women Suffragists|Foltz and Other Women Suffragists]]<br /> #[[Victory in California -- 1911]]<br /> ##[[Victory in California -- 1911#The California Suffrage Campaign Generally|The California Suffrage Campaign Generally]]<br /> ##[[Victory in California -- 1911#The 1911 Campaign|The 1911 Campaign]]<br /> ##[[Victory in California -- 1911#Coffin and Edson|Coffin and Edson]]<br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; Chapter Seven &lt;/font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> #[[Progressivism, Suffrage, and Public Defense]]<br /> ##[[Progressivism, Suffrage, and Public Defense#General Works on Progressivism|General Works on Progressivism]]<br /> ##[[Progressivism, Suffrage, and Public Defense#California Progressives|California Progressives]]<br /> ##[[Progressivism, Suffrage, and Public Defense#Progressivism and Suffrage|Progressivism and Suffrage]]<br /> ###[[Progressivism, Suffrage, and Public Defense#Suffrage and Public Defense|Suffrage and Public Defense]]<br /> #[[The Early History of Public Defense]]<br /> ##[[The Early History of Public Defense#General Works on Public Defense|General Works on Public Defense]]<br /> ##[[The Early History of Public Defense#Relation of Legal Societies to Public Defense|Relation of Legal Societies to Public Defense]]<br /> #[[Foltz the Founder of Public Defense]]<br /> #[[Foltz's Arguments for Public Defense]]<br /> ##[[Foltz's Arguments for Public Defense#Prosecutorial Misconduct|Prosecutorial Misconduct]]<br /> ###[[Foltz's Arguments for Public Defense#People v. Wells|People v. Wells]]<br /> ##[[Foltz's Arguments for Public Defense#The Presumption of Innocence|The Presumption of Innocence]]<br /> ##[[Foltz's Arguments for Public Defense#Burdening the Right|Burdening the Right]]<br /> ###[[Foltz's Arguments for Public Defense#Aaron Burr. Greene v. Briggs|Aaron Burr. Greene v. Briggs]]<br /> ###[[Foltz's Arguments for Public Defense#United States v. Burr|United States v. Burr]]<br /> ###[[Foltz's Arguments for Public Defense#Carpenter v. County of Dane|Carpenter v. County of Dane]]<br /> ##[[Foltz's Arguments for Public Defense#Woman Suffrage and Public Defense|Woman Suffrage and Public Defense]]<br /> #[[The Right to Counsel and the Appointed Counsel System]]<br /> #[[New York Politics and Foltz’s Public Defender Bill]]<br /> ##[[New York Politics and Foltz’s Public Defender Bill#Tammany Hall|Tammany Hall]]<br /> ##[[New York Politics and Foltz’s Public Defender Bill#Thomas Grady|Thomas Grady]]<br /> ##[[New York Politics and Foltz’s Public Defender Bill#Late Nineteenth Century New York Politics|Late Nineteenth Century New York Politics]]<br /> ##[[New York Politics and Foltz’s Public Defender Bill#Thomas C. Platt and the 1897 Mayoral Election|Thomas C. Platt and the 1897 Mayoral Election]]<br /> ##[[New York Politics and Foltz’s Public Defender Bill#Women in the Anti-Tammany Efforts|Women in the Anti-Tammany Efforts]]<br /> ##[[New York Politics and Foltz’s Public Defender Bill#Biographical Works|Biographical Works]]<br /> #[[Comparison of Public Defender Statutes]]<br /> ##[[Comparison of Public Defender Statutes#1885 Statute|1885 Statute]]<br /> ##[[Comparison of Public Defender Statutes#1897 Statute|1897 Statute]]<br /> ###[[Comparison of Public Defender Statutes#Text of the 1897 Statute|Text of the 1897 Statute]]<br /> ###[[Comparison of Public Defender Statutes#Comparison to Public Defender Statutes Actually Enacted|Comparison to Public Defender Statutes Actually Enacted]]<br /> ###[[Comparison of Public Defender Statutes#Foltz's Bill Introduced in Multiple States|Foltz's Bill Introduced in Multiple States]]<br /> ##[[Comparison of Public Defender Statutes#The 1912 Los Angeles Charter Provision and the 1921 California Statute|The 1912 Los Angeles Charter Provision and the 1921 Statute]]<br /> ###[[Comparison of Public Defender Statutes#Wisconsin Statute Tracks the California Statute|Wisconsin Statute Tracks the California Statute]]<br /> #[[Comparison of Progressive Defender with Foltzian Model]]<br /> ##[[Comparison of Progressive Defender with Foltzian Model#Progressivism and Public Defense|Progressivism and Public Defense]]<br /> ##[[Comparison of Progressive Defender with Foltzian Model#The Progressive and the Foltzian Defenders|The Progressive and the Foltzian Defenders]]<br /> ###[[Comparison of Progressive Defender with Foltzian Model#Example of Progressive-Type Representation|Example of Progressive-Type Representation]]<br /> ###[[Comparison of Progressive Defender with Foltzian Model#The Foltzian Model|The Foltzian Model]]<br /> ##[[Comparison of Progressive Defender with Foltzian Model#Cost of the Public Defender|Cost of the Public Defender]]<br /> ##[[Comparison of Progressive Defender with Foltzian Model#Competing Visions in New York: Mayer Goldman’s Public Defender and the Legal Aid Societies|Competing Visions in New York: Mayer Goldman’s Public Defender and the Legal Aid Societies]]<br /> ##[[Comparison of Progressive Defender with Foltzian Model#History of the Legal Aid Society|History of the Legal Aid Society]]<br /> ###[[Comparison of Progressive Defender with Foltzian Model#The Voluntary Defenders|The Voluntary Defenders]]<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> <br /> ------------------------------------------------------------------------<br /> <br /> [http://wlh.law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/woman_lawyer-index.pdf Index to Woman Lawyer: The Trials of Clara Foltz]<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Bibliographic Notes and Supplementary Text]]</div>

Babcock https://wlh-wiki.law.stanford.edu/index.php/Indexes_and_Bibliographic_Notes 2011-03-21T17:48:43Z

<p>Babcock:&#32;</p> <hr /> <div>==Indexes and Bibliographic Notes== <br /> <br /> There are two indexes here: the [http://wlh.law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/woman_lawyer-index.pdf first] is to subjects and page numbers in [http://www.sup.org/search/search.cgi?search=babcock WOMAN LAWYER: THE TRIALS OF CLARA FOLTZ] [http://wlh.law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/woman_lawyer-index.pdf (the book index)]. This index also appears on the website of the [http://www.sup.org/search/search.cgi?search=babcock Stanford University Press]. The [http://wlh-wiki.law.stanford.edu/index.php/Bibliographic_Notes_and_Supplementary_text second index] provides access to the extensive Bibliographic Notes with links to the relevant notes. <br /> <br /> The Bibliographical Notes are arranged in the order of the book chapters and provide additional source material for the facts and interpretations in the text and endnotes. A list of the notes, with links, appears below. Some of these are traditional bibliographic notes listing essential references with a few words of critical explanation. Also included are first person essays and descriptions of people and events that influenced Clara Foltz, but whose stories would extend the book unduly. <br /> <br /> A biography written over many years has more sources than can be cited even in this format – especially in a burgeoning new field like women’s legal history. I have tried to cite the main works that influenced my thinking, which may not be exactly the same as all the main works. In a larger sense, virtually everything I have read concerning women’s rights and nineteenth century history is in here somewhere even though not mentioned explicitly. To those whose work deserves more recognition than I have given it here, my sincerest apologies.<br /> <br /> == List of Bibliographic Notes==<br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; Introductory &lt;/font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> #[[About and By Clara Foltz: Biographical Material and Her Writings]]<br /> ##[[About and By Clara Foltz: Biographical Material and Her Writings#Babcock's Work|Babcock's Work]] <br /> ###[[About and By Clara Foltz: Biographical Material and Her Writings#Babcock Encyclopedia Entries|Babcock Encyclopedia Entries]] <br /> ###[[About and By Clara Foltz: Biographical Material and Her Writings#Website|Website]] <br /> ###[[About and By Clara Foltz: Biographical Material and Her Writings#Book Chapters and Other Writings|Book Chapters and Other Writings]]<br /> ##[[About and By Clara Foltz: Biographical Material and Her Writings#Other articles on Clara Shortridge Foltz|Other articles on Clara Shortridge Foltz]] <br /> ##[[About and By Clara Foltz: Biographical Material and Her Writings#Clara Foltz’s Publications|Clara Foltz’s Publications]] <br /> #[[Archival and Investigative Materials]]<br /> ##[[Archival and Investigative Materials#Libraries|Libraries]]<br /> ###[[Archival and Investigative Materials#Bancroft Library of the University of California, Berkeley|Bancroft Library of the University of California, Berkeley]]<br /> ###[[Archival and Investigative Materials#Special Collections, Stanford University, Stanford, California|Special Collections, Stanford University, Stanford, California]]<br /> ###[[Archival and Investigative Materials#Huntington Library, San Merino, Califonria|Huntington Library, San Merino, Califonria]]<br /> ###[[Archival and Investigative Materials#UCLA Special Collections|UCLA Special Collections]]<br /> ###[[Archival and Investigative Materials#California State Library|California State Library]]<br /> ##[[Archival and Investigative Materials#Court records|Court records]]<br /> ##[[Archival and Investigative Materials#Interviews|Interviews]]<br /> #[[Timelines]]<br /> ##[[Timelines#Life Events|Life Events]] <br /> ##[[Timelines#Passage of Constitutional Clauses|Passage of Constitutional Clauses]] <br /> ##[[Timelines#Public Defender Campaign|Public Defender Campaign]]<br /> #[[Women’s History]]<br /> ##[[Women’s History#Legal Status of Women in Nineteenth Century|Legal Status of Women in the Nineteenth Century]]<br /> ##[[Women’s History#“Feminism” and Women’s Rights: Nomenclature|&quot;Feminism&quot; and Women’s Rights: Nomenclature]]<br /> ##[[Women’s History#Women’s Biographies|Women’s Biographies]]<br /> ###[[Women’s History#National Suffrage Movement Biographies|National Suffrage Movement Biographies]]<br /> #[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies]]<br /> ##[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Women Lawyers History|Women Lawyers History]]<br /> ###[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#General Works|General Works]]<br /> ###[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Comparison of Women Lawyers in Europe and the United States|Comparison of Women Lawyers in Europe and the United States]]<br /> ###[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Women Criminal Defense Lawyers|Women Criminal Defense Lawyers]]<br /> ###[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#The 1920s and 1930s in Boston, D.C., and Chicago|The 1920s and 1930s in Boston, D.C., and Chicago]]<br /> ###[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Women and the Bar|Women and the Bar]]<br /> ##[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Women Lawyers and the Women's Rights Movement|Women Lawyers and the Women's Rights Movement]]<br /> ###[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Excerpt from Feminist Lawyers|Excerpt from Feminist Lawyers]]<br /> ##[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Individual Women's Biographies|Individual Women's Biographies]]<br /> ###[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Myra Bradwell|Myra Bradwell]]<br /> ###[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Lavinia Goodell|Lavinia Goodell]]<br /> ###[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Mary Greene|Mary Greene]]<br /> ###[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Belva Lockwood|Belva Lockwood]]<br /> ###[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Arabella (Belle) Mansfield|Arabella (Belle) Mansfield]]<br /> ###[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Marilla Ricker|Marilla Ricker]]<br /> ###[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Lelia Robinson|Lelia Robinson]]<br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; Chapter One &lt;/font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> #[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa]]<br /> ##[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Parents|Parents]]<br /> ###[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Quotes from Funeral of Elias W. Shortridge|Quotes from Funeral of Elias W. Shortridge]]<br /> ##[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Siblings: Milton and John|Siblings]]<br /> ##[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Charles Morris Shortridge|Charles Morris Shortridge]]<br /> ###[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#General|General]]<br /> ###[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Early Life and Career|Early Life and Career]]<br /> ###[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#The San Francisco Call|The San Francisco Call]]<br /> ###[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Marriages|Marriages]]<br /> ###[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Timeline of Charles's Life|Timeline of Charles's Life]]<br /> ###[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Ambrose Bierce's BLACK BEETLES IN AMBER|Ambrose Bierce's BLACK BEETLES IN AMBER]]<br /> ##[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Senator Samuel Morgan Shortridge (brother)|Senator Samuel Morgan Shortridge (brother)]]<br /> ###[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#General|General]]<br /> ###[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Summary of Career|Summary of Career]]<br /> ##[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Clara Foltz’s Children|Foltz’s Children]]<br /> ###[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Trella Evelyn Foltz|Trella Evelyn Foltz]]<br /> ###[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Samuel Courtland Foltz|Samuel Courtland Foltz]]<br /> ###[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#David Milton Foltz|David Milton Foltz]]<br /> ###[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Bertha May Foltz Newman|Bertha May Foltz Newman]]<br /> ###[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Virginia Foltz Catron|Virginia Foltz Catron]]<br /> ####[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Investigative Material|Investigative Material]]<br /> ####[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Newspaper Interviews of Virgina|Newspaper Interviews of Virgina]]<br /> ##[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Mt. Pleasant and Howe’s Academy|Mt. Pleasant and Howe’s Academy]]<br /> #[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies]]<br /> ##[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Lillie Devereux Blake|Lillie Devereux Blake]]<br /> ###[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Early Life and W.L.H. Barnes|Early Life and W.L.H. Barnes]]<br /> ###[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Marriages and Early Writings|Marriages and Early Writings]]<br /> ###[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Contributions to the Women's Movement|Contributions to the Women's Movement]]<br /> ##[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Clara Colby|Clara Colby]]<br /> ###[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Correspondence Between Colby and Foltz|Correspondence Between Colby and Foltz]]<br /> ###[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Colby and Laura Gordon|Colby and Laura Gordon]]<br /> ##[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Abigail Duniway|Abigail Duniway]]<br /> ##[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Sarah Knox Goodrich|Sarah Knox Goodrich]]<br /> ##[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Laura Gordon|Laura Gordon]]<br /> ###[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Early Life and Work With Foltz|Early Life and Work With Foltz]]<br /> ###[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Gordon's 'Greatest Case'|Gordon's 'Greatest Case']]<br /> ##[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Grove L. Johnson|Grove L. Johnson]]<br /> ###[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Rivalry With Hiram Johnson|Rivalry With Hiram Johnson]]<br /> #[[The Workingmen’s Party of California (WPC)]]<br /> ##[[The Workingmen’s Party of California (WPC)#Rise and Composition of the WPC|Rise and Composition of the WPC]]<br /> ##[[The Workingmen’s Party of California (WPC)#WPC and the Anti-Chinese Movement|WPC and the Anti-Chinese Movement ]]<br /> ##[[The Workingmen’s Party of California (WPC)#Relation with the Workingmen’s Party of the United States (WPUS)|Relation with the Workingmen’s Party of the United States (WPUS)]]<br /> #[[California Constitutional History]]<br /> ##[[California Constitutional History#Convention of 1879|Convention of 1879]]<br /> ##[[California Constitutional History#Passage of the Anti-Discrimination Clauses|Passage of the Anti-Discrimination Clauses]]<br /> ##[[California Constitutional History#Prominent Pro-Woman Delegates at the 1879 Convention|Prominent Pro-Woman Delegates at the 1879 Convention]]<br /> ###[[California Constitutional History#James J. Ayers|James J. Ayers]]<br /> ###[[California Constitutional History#Eli T. Blackmer|Eli T. Blackmer]]<br /> ###[[California Constitutional History#Charles Ringgold|Charles Ringgold]]<br /> ###[[California Constitutional History#David Terry|David Terry]]<br /> ###[[California Constitutional History#Alphonse Vacquerel|Alphonse Vacquerel]]<br /> ##[[California Constitutional History#Prominent Opponents|Prominent Opponents]]<br /> ###[[California Constitutional History#Joseph Hoge|Joseph Hoge]]<br /> ###[[California Constitutional History#Samuel Wilson|Samuel Wilson]]<br /> ###[[California Constitutional History#Thomas Bishop|Thomas Bishop]]<br /> ###[[California Constitutional History#Delos Lake|Delos Lake]]<br /> #[[The Women's Movement, Free Love and Spiritualism]]<br /> ##[[The Women's Movement, Free Love and Spiritualism#Spiritualism and Suffragists Generally|Spiritualism and Suffragists Generally]]<br /> ##[[The Women's Movement, Free Love and Spiritualism#Foltz and Spiritualism|Foltz and Spiritualism]]<br /> ##[[The Women's Movement, Free Love and Spiritualism#Addie Ballou|Addie Ballou]]<br /> ##[[The Women's Movement, Free Love and Spiritualism#Victoria Woodhull|Victoria Woodhull]]<br /> ###[[The Women's Movement, Free Love and Spiritualism#The Beecher-Tilton Scandal|The Beecher-Tilton Scandal]]<br /> #[[Women and Divorce]]<br /> ##[[Women and Divorce#General|General]]<br /> ##[[Women and Divorce#Marriage and Divorce in the West|Marriage and Divorce in the West]]<br /> ##[[Women and Divorce#National Studies|National Studies]]<br /> ##[[Women and Divorce#End of the Century|End of the Century]]<br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; Chapter Two &lt;/font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> #[[Women as Public Lecturers]] <br /> ##[[Women as Public Lecturers#Lecturing and Lyceums Generally|Lecturing and Lyceums Generally]]<br /> ###[[Women as Public Lecturers#Robert Ingersoll|Robert Ingersoll]]<br /> ##[[Women as Public Lecturers#Women Lecturers|Women Lecturers]]<br /> ###[[Women as Public Lecturers#Foltz's First Lecturing Tour|Foltz's First Lecturing Tour]]<br /> ###[[Women as Public Lecturers#Anna Dickinson|Anna Dickinson]]<br /> ###[[Women as Public Lecturers#Kate Field|Kate Field]]<br /> #[[Women and Jury Service]]<br /> ##[[Women and Jury Service#General Sources|General Sources]]<br /> ##[[Women and Jury Service#The Connection Between Women Defense Lawyers and Women Jurors|The Connection Between Women Defense Lawyers and Women Jurors]]<br /> ###[[Women and Jury Service#Women Defenders and Women Jurors|Women Defenders and Women Jurors]]<br /> ##[[Women and Jury Service#The Washington Territory Experience|The Washington Territory Experience]]<br /> ###[[Women and Jury Service#Rosencrantz v. Territory|Rosencrantz v. Territory]]<br /> ###[[Women and Jury Service#Harland v. Territory|Harland v. Territory]]<br /> ###[[Women and Jury Service#Bloomer v. Todd|Bloomer v. Todd]]<br /> #[[San Francisco Social Life and Clara Foltz's Circle]]<br /> ##[[San Francisco Social Life and Clara Foltz's Circle#General Sources|General Sources]]<br /> ###[[San Francisco Social Life and Clara Foltz's Circle#The Montgomery Block|The Montgomery Block]]<br /> ##[[San Francisco Social Life and Clara Foltz's Circle#Frona Wait, Madge Morris, Ella Cummins|Frona Wait, Madge Morris, Ella Cummins]]<br /> ###[[San Francisco Social Life and Clara Foltz's Circle#Excerpt From Frona Wait's Notes|Excerpt From Frona Wait's Notes]]<br /> ###[[San Francisco Social Life and Clara Foltz's Circle#Morris's &quot;Ode to Clara Foltz&quot;|Morris's &quot;Ode to Clara Foltz&quot;]]<br /> ###[[San Francisco Social Life and Clara Foltz's Circle#Rocking the Baby|Rocking the Baby]]<br /> ###[[San Francisco Social Life and Clara Foltz's Circle#Cummins' Exhibit|Cummins' Exhibit]]<br /> #[[San Diego in the Real Estate Boom]]<br /> ##[[San Diego in the Real Estate Boom#General Works|General Works]]<br /> ##[[San Diego in the Real Estate Boom#The Rail War|The Rail War]]<br /> ##[[San Diego in the Real Estate Boom#The Ensenada|The Ensenada]]<br /> #[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing]]<br /> ##[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#General Works|General Works]]<br /> ##[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#Biographies and Autobiographies|Biographies and Autobiographies]]<br /> ###[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#Women and Western Journalism|Women and Western Journalism]]<br /> ###[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#Lawyers and Publishing|Lawyers and Publishing]]<br /> ##[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#A Bee Sampler|A Bee Sampler]]<br /> ###[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#The Boom|The Boom]]<br /> ###[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#Outside News|Outside News]]<br /> ###[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#Local Excitement|Local Excitement]]<br /> ###[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#Regular Items|Regular Items]]<br /> ###[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#Civic Events|Civic Events]]<br /> ###[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#Society and Fashion|Society and Fashion]]<br /> ###[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#Last Days at the Bee|Last Days at the Bee]]<br /> #[[Bellamy Nationalism]]<br /> ##[[Bellamy Nationalism#General Sources|General Sources]]<br /> ##[[Bellamy Nationalism#Women and Bellamy Nationalism|Women and Bellamy Nationalism]]<br /> ###[[Bellamy Nationalism#Clara's Activism|Clara's Activism]]<br /> ##[[Bellamy Nationalism#Charlotte Perkins Gilman|Charlotte Perkins Gilman]]<br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; Chapter Three &lt;/font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> #[[Law Practice in the West]]<br /> ##[[Law Practice in the West#General Works|General works]]<br /> ##[[Law Practice in the West#Biographical Works|Biographical works]]<br /> ###[[Law Practice in the West#Oscar Shuck's Work|Oscar Shuck's Work]]<br /> ##[[Law Practice in the West#Clara Foltz’s Practice|Clara Foltz’s Practice]]<br /> ##[[Law Practice in the West#Women and Criminal Law Practice|Women and Criminal Law Practice]]<br /> ###[[Law Practice in the West#Lelia Robinson|Lelia Robinson]]<br /> ###[[Law Practice in the West#Women Defenders: The Negative Image|Women Defenders: The Negative Image]]<br /> ###[[Law Practice in the West#Women Defenders and Women Jurors|Women Defenders and Women Jurors]]<br /> ###[[Law Practice in the West#Laura Gordon and the Sproule Case|Laura Gordon and the Sproule Case]]<br /> ###[[Law Practice in the West#Why Women Became Defenders|Why Women Became Defenders]]<br /> ###[[Law Practice in the West#The Contributions of Women to Criminal Defense|The Contributions of Women to Criminal Defense]]<br /> #[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics]]<br /> ##[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics#General Sources|General Sources]]<br /> ###[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics#Coxey's Army, The Pullman Strike, and the Haymarket Tragedy|Coxey's Army, The Pullman Strike, and the Haymarket Tragedy]]<br /> ###[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics#Bellamy Nationalism and Populism|Bellamy Nationalism and Populism]]<br /> ###[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics#Women's Pre-Suffrage Participation in Politics|Women's Pre-Suffrage Participation in Politics]]<br /> ###[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics#1894 Election in California|1894 Election in California]]<br /> ##[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics#Mary Elizabeth Lease (also known as Mary Ellen)|Mary Elizabeth Lease]]<br /> ##[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics#Stephen White|Stephen White]]<br /> ##[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics#Anna Ferry Smith|Anna Ferry Smith]]<br /> #[[Foltz as Reform Lobbyist in the 1890s]] <br /> ##[[Foltz as Reform Lobbyist in the 1890s#Parole Legislation|Parole Legislation]] <br /> ##[[Foltz as Reform Lobbyist in the 1890s#Women's Rights Measures|Women's Rights Measures]] <br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; Chapter Four &lt;/font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> #[[The New Woman]]<br /> #[[Trella Toland and Her Autograph Book]] <br /> ##[[Trella Toland and Her Autograph Book#Writers and Journalists|Writers and Journalists]]<br /> ##[[Trella Toland and Her Autograph Book#Actors|Actors]]<br /> ##[[Trella Toland and Her Autograph Book#Theater People|Theater People]]<br /> ##[[Trella Toland and Her Autograph Book#Trella's Family: William Toland, Sam Shortridge, and Virginia Toland|Trella's Family: William Toland, Sam Shortridge, and Virginia Toland]]<br /> ##[[Trella Toland and Her Autograph Book#Isaac Trumbo|Isaac Trumbo]]<br /> #[[The New York Legal Scene]]<br /> ##[[The New York Legal Scene#Women’s Legal Education Society (WLES) and Law Class|Women’s Legal Education Society (WLES) and Law Class]]<br /> ##[[The New York Legal Scene#The New Corporate Practice|The New Corporate Practice]]<br /> ##[[The New York Legal Scene#Criminal Practice|Criminal practice]]<br /> #[[The Oil Boom and Foltz’s Companies]]<br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; Chapter Five &lt;/font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> #[[Murder Defendants and Equal Justice]]<br /> ##[[Murder Defendants and Equal Justice#Women as Criminal Defendants|Women as Criminal Defendants]]<br /> ###[[Murder Defendants and Equal Justice#The Death Penalty|The Death Penalty]]<br /> ###[[Murder Defendants and Equal Justice#Maria Barbella|Maria Barbella]]<br /> ###[[Murder Defendants and Equal Justice#Laura Fair|Laura Fair]]<br /> ###[[Murder Defendants and Equal Justice#Florence Maybrick|Florence Maybrick]]<br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; Chapter Six &lt;/font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> #[[Women's Rights Movement History]]<br /> ##[[Women's Rights Movement History#Legal Status of Women in Nineteenth Century|Legal Status of Women in Nineteenth Century]]<br /> ##[[Suffrage History#Seneca Falls|Seneca Falls]]<br /> ##[[Women's Rights Movement History#Historiography|Historiography]]<br /> ##[[Women's Rights Movement History#Relationship with Other Movements and Causes|Relationship to Other Movements and Causes]]<br /> ###[[Women's Rights Movement History#Suffrage and Other Women's Rights|Suffrage and Other Women's Rights]]<br /> ###[[Women's Rights Movement History#Suffrage and Black Civil Rights Movement|Suffrage and Black Civil Rights Movement]]<br /> ###[[Women's Rights Movement History#Suffrage and Temperance and Prohibition|Suffrage and Temperance and Prohibition]]<br /> #[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention]]<br /> ##[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention#General Sources|General Sources]]<br /> ##[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention#Matilda Gage, President|Matilda Gage, President]]<br /> ##[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention#Reaction to Foltz’s Remarks|Reaction to Foltz’s Remarks]]<br /> ##[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention#Other Notable Attendants|Other Notable Attendants]]<br /> ###[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention#Theosophy and Madame Blavatsky|Theosophy and Madame Blavatsky]]<br /> ###[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention#William Aldrich and Josephine Cables|William Aldrich and Josephine Cables]]<br /> ###[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention#Elliott and Emily Coues|Elliott and Emily Coues]]<br /> ###[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention#Charlotte Smith|Charlotte Smith]]<br /> #[[The World's Fair]]<br /> ##[[The World's Fair#General Works|General Works]]<br /> ##[[The World's Fair#African Americans at the Fair|African Americans at the Fair]]<br /> #[[Women at the World's Fair]]<br /> ##[[Women at the World's Fair#General Works|General Works]]<br /> ##[[Women at the World's Fair#Bertha Palmer and the Isabella Club|Bertha Palmer and the Isabella Club]]<br /> ##[[Women at the World's Fair#Clara Foltz, Laura Gordon, and Clara Colby|Clara Foltz, Laura Gordon, and Clara Colby]]<br /> ##[[Women at the World's Fair#The Women's Congresses|The Women's Congresses]]<br /> ##[[Women at the World's Fair#Participation in the Other Auxiliary Congresses|Participation in the Other Auxiliary Congresses]]<br /> #[[Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns]]<br /> ##[[Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns#New York|New York]]<br /> ###[[Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns#General Description|General Description]]<br /> ###[[Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns#New York Constitutional Convention|New York Constitutional Convention]]<br /> ####[[Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns#Explaining Choate's Change in Position|Explaining Choate's Change in Position]]<br /> ####[[Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns#Interview with Stanleyetta Titus on Winning the Vote at the Convention|Interview with Stanleyetta Titus on Winning the Vote at the Convention]]<br /> ##[[Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns#California|California]]<br /> ###[[Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns#General Description|General Description]]<br /> ###[[Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns#Foltz and Other Women Suffragists|Foltz and Other Women Suffragists]]<br /> #[[Victory in California -- 1911]]<br /> ##[[Victory in California -- 1911#The California Suffrage Campaign Generally|The California Suffrage Campaign Generally]]<br /> ##[[Victory in California -- 1911#The 1911 Campaign|The 1911 Campaign]]<br /> ##[[Victory in California -- 1911#Coffin and Edson|Coffin and Edson]]<br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; Chapter Seven &lt;/font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> #[[Progressivism, Suffrage, and Public Defense]]<br /> ##[[Progressivism, Suffrage, and Public Defense#General Works on Progressivism|General Works on Progressivism]]<br /> ##[[Progressivism, Suffrage, and Public Defense#California Progressives|California Progressives]]<br /> ##[[Progressivism, Suffrage, and Public Defense#Progressivism and Suffrage|Progressivism and Suffrage]]<br /> ###[[Progressivism, Suffrage, and Public Defense#Suffrage and Public Defense|Suffrage and Public Defense]]<br /> #[[The Early History of Public Defense]]<br /> ##[[The Early History of Public Defense#General Works on Public Defense|General Works on Public Defense]]<br /> ##[[The Early History of Public Defense#Relation of Legal Societies to Public Defense|Relation of Legal Societies to Public Defense]]<br /> #[[Foltz the Founder of Public Defense]]<br /> #[[Foltz's Arguments for Public Defense]]<br /> ##[[Foltz's Arguments for Public Defense#Prosecutorial Misconduct|Prosecutorial Misconduct]]<br /> ###[[Foltz's Arguments for Public Defense#People v. Wells|People v. Wells]]<br /> ##[[Foltz's Arguments for Public Defense#The Presumption of Innocence|The Presumption of Innocence]]<br /> ##[[Foltz's Arguments for Public Defense#Burdening the Right|Burdening the Right]]<br /> ###[[Foltz's Arguments for Public Defense#Aaron Burr. Greene v. Briggs|Aaron Burr. Greene v. Briggs]]<br /> ###[[Foltz's Arguments for Public Defense#United States v. Burr|United States v. Burr]]<br /> ###[[Foltz's Arguments for Public Defense#Carpenter v. County of Dane|Carpenter v. County of Dane]]<br /> ##[[Foltz's Arguments for Public Defense#Woman Suffrage and Public Defense|Woman Suffrage and Public Defense]]<br /> #[[The Right to Counsel and the Appointed Counsel System]]<br /> #[[New York Politics and Foltz’s Public Defender Bill]]<br /> ##[[New York Politics and Foltz’s Public Defender Bill#Tammany Hall|Tammany Hall]]<br /> ##[[New York Politics and Foltz’s Public Defender Bill#Thomas Grady|Thomas Grady]]<br /> ##[[New York Politics and Foltz’s Public Defender Bill#Late Nineteenth Century New York Politics|Late Nineteenth Century New York Politics]]<br /> ##[[New York Politics and Foltz’s Public Defender Bill#Thomas C. Platt and the 1897 Mayoral Election|Thomas C. Platt and the 1897 Mayoral Election]]<br /> ##[[New York Politics and Foltz’s Public Defender Bill#Women in the Anti-Tammany Efforts|Women in the Anti-Tammany Efforts]]<br /> ##[[New York Politics and Foltz’s Public Defender Bill#Biographical Works|Biographical Works]]<br /> #[[Comparison of Public Defender Statutes]]<br /> ##[[Comparison of Public Defender Statutes#1885 Statute|1885 Statute]]<br /> ##[[Comparison of Public Defender Statutes#1897 Statute|1897 Statute]]<br /> ###[[Comparison of Public Defender Statutes#Text of the 1897 Statute|Text of the 1897 Statute]]<br /> ###[[Comparison of Public Defender Statutes#Comparison to Public Defender Statutes Actually Enacted|Comparison to Public Defender Statutes Actually Enacted]]<br /> ###[[Comparison of Public Defender Statutes#Foltz's Bill Introduced in Multiple States|Foltz's Bill Introduced in Multiple States]]<br /> ##[[Comparison of Public Defender Statutes#The 1912 Los Angeles Charter Provision and the 1921 California Statute|The 1912 Los Angeles Charter Provision and the 1921 Statute]]<br /> ###[[Comparison of Public Defender Statutes#Wisconsin Statute Tracks the California Statute|Wisconsin Statute Tracks the California Statute]]<br /> #[[Comparison of Progressive Defender with Foltzian Model]]<br /> ##[[Comparison of Progressive Defender with Foltzian Model#Progressivism and Public Defense|Progressivism and Public Defense]]<br /> ##[[Comparison of Progressive Defender with Foltzian Model#The Progressive and the Foltzian Defenders|The Progressive and the Foltzian Defenders]]<br /> ###[[Comparison of Progressive Defender with Foltzian Model#Example of Progressive-Type Representation|Example of Progressive-Type Representation]]<br /> ###[[Comparison of Progressive Defender with Foltzian Model#The Foltzian Model|The Foltzian Model]]<br /> ##[[Comparison of Progressive Defender with Foltzian Model#Cost of the Public Defender|Cost of the Public Defender]]<br /> ##[[Comparison of Progressive Defender with Foltzian Model#Competing Visions in New York: Mayer Goldman’s Public Defender and the Legal Aid Societies|Competing Visions in New York: Mayer Goldman’s Public Defender and the Legal Aid Societies]]<br /> ##[[Comparison of Progressive Defender with Foltzian Model#History of the Legal Aid Society|History of the Legal Aid Society]]<br /> ###[[Comparison of Progressive Defender with Foltzian Model#The Voluntary Defenders|The Voluntary Defenders]]<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> <br /> ------------------------------------------------------------------------<br /> <br /> [http://wlh.law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/woman_lawyer-index.pdf Index to Woman Lawyer: The Trials of Clara Foltz]<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Bibliographic Notes and Supplementary Text]]</div>

Babcock https://wlh-wiki.law.stanford.edu/index.php/Women%27s_Rights_Movement_History 2011-03-21T16:21:06Z

<p>Babcock:&#32;Created page with '==Legal Status of Women in Nineteenth Century== ===Citizenship=== ---- Historian Linda Kerber examines the meaning of citizenship in light of women’s exclusion from obligat…'</p> <hr /> <div>==Legal Status of Women in Nineteenth Century==<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Citizenship===<br /> ----<br /> <br /> Historian Linda Kerber examines the meaning of citizenship in light of women’s exclusion from obligations of citizenship, such as jury duty and military service. LINDA KERBER, NO CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHT TO BE LADIES: WOMEN AND THE OBLIGATIONS OF CITIZENSHIP (1998). In their respective writings, political scientists Judith Shklar and Gretchen Ritter focus on questions of citizenship, arguing that feminists’ struggle for legal rights has always been part of a broader quest for civic inclusion. JUDITH SHKLAR, IN AMERICAN CITIZENSHIP: THE QUEST FOR INCLUSION (1991); GRETCHEN RITTER, THE CONSTITUTION AS SOCIAL DESIGN: GENDER AND CIVIC MEMBERSHIP IN THE AMERICAN CONSTITUTIONAL ORDER (2006. Legal relations and gendered discourses of citizenship across U.S. history are discussed in Rogers Smith, ''One United People: Second-Class Female Citizenship and the American Quest for Community'', 1 YALE J.L. &amp; HUMAN. 229 (1989); Nancy Cott, ''Marriage and Women’s Citizenship in the United States, 1830-1934'', 103 AM. HIST. REV. 1440 (1998); Linda Kerber, ''The Paradox of Women’s Citizenship in the Early Republic: The Case of Martin v. Massachusetts,'' 97 AM. HIST. REV. 349 (1992); Linda Kerber, ''The Meanings of Citizenship'', 84 J. AM. HIST. 833 (1997. For scholarly writings focusing on women’s contested claims to citizenship in the charged political climate of the post-Civil War era, see LAURA EDWARDS, GENDERED STRIFE AND CONFUSION: THE POLITICAL CULTURE OF RECONSTRUCTION (1997) and Norma Basch, ''Reconstructing Female Citizenship'', ''in'' THE CONSTITUTION, LAW, AND AMERICAN LIFE (Donald Nieman ed., 1994). <br /> <br /> ===Married Women===<br /> ----<br /> <br /> The study of women and the law in the nineteenth century has focused extensively on the evolving rights of married women. Norma Basch discusses the tensions between republican ideology and the notion of marital unity embodied in the doctrine of coverture, and the influence of feminist movements in the gradual erosion of coverture through married women’s property laws in the mid-nineteenth century. NORMA BASCH, IN THE EYES OF THE LAW: WOMEN, MARRIAGE, AND PROPERTY IN NINETEENTH-CENTURY NEW YORK (1982). Basch has also studied the changing law of divorce and its impact on women. NORMA BASCH, FRAMING AMERICAN DIVORCE: FROM THE REVOLUTIONARY GENERATION TO THE VICTORIANS (2001); Norma Basch, ''Invisible Women: The Legal Fiction of Marital Unity in Nineteenth-Century America'', 5 FEMINIST STUD. 346 (1979); Norma Basch, ''Relief in the Premises: Divorce as a Woman's Remedy in New York and Indiana'', 1815-1870, 8 LAW &amp; HIST. REV. 1 (1990); Norma Basch, ''The Emerging Legal History of Women in the United States: Property, Divorce, and the Constitution'', 12 SIGNS 97 (1986). See Note to Chapter One-- Women and Divorce. <br /> <br /> For summaries of nineteenth-century women’s legal status within marriage and the family, see MICHAEL GROSSBERG, GOVERNING THE HEARTH: LAW AND FAMILY IN NINETEENTH CENTURY AMERICA (1985); ELIZABETH BOWLES WARBASSE, THE CHANGING LEGAL RIGHTS OF MARRIED WOMEN, 1800-1861 (1987); PEGGY RABKIN, FATHERS TO DAUGHTERS: THE LEGAL FOUNDATIONS OF FEMALE EMANCIPATION (1980); Reva Siegel, ''Home As Work: The First Woman’s Rights Claims Concerning Wives’ Household Labor, 1850-1880'', 103 YALE L.J. 1073 (1994); Reva Siegel, ''The Modernization of Marital Status Law: Adjudicating Wives' Rights to Earnings'', 1860-1930, 82 GEO. L.J. 2127 (1995); Carole Shammas, ''Reassessing the Married Women’s Property Acts'', 6 J. WOMEN’S HIST. 9 (1994). Ariela Dubler explores the historical impact of the normative framework of marriage on single women. Ariela Dubler, ''In the Shadow of Marriage: Single Women and the Legal Construction of the Family and the State,'' 112 YALE L.J. 1641 (2003).</div>

Babcock https://wlh-wiki.law.stanford.edu/index.php/Women%E2%80%99s_History 2011-03-21T16:16:01Z

<p>Babcock:&#32;/* Women’s Biographies */</p> <hr /> <div> <br /> ==Legal Status of Women in Nineteenth Century== <br /> <br /> For a discussion of important scholarship on the changing rights of women as citizens, and <br /> as marriage partners, see CHAPTER SIX NOTE: WOMEN'S RIGHTS MOVEMENT HISTORY. <br /> <br /> As WOMAN LAWYER went to press, Christine Stansell published THE FEMINIST PROMISE 1792 TO THE PRESENT (2010) which has a sweeping, engaging and authoritative overview of the historical condition of women, especially in the United States and of the individuals and movements that sought to change it. Women’s quest for full citizenship—to be voters, serve on juries, enter the professions—has been of increasing interest to scholars in recent years. Feminists have challenged the use of legal discourses to maintain gendered social hierarchies and discrimination in all areas of life. ''See, e.g.'', SANDRA VAN BURKLEO, BELONGING TO THE WORLD: WOMEN'S RIGHTS AND AMERICAN CONSTITUTIONAL CULTURE (2001) (a comprehensive treatment of women’s changing legal status and legal feminist movements from the colonial period to the modern day); DEBORAH RHODE, JUSTICE AND GENDER: SEX DISCRIMINATION AND THE LAW (1989) (discussing the historical background to modern sex discrimination); JOAN HOFF, LAW, GENDER AND INJUSTICE: A LEGAL HISTORY OF U.S. WOMEN (1991) (covering over two hundred years of women’s legal history through the lens of radical feminism). <br /> <br /> <br /> ==“Feminism” and Women’s Rights: Nomenclature==<br /> <br /> Early in the twentieth century, Charlotte Perkins Gilman wrote that “Feminism is a term applied to what was previously known as ‘The Woman’s Movement,’ and still earlier as ‘Women’s Rights.’” CHARLOTTE PERKINS GILMAN, A NON-FICTION READER 183 (Larry Ceplair ed., 1991). For more on Gilman, see On-Line Bibliographic Note: Bellamy Nationalism. Present day scholars have disputed whether the word “feminist” can be used to describe women’s rights movements before the twentieth century. See generally Karen Offen, ''Defining Feminism: A Comparative Historical Approach'', 14 SIGNS: J. OF WOMEN IN CULTURE AND SOC’Y 119 (1988). Nancy Cott has called on historians to coin “additional new terms in women’s political and intellectual history” to refer to early women’s rights movements prior to the twentieth century and preserve the distinctiveness and historical complexity of the word “feminism.” Nancy F. Cott, ''Comment on Karen Offen’s “Defining Feminism: A Comparative Historical Approach'', 15 SIGNS 203 (1989); ''see also'', Ellen Carol DuBois, 15 SIGNS 203 (1989) (also commenting on Offen). On the popularization of the word “feminism” in the US, see NANCY F. COTT, THE GROUNDING OF MODERN FEMINISM 11-50 (1987).<br /> <br /> <br /> In the context of women’s legal history, Mary Jane Mossman raises the question of whether early women lawyers can accurately be described as feminists. MARY JANE MOSSMAN, THE FIRST WOMEN LAWYERS: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF GENDER, LAW AND THE LEGAL PROFESSIONS 287-89 (2006). Clara Foltz was very much a practicing feminist — putting woman’s concerns at the center of her work and thought— but I have not found examples of her using the word. So I have largely avoided “feminism” in describing her thought as she was expressing it in the nineteenth century. Using the terms “women’s rights” before 1900, “feminism” afterwards is the practice noted by Christine Stansell in THE FEMINIST PROMISE, 1792 TO THE PRESENT (2010), at p. xiv. <br /> <br /> <br /> While she may not have used the word “feminist” Foltz did refer repeatedly to woman’s “sphere” and its limitations in her speeches and writing. See NANCY COTT, THE BONDS OF WOMANHOOD: “WOMAN'S SPHERE” IN NEW ENGLAND, 1780-1835, at 197-206 (2d ed. 1977) (describing how separate spheres ideology could be used by women to serve their own purposes); DUBOIS, FEMINISM AND SUFFRAGE: THE EMERGENCE OF AN INDEPENDENT WOMAN’S MOVEMENT IN AMERICA, 1848-1869, at 1-40 (1978) (describing separate spheres ideology as a historical phenomenon that shaped women's rights activism and the cultural conditions from which it grew); Linda K. Kerber, Separate Spheres, Female Worlds, Woman's Place: The Rhetoric of Women's History, in TOWARD AN INTELLECTUAL HISTORY OF WOMEN 159, 171 (1997) (explaining that separate spheres constituted at once a culture imposed on and created by women and defending its intellectual usefulness). Rosalind Rosenberg tells how early women academics opposed the idea that women’s difference from men should limit their opportunities. ROSALIND ROSENBERG, BEYOND SEPARATE SPHERES: INTELLECTUAL ROOTS OF MODERN FEMINISM (1982).<br /> <br /> <br /> Another kind of nomenclature issue has to do with the use of possessives and plurals (e.g. woman’s movement, women’s movement, woman movement, women’s rights movement, etc.). The same type of issue arises with the Woman Lawyer’s Bill and the word used to precede “suffrage.” Foltz seems most often to have used the singular and the possessive for both, so I will largely follow her example.<br /> <br /> ==Women’s Biographies==<br /> <br /> Feminism has revolutionized the genre of biography by bringing women into the forefront of history and highlighting gender as a central dimension of life experience. In a penetrating essay, Alice Kessler-Harris discusses the traditional historian’s view of biography as too limited and tied to the needs of narrative. She urges that an “individual life might help us to see not only into particular events but into the larger cultural and social and even political processes of a moment in time.” Kessler-Harris, ''Why Biography?'', AM. HIST. REV. 625, 626 (2009). An outstanding example of feminist biography writing is ESTELLE B. FREEDMAN, MATERNAL JUSTICE: MIRIAM VAN WATERS AND THE FEMALE REFORM TRADITION (1996). Van Waters was in Los Angeles in the early part of her career as a prison reformer and could have overlapped with Foltz in her concerns for juvenile justice. But she was in the mode of the college educated Progressive reformer, among whom Foltz had some friends and allies, but whose concerns were more for social than legal reform. Another important work of feminist biography is KATHRYN KISH SKLAR, FLORENCE KELLEY AND THE NATION'S WORK: THE RISE OF WOMEN'S POLITICAL CULTURE, 1830-1900 (1995). Though Kelley was a lawyer, this work does not cover the part of her life in which she practiced; a second volume is projected. <br /> <br /> At the same time feminist biographers have enlivened and enriched the field, they have faced issues about the relationship between subject and author and the role of subjectivity in biographical writing. These have been fruitfully explored by some of the most prominent of the field’s practitioners. In THE CHALLENGE OF FEMINIST BIOGRAPHY: WRITING THE LIVES OF MODERN AMERICAN WOMEN (Sara Alpern, Joyce Antler, Elisabeth Israels Perry &amp; Ingrid Winther Scobie eds., 1992) noted women biographers discuss how they negotiated methodological challenges in their craft—using sparse historical records, choosing subjects carefully, and keeping appropriate emotional distance. CAROLYN G. HEILBRUN, WRITING A WOMAN’S LIFE (1989) is a classic work on the suppression of women’s lives and experiences within the traditionally male-dominated genre of biography. Bell Gale Chevigny writes about the “feminist fallacy” that may result from too much projection of our own “actual, latent, or ideal experience onto the subject.” <br /> <br /> The essays in BETWEEN WOMEN: BIOGRAPHERS, NOVELISTS, CRITICS, TEACHERS AND ARTISTS WRITE ABOUT THEIR WORK ON WOMEN, 375-76 (Carol Ascher, Louise DeSalvo &amp; Sara Ruddick eds., 1984) are very illuminating; ''see also'' Phyllis Rose, ''Introduction'', ''in'' THE NORTON BOOK OF WOMEN’S LIVES (Phyllis Rose ed. 1993); LINDA WAGNER MARTIN, TELLING WOMEN’S LIVES: THE NEW BIOGRAPHY (1994); Nell Irvin Painter, ''Writing Biographies of Women'', 2 J. WOMEN'S HIST. (1997); Diane Wood Middlebrook, ''Postmodernism and the Biographer'', ''in'' REVEALING LIVES: AUTOBIOGRAPHY, BIOGRAPHY, AND GENDER (Susan G. Bell &amp; Marilyn Yalom eds., 1990); Joyce Antler, ''Was She a Good Mother? Some Thoughts on a New Issue for Feminist Biography'', ''in'' WOMEN AND THE STRUCTURE OF SOCIETY, 53, 65 (Barbara J. Harris &amp; JoAnn K. McNamara eds., 1984); Jacqueline Dowd Hall, ''Second Thoughts: On Writing a Feminist Biography'', 13 FEMINIST STUD. 19 (1987); Elizabeth Kamarck Minnich, ''Friendship Between Women: The Act of Feminist Biography'', 11 FEMINIST STUD. 287 (1985) (on the “relationship between women writers and the women they study”); Kathleen Barry, ''The New Historical Syntheses: Women’s Biography'', 1 J. WOMEN’S HIST. 75 (1990). In the postscript to her biography of Susan B. Anthony in SUSAN B. ANTHONY: BIOGRAPHY OF A SINGULAR FEMINIST (1988), Barry writes of the revolutionary possibilities of women’s biography, “which can challenge the very structure and categories of the history men have jealously guarded as their own.” <br /> <br /> ===National Suffrage Movement Biographies===<br /> ----<br /> <br /> There is a vast biographical literature on the major figures in the national suffrage movement, especially Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton. On Anthony, the works I found most usefule were JUDITH E. HARPER, SUSAN B. ANTHONY: A BIOGRAPHICAL COMPANION (1998); LYNN SHERR, FAILURE IS IMPOSSIBLE: SUSAN B. ANTHONY IN HER OWN WORDS (1995); ALMA LUTZ, SUSAN B. ANTHONY: REBEL, CRUSADER, HUMANITARIAN (1959); IRIS NOBLE, SUSAN B. ANTHONY (J. Messner ed., 1975); KATHARINE ANTHONY, SUSAN B. ANTHONY: HER PERSONAL HISTORY AND HER ERA (1954); G. THOMAS EDWARDS, SOWING GOOD SEEDS: THE NORTHWEST SUFFRAGE CAMPAIGNS OF SUSAN B. ANTHONY (1990); GEOFFREY WARD, NOT FOR OURSELVES ALONE: THE STORY OF ELIZABETH CADY STANTON AND SUSAN B ANTHONY (1999).<br /> <br /> Stanton's thought and personality continue to draw scholarly attention in the twenty-first century. LORI D. GINZBURG, ELIZABETH CADY STANTON: AN AMERICAN LIFE (2009)is an example.SUE DAVIS, THE POLITICAL THOUGHT OF ELIZABETH CADY STANTON: WOMEN’S RIGHTS AND THE AMERICAN POLITICAL TRADITIONS (2008)is an especially useful work for understanding Stanton's contributions as a &quot;thinker.&quot; Davis makes a compelling case for Stanton as an important 19th century public intellectual, and places Stanton's work in a framework of multiple and sometimes conficting traditions, including natural rights liberalism republicanism and &quot;ascriptive&quot; traditions (ascribing superior traits and rights to people on the basis of sex, race, etc.) <br /> <br /> Other biographies of Stanton which I used are: ALMA LUTZ, CREATED EQUAL: A BIOGRAPHY OF ELIZABETH CADY STANTON (1940); ELISABETH GRIFFITH, IN HER OWN RIGHT: THE LIFE OF ELIZABETH CADY STANTON (1984); ); KATHI KERN, MRS. STANTON'S BIBLE (2001); MARY ANN B. OAKLEY, ELIZABETH CADY STANTON (1972); LOIS BANNER, ELIZABETH CADY STANTON: A RADICAL FOR WOMAN’S RIGHTS (1980); VIVIAN GORNICK, THE SOLITUDE OF SELF: THINKING ABOUT ELIZABETH CADY STANTON (2005). Finally, JEAN BAKER, SISTERS: THE LIVES OF AMERICA'S SUFFRAGISTS (2005), is an outstanding collective biography of Lucy Stone, Susan B Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Francis Willard, and Alice Paul.</div>

Babcock https://wlh-wiki.law.stanford.edu/index.php/Women%E2%80%99s_History 2011-03-21T15:59:39Z

<p>Babcock:&#32;</p> <hr /> <div> <br /> ==Legal Status of Women in Nineteenth Century== <br /> <br /> For a discussion of important scholarship on the changing rights of women as citizens, and <br /> as marriage partners, see CHAPTER SIX NOTE: WOMEN'S RIGHTS MOVEMENT HISTORY. <br /> <br /> As WOMAN LAWYER went to press, Christine Stansell published THE FEMINIST PROMISE 1792 TO THE PRESENT (2010) which has a sweeping, engaging and authoritative overview of the historical condition of women, especially in the United States and of the individuals and movements that sought to change it. Women’s quest for full citizenship—to be voters, serve on juries, enter the professions—has been of increasing interest to scholars in recent years. Feminists have challenged the use of legal discourses to maintain gendered social hierarchies and discrimination in all areas of life. ''See, e.g.'', SANDRA VAN BURKLEO, BELONGING TO THE WORLD: WOMEN'S RIGHTS AND AMERICAN CONSTITUTIONAL CULTURE (2001) (a comprehensive treatment of women’s changing legal status and legal feminist movements from the colonial period to the modern day); DEBORAH RHODE, JUSTICE AND GENDER: SEX DISCRIMINATION AND THE LAW (1989) (discussing the historical background to modern sex discrimination); JOAN HOFF, LAW, GENDER AND INJUSTICE: A LEGAL HISTORY OF U.S. WOMEN (1991) (covering over two hundred years of women’s legal history through the lens of radical feminism). <br /> <br /> <br /> ==“Feminism” and Women’s Rights: Nomenclature==<br /> <br /> Early in the twentieth century, Charlotte Perkins Gilman wrote that “Feminism is a term applied to what was previously known as ‘The Woman’s Movement,’ and still earlier as ‘Women’s Rights.’” CHARLOTTE PERKINS GILMAN, A NON-FICTION READER 183 (Larry Ceplair ed., 1991). For more on Gilman, see On-Line Bibliographic Note: Bellamy Nationalism. Present day scholars have disputed whether the word “feminist” can be used to describe women’s rights movements before the twentieth century. See generally Karen Offen, ''Defining Feminism: A Comparative Historical Approach'', 14 SIGNS: J. OF WOMEN IN CULTURE AND SOC’Y 119 (1988). Nancy Cott has called on historians to coin “additional new terms in women’s political and intellectual history” to refer to early women’s rights movements prior to the twentieth century and preserve the distinctiveness and historical complexity of the word “feminism.” Nancy F. Cott, ''Comment on Karen Offen’s “Defining Feminism: A Comparative Historical Approach'', 15 SIGNS 203 (1989); ''see also'', Ellen Carol DuBois, 15 SIGNS 203 (1989) (also commenting on Offen). On the popularization of the word “feminism” in the US, see NANCY F. COTT, THE GROUNDING OF MODERN FEMINISM 11-50 (1987).<br /> <br /> <br /> In the context of women’s legal history, Mary Jane Mossman raises the question of whether early women lawyers can accurately be described as feminists. MARY JANE MOSSMAN, THE FIRST WOMEN LAWYERS: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF GENDER, LAW AND THE LEGAL PROFESSIONS 287-89 (2006). Clara Foltz was very much a practicing feminist — putting woman’s concerns at the center of her work and thought— but I have not found examples of her using the word. So I have largely avoided “feminism” in describing her thought as she was expressing it in the nineteenth century. Using the terms “women’s rights” before 1900, “feminism” afterwards is the practice noted by Christine Stansell in THE FEMINIST PROMISE, 1792 TO THE PRESENT (2010), at p. xiv. <br /> <br /> <br /> While she may not have used the word “feminist” Foltz did refer repeatedly to woman’s “sphere” and its limitations in her speeches and writing. See NANCY COTT, THE BONDS OF WOMANHOOD: “WOMAN'S SPHERE” IN NEW ENGLAND, 1780-1835, at 197-206 (2d ed. 1977) (describing how separate spheres ideology could be used by women to serve their own purposes); DUBOIS, FEMINISM AND SUFFRAGE: THE EMERGENCE OF AN INDEPENDENT WOMAN’S MOVEMENT IN AMERICA, 1848-1869, at 1-40 (1978) (describing separate spheres ideology as a historical phenomenon that shaped women's rights activism and the cultural conditions from which it grew); Linda K. Kerber, Separate Spheres, Female Worlds, Woman's Place: The Rhetoric of Women's History, in TOWARD AN INTELLECTUAL HISTORY OF WOMEN 159, 171 (1997) (explaining that separate spheres constituted at once a culture imposed on and created by women and defending its intellectual usefulness). Rosalind Rosenberg tells how early women academics opposed the idea that women’s difference from men should limit their opportunities. ROSALIND ROSENBERG, BEYOND SEPARATE SPHERES: INTELLECTUAL ROOTS OF MODERN FEMINISM (1982).<br /> <br /> <br /> Another kind of nomenclature issue has to do with the use of possessives and plurals (e.g. woman’s movement, women’s movement, woman movement, women’s rights movement, etc.). The same type of issue arises with the Woman Lawyer’s Bill and the word used to precede “suffrage.” Foltz seems most often to have used the singular and the possessive for both, so I will largely follow her example.<br /> <br /> ==Women’s Biographies==<br /> <br /> Feminism has revolutionized the genre of biography by bringing women into the forefront of history and highlighting gender as a central dimension of life experience. In a penetrating essay, Alice Kessler-Harris discusses the traditional historian’s view of biography as too limited and tied to the needs of narrative. She urges that an “individual life might help us to see not only into particular events but into the larger cultural and social and even political processes of a moment in time.” Kessler-Harris, ''Why Biography?'', AM. HIST. REV. 625, 626 (2009). An outstanding example of feminist biography writing is ESTELLE B. FREEDMAN, MATERNAL JUSTICE: MIRIAM VAN WATERS AND THE FEMALE REFORM TRADITION (1996). Van Waters was in Los Angeles in the early part of her career as a prison reformer and could have overlapped with Foltz in her concerns for juvenile justice. But she was in the mode of the college educated Progressive reformer, among whom Foltz had some friends and allies, but whose concerns were more for social than legal reform. Another important work of feminist biography is KATHRYN KISH SKLAR, FLORENCE KELLEY AND THE NATION'S WORK: THE RISE OF WOMEN'S POLITICAL CULTURE, 1830-1900 (1995). Though Kelley was a lawyer, this work does not cover the part of her life in which she practiced; a second volume is projected. <br /> <br /> At the same time feminist biographers have enlivened and enriched the field, they have faced issues about the relationship between subject and author and the role of subjectivity in biographical writing. These have been fruitfully explored by some of the most prominent of the field’s practitioners. In THE CHALLENGE OF FEMINIST BIOGRAPHY: WRITING THE LIVES OF MODERN AMERICAN WOMEN (Sara Alpern, Joyce Antler, Elisabeth Israels Perry &amp; Ingrid Winther Scobie eds., 1992) noted women biographers discuss how they negotiated methodological challenges in their craft—using sparse historical records, choosing subjects carefully, and keeping appropriate emotional distance. CAROLYN G. HEILBRUN, WRITING A WOMAN’S LIFE (1989) is a classic work on the suppression of women’s lives and experiences within the traditionally male-dominated genre of biography. Bell Gale Chevigny writes about the “feminist fallacy” that may result from too much projection of our own “actual, latent, or ideal experience onto the subject.” <br /> <br /> The essays in BETWEEN WOMEN: BIOGRAPHERS, NOVELISTS, CRITICS, TEACHERS AND ARTISTS WRITE ABOUT THEIR WORK ON WOMEN, 375-76 (Carol Ascher, Louise DeSalvo &amp; Sara Ruddick eds., 1984) are very illuminating; ''see also'' Phyllis Rose, ''Introduction'', ''in'' THE NORTON BOOK OF WOMEN’S LIVES (Phyllis Rose ed. 1993); LINDA WAGNER MARTIN, TELLING WOMEN’S LIVES: THE NEW BIOGRAPHY (1994); Nell Irvin Painter, ''Writing Biographies of Women'', 2 J. WOMEN'S HIST. (1997); Diane Wood Middlebrook, ''Postmodernism and the Biographer'', ''in'' REVEALING LIVES: AUTOBIOGRAPHY, BIOGRAPHY, AND GENDER (Susan G. Bell &amp; Marilyn Yalom eds., 1990); Joyce Antler, ''Was She a Good Mother? Some Thoughts on a New Issue for Feminist Biography'', ''in'' WOMEN AND THE STRUCTURE OF SOCIETY, 53, 65 (Barbara J. Harris &amp; JoAnn K. McNamara eds., 1984); Jacqueline Dowd Hall, ''Second Thoughts: On Writing a Feminist Biography'', 13 FEMINIST STUD. 19 (1987); Elizabeth Kamarck Minnich, ''Friendship Between Women: The Act of Feminist Biography'', 11 FEMINIST STUD. 287 (1985) (on the “relationship between women writers and the women they study”); Kathleen Barry, ''The New Historical Syntheses: Women’s Biography'', 1 J. WOMEN’S HIST. 75 (1990). In the postscript to her biography of Susan B. Anthony in SUSAN B. ANTHONY: BIOGRAPHY OF A SINGULAR FEMINIST (1988), Barry writes of the revolutionary possibilities of women’s biography, “which can challenge the very structure and categories of the history men have jealously guarded as their own.” <br /> <br /> ===National Suffrage Movement Biographies===<br /> ----<br /> <br /> There is a vast biographical literature on the major figures in the national suffrage movement, especially Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton. On Anthony, see JUDITH E. HARPER, SUSAN B. ANTHONY: A BIOGRAPHICAL COMPANION (1998); LYNN SHERR, FAILURE IS IMPOSSIBLE: SUSAN B. ANTHONY IN HER OWN WORDS (1995); ALMA LUTZ, SUSAN B. ANTHONY: REBEL, CRUSADER, HUMANITARIAN (1959); IRIS NOBLE, SUSAN B. ANTHONY (J. Messner ed., 1975); KATHARINE ANTHONY, SUSAN B. ANTHONY: HER PERSONAL HISTORY AND HER ERA (1954); G. THOMAS EDWARDS, SOWING GOOD SEEDS: THE NORTHWEST SUFFRAGE CAMPAIGNS OF SUSAN B. ANTHONY (1990); GEOFFREY WARD, NOT FOR OURSELVES ALONE: THE STORY OF ELIZABETH CADY STANTON AND SUSAN B ANTHONY (1999).<br /> <br /> Most recent is a short biography of Stanton, in which her thought and personality are in the forefront. LORI D. GINZBURG, ELIZABETH CADY STANTON: AN AMERICAN LIFE (2009). I used other biographies of Stanton, including: ALMA LUTZ, CREATED EQUAL: A BIOGRAPHY OF ELIZABETH CADY STANTON (1940); ELISABETH GRIFFITH, IN HER OWN RIGHT: THE LIFE OF ELIZABETH CADY STANTON (1984); SUE DAVIS, THE POLITICAL THOUGHT OF ELIZABETH CADY STANTON: WOMEN’S RIGHTS AND THE AMERICAN POLITICAL TRADITIONS (2008); KATHI KERN, MRS. STANTON'S BIBLE (2001); MARY ANN B. OAKLEY, ELIZABETH CADY STANTON (1972); LOIS BANNER, ELIZABETH CADY STANTON: A RADICAL FOR WOMAN’S RIGHTS (1980); VIVIAN GORNICK, THE SOLITUDE OF SELF: THINKING ABOUT ELIZABETH CADY STANTON (2005). Finally, JEAN BAKER, SISTERS: THE LIVES OF AMERICA'S SUFFRAGISTS (2005), is an outstanding collective biography of Lucy Stone, Susan B Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Francis Willard, and Alice Paul.</div>

Babcock https://wlh-wiki.law.stanford.edu/index.php/Indexes_and_Bibliographic_Notes 2011-03-21T15:53:22Z

<p>Babcock:&#32;/* List of Bibliographic Notes */</p> <hr /> <div>==Indexes and Bibliographic Notes== <br /> <br /> There are two indexes here: the [http://wlh.law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/woman_lawyer-index.pdf first] is to subjects and page numbers in [http://www.sup.org/search/search.cgi?search=babcock WOMAN LAWYER: THE TRIALS OF CLARA FOLTZ] [http://wlh.law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/woman_lawyer-index.pdf (the book index)]. This index also appears on the website of the [http://www.sup.org/search/search.cgi?search=babcock Stanford University Press]. The [http://wlh-wiki.law.stanford.edu/index.php/Bibliographic_Notes_and_Supplementary_text second index] provides access to the extensive Bibliographic Notes with links to the relevant notes. <br /> <br /> The Bibliographical Notes are arranged in the order of the book chapters and provide additional source material for the facts and interpretations in the text and endnotes. A list of the notes, with links, appears below. Some of these are traditional bibliographic notes listing essential references with a few words of critical explanation. Also included are first person essays and descriptions of people and events that influenced Clara Foltz, but whose stories would extend the book unduly. <br /> <br /> A biography written over many years has more sources than can be cited even in this format – especially in a burgeoning new field like women’s legal history. I have tried to cite the main works that influenced my thinking, which may not be exactly the same as all the main works. In a larger sense, virtually everything I have read concerning women’s rights and nineteenth century history is in here somewhere even though not mentioned explicitly. To those whose work deserves more recognition than I have given it here, my sincerest apologies.<br /> <br /> == List of Bibliographic Notes==<br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; Introductory &lt;/font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> #[[About and By Clara Foltz: Biographical Material and Her Writings]]<br /> ##[[About and By Clara Foltz: Biographical Material and Her Writings#Babcock's Work|Babcock's Work]] <br /> ###[[About and By Clara Foltz: Biographical Material and Her Writings#Babcock Encyclopedia Entries|Babcock Encyclopedia Entries]] <br /> ###[[About and By Clara Foltz: Biographical Material and Her Writings#Website|Website]] <br /> ###[[About and By Clara Foltz: Biographical Material and Her Writings#Book Chapters and Other Writings|Book Chapters and Other Writings]]<br /> ##[[About and By Clara Foltz: Biographical Material and Her Writings#Other articles on Clara Shortridge Foltz|Other articles on Clara Shortridge Foltz]] <br /> ##[[About and By Clara Foltz: Biographical Material and Her Writings#Clara Foltz’s Publications|Clara Foltz’s Publications]] <br /> #[[Archival and Investigative Materials]]<br /> ##[[Archival and Investigative Materials#Libraries|Libraries]]<br /> ###[[Archival and Investigative Materials#Bancroft Library of the University of California, Berkeley|Bancroft Library of the University of California, Berkeley]]<br /> ###[[Archival and Investigative Materials#Special Collections, Stanford University, Stanford, California|Special Collections, Stanford University, Stanford, California]]<br /> ###[[Archival and Investigative Materials#Huntington Library, San Merino, Califonria|Huntington Library, San Merino, Califonria]]<br /> ###[[Archival and Investigative Materials#UCLA Special Collections|UCLA Special Collections]]<br /> ###[[Archival and Investigative Materials#California State Library|California State Library]]<br /> ##[[Archival and Investigative Materials#Court records|Court records]]<br /> ##[[Archival and Investigative Materials#Interviews|Interviews]]<br /> #[[Timelines]]<br /> ##[[Timelines#Life Events|Life Events]] <br /> ##[[Timelines#Passage of Constitutional Clauses|Passage of Constitutional Clauses]] <br /> ##[[Timelines#Public Defender Campaign|Public Defender Campaign]]<br /> #[[Women’s History]]<br /> ##[[Women’s History#Legal Status of Women in Nineteenth Century|Legal Status of Women in the Nineteenth Century]]<br /> ##[[Women’s History#“Feminism” and Women’s Rights: Nomenclature|&quot;Feminism&quot; and Women’s Rights: Nomenclature]]<br /> ##[[Women’s History#Women’s Biographies|Women’s Biographies]]<br /> ###[[Women’s History#National Suffrage Movement Biographies|National Suffrage Movement Biographies]]<br /> #[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies]]<br /> ##[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Women Lawyers History|Women Lawyers History]]<br /> ###[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#General Works|General Works]]<br /> ###[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Comparison of Women Lawyers in Europe and the United States|Comparison of Women Lawyers in Europe and the United States]]<br /> ###[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Women Criminal Defense Lawyers|Women Criminal Defense Lawyers]]<br /> ###[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#The 1920s and 1930s in Boston, D.C., and Chicago|The 1920s and 1930s in Boston, D.C., and Chicago]]<br /> ###[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Women and the Bar|Women and the Bar]]<br /> ##[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Women Lawyers and the Women's Rights Movement|Women Lawyers and the Women's Rights Movement]]<br /> ###[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Excerpt from Feminist Lawyers|Excerpt from Feminist Lawyers]]<br /> ##[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Individual Women's Biographies|Individual Women's Biographies]]<br /> ###[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Myra Bradwell|Myra Bradwell]]<br /> ###[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Lavinia Goodell|Lavinia Goodell]]<br /> ###[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Mary Greene|Mary Greene]]<br /> ###[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Belva Lockwood|Belva Lockwood]]<br /> ###[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Arabella (Belle) Mansfield|Arabella (Belle) Mansfield]]<br /> ###[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Marilla Ricker|Marilla Ricker]]<br /> ###[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Lelia Robinson|Lelia Robinson]]<br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; Chapter One &lt;/font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> #[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa]]<br /> ##[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Parents|Parents]]<br /> ###[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Quotes from Funeral of Elias W. Shortridge|Quotes from Funeral of Elias W. Shortridge]]<br /> ##[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Siblings: Milton and John|Siblings]]<br /> ##[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Charles Morris Shortridge|Charles Morris Shortridge]]<br /> ###[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#General|General]]<br /> ###[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Early Life and Career|Early Life and Career]]<br /> ###[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#The San Francisco Call|The San Francisco Call]]<br /> ###[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Marriages|Marriages]]<br /> ###[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Timeline of Charles's Life|Timeline of Charles's Life]]<br /> ###[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Ambrose Bierce's BLACK BEETLES IN AMBER|Ambrose Bierce's BLACK BEETLES IN AMBER]]<br /> ##[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Senator Samuel Morgan Shortridge (brother)|Senator Samuel Morgan Shortridge (brother)]]<br /> ###[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#General|General]]<br /> ###[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Summary of Career|Summary of Career]]<br /> ##[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Clara Foltz’s Children|Foltz’s Children]]<br /> ###[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Trella Evelyn Foltz|Trella Evelyn Foltz]]<br /> ###[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Samuel Courtland Foltz|Samuel Courtland Foltz]]<br /> ###[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#David Milton Foltz|David Milton Foltz]]<br /> ###[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Bertha May Foltz Newman|Bertha May Foltz Newman]]<br /> ###[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Virginia Foltz Catron|Virginia Foltz Catron]]<br /> ####[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Investigative Material|Investigative Material]]<br /> ####[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Newspaper Interviews of Virgina|Newspaper Interviews of Virgina]]<br /> ##[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Mt. Pleasant and Howe’s Academy|Mt. Pleasant and Howe’s Academy]]<br /> #[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies]]<br /> ##[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Lillie Devereux Blake|Lillie Devereux Blake]]<br /> ###[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Early Life and W.L.H. Barnes|Early Life and W.L.H. Barnes]]<br /> ###[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Marriages and Early Writings|Marriages and Early Writings]]<br /> ###[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Contributions to the Women's Movement|Contributions to the Women's Movement]]<br /> ##[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Clara Colby|Clara Colby]]<br /> ###[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Correspondence Between Colby and Foltz|Correspondence Between Colby and Foltz]]<br /> ###[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Colby and Laura Gordon|Colby and Laura Gordon]]<br /> ##[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Abigail Duniway|Abigail Duniway]]<br /> ##[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Sarah Knox Goodrich|Sarah Knox Goodrich]]<br /> ##[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Laura Gordon|Laura Gordon]]<br /> ###[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Early Life and Work With Foltz|Early Life and Work With Foltz]]<br /> ###[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Gordon's 'Greatest Case'|Gordon's 'Greatest Case']]<br /> ##[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Grove L. Johnson|Grove L. Johnson]]<br /> ###[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Rivalry With Hiram Johnson|Rivalry With Hiram Johnson]]<br /> #[[The Workingmen’s Party of California (WPC)]]<br /> ##[[The Workingmen’s Party of California (WPC)#Rise and Composition of the WPC|Rise and Composition of the WPC]]<br /> ##[[The Workingmen’s Party of California (WPC)#WPC and the Anti-Chinese Movement|WPC and the Anti-Chinese Movement ]]<br /> ##[[The Workingmen’s Party of California (WPC)#Relation with the Workingmen’s Party of the United States (WPUS)|Relation with the Workingmen’s Party of the United States (WPUS)]]<br /> #[[California Constitutional History]]<br /> ##[[California Constitutional History#Convention of 1879|Convention of 1879]]<br /> ##[[California Constitutional History#Passage of the Anti-Discrimination Clauses|Passage of the Anti-Discrimination Clauses]]<br /> ##[[California Constitutional History#Prominent Pro-Woman Delegates at the 1879 Convention|Prominent Pro-Woman Delegates at the 1879 Convention]]<br /> ###[[California Constitutional History#James J. Ayers|James J. Ayers]]<br /> ###[[California Constitutional History#Eli T. Blackmer|Eli T. Blackmer]]<br /> ###[[California Constitutional History#Charles Ringgold|Charles Ringgold]]<br /> ###[[California Constitutional History#David Terry|David Terry]]<br /> ###[[California Constitutional History#Alphonse Vacquerel|Alphonse Vacquerel]]<br /> ##[[California Constitutional History#Prominent Opponents|Prominent Opponents]]<br /> ###[[California Constitutional History#Joseph Hoge|Joseph Hoge]]<br /> ###[[California Constitutional History#Samuel Wilson|Samuel Wilson]]<br /> ###[[California Constitutional History#Thomas Bishop|Thomas Bishop]]<br /> ###[[California Constitutional History#Delos Lake|Delos Lake]]<br /> #[[The Women's Movement, Free Love and Spiritualism]]<br /> ##[[The Women's Movement, Free Love and Spiritualism#Spiritualism and Suffragists Generally|Spiritualism and Suffragists Generally]]<br /> ##[[The Women's Movement, Free Love and Spiritualism#Foltz and Spiritualism|Foltz and Spiritualism]]<br /> ##[[The Women's Movement, Free Love and Spiritualism#Addie Ballou|Addie Ballou]]<br /> ##[[The Women's Movement, Free Love and Spiritualism#Victoria Woodhull|Victoria Woodhull]]<br /> ###[[The Women's Movement, Free Love and Spiritualism#The Beecher-Tilton Scandal|The Beecher-Tilton Scandal]]<br /> #[[Women and Divorce]]<br /> ##[[Women and Divorce#General|General]]<br /> ##[[Women and Divorce#Marriage and Divorce in the West|Marriage and Divorce in the West]]<br /> ##[[Women and Divorce#National Studies|National Studies]]<br /> ##[[Women and Divorce#End of the Century|End of the Century]]<br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; Chapter Two &lt;/font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> #[[Women as Public Lecturers]] <br /> ##[[Women as Public Lecturers#Lecturing and Lyceums Generally|Lecturing and Lyceums Generally]]<br /> ###[[Women as Public Lecturers#Robert Ingersoll|Robert Ingersoll]]<br /> ##[[Women as Public Lecturers#Women Lecturers|Women Lecturers]]<br /> ###[[Women as Public Lecturers#Foltz's First Lecturing Tour|Foltz's First Lecturing Tour]]<br /> ###[[Women as Public Lecturers#Anna Dickinson|Anna Dickinson]]<br /> ###[[Women as Public Lecturers#Kate Field|Kate Field]]<br /> #[[Women and Jury Service]]<br /> ##[[Women and Jury Service#General Sources|General Sources]]<br /> ##[[Women and Jury Service#The Connection Between Women Defense Lawyers and Women Jurors|The Connection Between Women Defense Lawyers and Women Jurors]]<br /> ###[[Women and Jury Service#Women Defenders and Women Jurors|Women Defenders and Women Jurors]]<br /> ##[[Women and Jury Service#The Washington Territory Experience|The Washington Territory Experience]]<br /> ###[[Women and Jury Service#Rosencrantz v. Territory|Rosencrantz v. Territory]]<br /> ###[[Women and Jury Service#Harland v. Territory|Harland v. Territory]]<br /> ###[[Women and Jury Service#Bloomer v. Todd|Bloomer v. Todd]]<br /> #[[San Francisco Social Life and Clara Foltz's Circle]]<br /> ##[[San Francisco Social Life and Clara Foltz's Circle#General Sources|General Sources]]<br /> ###[[San Francisco Social Life and Clara Foltz's Circle#The Montgomery Block|The Montgomery Block]]<br /> ##[[San Francisco Social Life and Clara Foltz's Circle#Frona Wait, Madge Morris, Ella Cummins|Frona Wait, Madge Morris, Ella Cummins]]<br /> ###[[San Francisco Social Life and Clara Foltz's Circle#Excerpt From Frona Wait's Notes|Excerpt From Frona Wait's Notes]]<br /> ###[[San Francisco Social Life and Clara Foltz's Circle#Morris's &quot;Ode to Clara Foltz&quot;|Morris's &quot;Ode to Clara Foltz&quot;]]<br /> ###[[San Francisco Social Life and Clara Foltz's Circle#Rocking the Baby|Rocking the Baby]]<br /> ###[[San Francisco Social Life and Clara Foltz's Circle#Cummins' Exhibit|Cummins' Exhibit]]<br /> #[[San Diego in the Real Estate Boom]]<br /> ##[[San Diego in the Real Estate Boom#General Works|General Works]]<br /> ##[[San Diego in the Real Estate Boom#The Rail War|The Rail War]]<br /> ##[[San Diego in the Real Estate Boom#The Ensenada|The Ensenada]]<br /> #[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing]]<br /> ##[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#General Works|General Works]]<br /> ##[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#Biographies and Autobiographies|Biographies and Autobiographies]]<br /> ###[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#Women and Western Journalism|Women and Western Journalism]]<br /> ###[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#Lawyers and Publishing|Lawyers and Publishing]]<br /> ##[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#A Bee Sampler|A Bee Sampler]]<br /> ###[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#The Boom|The Boom]]<br /> ###[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#Outside News|Outside News]]<br /> ###[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#Local Excitement|Local Excitement]]<br /> ###[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#Regular Items|Regular Items]]<br /> ###[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#Civic Events|Civic Events]]<br /> ###[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#Society and Fashion|Society and Fashion]]<br /> ###[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#Last Days at the Bee|Last Days at the Bee]]<br /> #[[Bellamy Nationalism]]<br /> ##[[Bellamy Nationalism#General Sources|General Sources]]<br /> ##[[Bellamy Nationalism#Women and Bellamy Nationalism|Women and Bellamy Nationalism]]<br /> ###[[Bellamy Nationalism#Clara's Activism|Clara's Activism]]<br /> ##[[Bellamy Nationalism#Charlotte Perkins Gilman|Charlotte Perkins Gilman]]<br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; Chapter Three &lt;/font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> #[[Law Practice in the West]]<br /> ##[[Law Practice in the West#General Works|General works]]<br /> ##[[Law Practice in the West#Biographical Works|Biographical works]]<br /> ###[[Law Practice in the West#Oscar Shuck's Work|Oscar Shuck's Work]]<br /> ##[[Law Practice in the West#Clara Foltz’s Practice|Clara Foltz’s Practice]]<br /> ##[[Law Practice in the West#Women and Criminal Law Practice|Women and Criminal Law Practice]]<br /> ###[[Law Practice in the West#Lelia Robinson|Lelia Robinson]]<br /> ###[[Law Practice in the West#Women Defenders: The Negative Image|Women Defenders: The Negative Image]]<br /> ###[[Law Practice in the West#Women Defenders and Women Jurors|Women Defenders and Women Jurors]]<br /> ###[[Law Practice in the West#Laura Gordon and the Sproule Case|Laura Gordon and the Sproule Case]]<br /> ###[[Law Practice in the West#Why Women Became Defenders|Why Women Became Defenders]]<br /> ###[[Law Practice in the West#The Contributions of Women to Criminal Defense|The Contributions of Women to Criminal Defense]]<br /> #[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics]]<br /> ##[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics#General Sources|General Sources]]<br /> ###[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics#Coxey's Army, The Pullman Strike, and the Haymarket Tragedy|Coxey's Army, The Pullman Strike, and the Haymarket Tragedy]]<br /> ###[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics#Bellamy Nationalism and Populism|Bellamy Nationalism and Populism]]<br /> ###[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics#Women's Pre-Suffrage Participation in Politics|Women's Pre-Suffrage Participation in Politics]]<br /> ###[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics#1894 Election in California|1894 Election in California]]<br /> ##[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics#Mary Elizabeth Lease (also known as Mary Ellen)|Mary Elizabeth Lease]]<br /> ##[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics#Stephen White|Stephen White]]<br /> ##[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics#Anna Ferry Smith|Anna Ferry Smith]]<br /> #[[Foltz as Reform Lobbyist in the 1890s]] <br /> ##[[Foltz as Reform Lobbyist in the 1890s#Parole Legislation|Parole Legislation]] <br /> ##[[Foltz as Reform Lobbyist in the 1890s#Women's Rights Measures|Women's Rights Measures]] <br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; Chapter Four &lt;/font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> #[[The New Woman]]<br /> #[[Trella Toland and Her Autograph Book]] <br /> ##[[Trella Toland and Her Autograph Book#Writers and Journalists|Writers and Journalists]]<br /> ##[[Trella Toland and Her Autograph Book#Actors|Actors]]<br /> ##[[Trella Toland and Her Autograph Book#Theater People|Theater People]]<br /> ##[[Trella Toland and Her Autograph Book#Trella's Family: William Toland, Sam Shortridge, and Virginia Toland|Trella's Family: William Toland, Sam Shortridge, and Virginia Toland]]<br /> ##[[Trella Toland and Her Autograph Book#Isaac Trumbo|Isaac Trumbo]]<br /> #[[The New York Legal Scene]]<br /> ##[[The New York Legal Scene#Women’s Legal Education Society (WLES) and Law Class|Women’s Legal Education Society (WLES) and Law Class]]<br /> ##[[The New York Legal Scene#The New Corporate Practice|The New Corporate Practice]]<br /> ##[[The New York Legal Scene#Criminal Practice|Criminal practice]]<br /> #[[The Oil Boom and Foltz’s Companies]]<br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; Chapter Five &lt;/font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> #[[Murder Defendants and Equal Justice]]<br /> ##[[Murder Defendants and Equal Justice#Women as Criminal Defendants|Women as Criminal Defendants]]<br /> ###[[Murder Defendants and Equal Justice#The Death Penalty|The Death Penalty]]<br /> ###[[Murder Defendants and Equal Justice#Maria Barbella|Maria Barbella]]<br /> ###[[Murder Defendants and Equal Justice#Laura Fair|Laura Fair]]<br /> ###[[Murder Defendants and Equal Justice#Florence Maybrick|Florence Maybrick]]<br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; Chapter Six &lt;/font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> #[[Women's Rights Movement History]]<br /> ##[[Women's Rights Movement History#Legal Status of Women in Nineteenth Century|Legal Status of Women in Nineteenth Century]]<br /> ##[[Women's Rights Movement History#Seneca Falls|Seneca Falls]]<br /> ##[[Women's Rights Movement History#Historiography|Historiography]]<br /> ##[[Women's Rights Movement History#Relationship with Other Movements and Causes|Relationship to Other Movements and Causes]]<br /> ###[[Women's Rights Movement History#Suffrage and Other Women's Rights|Suffrage and Other Women's Rights]]<br /> ###[[Women's Rights Movement History#Suffrage and Black Civil Rights Movement|Suffrage and Black Civil Rights Movement]]<br /> ###[[Women's Rights Movement History#Suffrage and Temperance and Prohibition|Suffrage and Temperance and Prohibition]]<br /> #[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention]]<br /> ##[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention#General Sources|General Sources]]<br /> ##[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention#Matilda Gage, President|Matilda Gage, President]]<br /> ##[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention#Reaction to Foltz’s Remarks|Reaction to Foltz’s Remarks]]<br /> ##[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention#Other Notable Attendants|Other Notable Attendants]]<br /> ###[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention#Theosophy and Madame Blavatsky|Theosophy and Madame Blavatsky]]<br /> ###[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention#William Aldrich and Josephine Cables|William Aldrich and Josephine Cables]]<br /> ###[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention#Elliott and Emily Coues|Elliott and Emily Coues]]<br /> ###[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention#Charlotte Smith|Charlotte Smith]]<br /> #[[The World's Fair]]<br /> ##[[The World's Fair#General Works|General Works]]<br /> ##[[The World's Fair#African Americans at the Fair|African Americans at the Fair]]<br /> #[[Women at the World's Fair]]<br /> ##[[Women at the World's Fair#General Works|General Works]]<br /> ##[[Women at the World's Fair#Bertha Palmer and the Isabella Club|Bertha Palmer and the Isabella Club]]<br /> ##[[Women at the World's Fair#Clara Foltz, Laura Gordon, and Clara Colby|Clara Foltz, Laura Gordon, and Clara Colby]]<br /> ##[[Women at the World's Fair#The Women's Congresses|The Women's Congresses]]<br /> ##[[Women at the World's Fair#Participation in the Other Auxiliary Congresses|Participation in the Other Auxiliary Congresses]]<br /> #[[Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns]]<br /> ##[[Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns#New York|New York]]<br /> ###[[Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns#General Description|General Description]]<br /> ###[[Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns#New York Constitutional Convention|New York Constitutional Convention]]<br /> ####[[Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns#Explaining Choate's Change in Position|Explaining Choate's Change in Position]]<br /> ####[[Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns#Interview with Stanleyetta Titus on Winning the Vote at the Convention|Interview with Stanleyetta Titus on Winning the Vote at the Convention]]<br /> ##[[Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns#California|California]]<br /> ###[[Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns#General Description|General Description]]<br /> ###[[Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns#Foltz and Other Women Suffragists|Foltz and Other Women Suffragists]]<br /> #[[Victory in California -- 1911]]<br /> ##[[Victory in California -- 1911#The California Suffrage Campaign Generally|The California Suffrage Campaign Generally]]<br /> ##[[Victory in California -- 1911#The 1911 Campaign|The 1911 Campaign]]<br /> ##[[Victory in California -- 1911#Coffin and Edson|Coffin and Edson]]<br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; Chapter Seven &lt;/font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> #[[Progressivism, Suffrage, and Public Defense]]<br /> ##[[Progressivism, Suffrage, and Public Defense#General Works on Progressivism|General Works on Progressivism]]<br /> ##[[Progressivism, Suffrage, and Public Defense#California Progressives|California Progressives]]<br /> ##[[Progressivism, Suffrage, and Public Defense#Progressivism and Suffrage|Progressivism and Suffrage]]<br /> ###[[Progressivism, Suffrage, and Public Defense#Suffrage and Public Defense|Suffrage and Public Defense]]<br /> #[[The Early History of Public Defense]]<br /> ##[[The Early History of Public Defense#General Works on Public Defense|General Works on Public Defense]]<br /> ##[[The Early History of Public Defense#Relation of Legal Societies to Public Defense|Relation of Legal Societies to Public Defense]]<br /> #[[Foltz the Founder of Public Defense]]<br /> #[[Foltz's Arguments for Public Defense]]<br /> ##[[Foltz's Arguments for Public Defense#Prosecutorial Misconduct|Prosecutorial Misconduct]]<br /> ###[[Foltz's Arguments for Public Defense#People v. Wells|People v. Wells]]<br /> ##[[Foltz's Arguments for Public Defense#The Presumption of Innocence|The Presumption of Innocence]]<br /> ##[[Foltz's Arguments for Public Defense#Burdening the Right|Burdening the Right]]<br /> ###[[Foltz's Arguments for Public Defense#Aaron Burr. Greene v. Briggs|Aaron Burr. Greene v. Briggs]]<br /> ###[[Foltz's Arguments for Public Defense#United States v. Burr|United States v. Burr]]<br /> ###[[Foltz's Arguments for Public Defense#Carpenter v. County of Dane|Carpenter v. County of Dane]]<br /> ##[[Foltz's Arguments for Public Defense#Woman Suffrage and Public Defense|Woman Suffrage and Public Defense]]<br /> #[[The Right to Counsel and the Appointed Counsel System]]<br /> #[[New York Politics and Foltz’s Public Defender Bill]]<br /> ##[[New York Politics and Foltz’s Public Defender Bill#Tammany Hall|Tammany Hall]]<br /> ##[[New York Politics and Foltz’s Public Defender Bill#Thomas Grady|Thomas Grady]]<br /> ##[[New York Politics and Foltz’s Public Defender Bill#Late Nineteenth Century New York Politics|Late Nineteenth Century New York Politics]]<br /> ##[[New York Politics and Foltz’s Public Defender Bill#Thomas C. Platt and the 1897 Mayoral Election|Thomas C. Platt and the 1897 Mayoral Election]]<br /> ##[[New York Politics and Foltz’s Public Defender Bill#Women in the Anti-Tammany Efforts|Women in the Anti-Tammany Efforts]]<br /> ##[[New York Politics and Foltz’s Public Defender Bill#Biographical Works|Biographical Works]]<br /> #[[Comparison of Public Defender Statutes]]<br /> ##[[Comparison of Public Defender Statutes#1885 Statute|1885 Statute]]<br /> ##[[Comparison of Public Defender Statutes#1897 Statute|1897 Statute]]<br /> ###[[Comparison of Public Defender Statutes#Text of the 1897 Statute|Text of the 1897 Statute]]<br /> ###[[Comparison of Public Defender Statutes#Comparison to Public Defender Statutes Actually Enacted|Comparison to Public Defender Statutes Actually Enacted]]<br /> ###[[Comparison of Public Defender Statutes#Foltz's Bill Introduced in Multiple States|Foltz's Bill Introduced in Multiple States]]<br /> ##[[Comparison of Public Defender Statutes#The 1912 Los Angeles Charter Provision and the 1921 California Statute|The 1912 Los Angeles Charter Provision and the 1921 Statute]]<br /> ###[[Comparison of Public Defender Statutes#Wisconsin Statute Tracks the California Statute|Wisconsin Statute Tracks the California Statute]]<br /> #[[Comparison of Progressive Defender with Foltzian Model]]<br /> ##[[Comparison of Progressive Defender with Foltzian Model#Progressivism and Public Defense|Progressivism and Public Defense]]<br /> ##[[Comparison of Progressive Defender with Foltzian Model#The Progressive and the Foltzian Defenders|The Progressive and the Foltzian Defenders]]<br /> ###[[Comparison of Progressive Defender with Foltzian Model#Example of Progressive-Type Representation|Example of Progressive-Type Representation]]<br /> ###[[Comparison of Progressive Defender with Foltzian Model#The Foltzian Model|The Foltzian Model]]<br /> ##[[Comparison of Progressive Defender with Foltzian Model#Cost of the Public Defender|Cost of the Public Defender]]<br /> ##[[Comparison of Progressive Defender with Foltzian Model#Competing Visions in New York: Mayer Goldman’s Public Defender and the Legal Aid Societies|Competing Visions in New York: Mayer Goldman’s Public Defender and the Legal Aid Societies]]<br /> ##[[Comparison of Progressive Defender with Foltzian Model#History of the Legal Aid Society|History of the Legal Aid Society]]<br /> ###[[Comparison of Progressive Defender with Foltzian Model#The Voluntary Defenders|The Voluntary Defenders]]<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> <br /> ------------------------------------------------------------------------<br /> <br /> [http://wlh.law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/woman_lawyer-index.pdf Index to Woman Lawyer: The Trials of Clara Foltz]<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Bibliographic Notes and Supplementary Text]]</div>

Babcock https://wlh-wiki.law.stanford.edu/index.php/Women%E2%80%99s_History 2011-03-21T15:42:58Z

<p>Babcock:&#32;</p> <hr /> <div> <br /> ==Legal Status of Women in Nineteenth Century== <br /> <br /> For a discussion of important scholarship on the changing rights of women as citizens, and <br /> as marriage partners, see CHAPTER SIX NOTE: WOMEN'S RIGHTS HISTORY. <br /> <br /> As WOMAN LAWYER went to press, Christine Stansell published THE FEMINIST PROMISE 1792 TO THE PRESENT (2010) which has a sweeping, engaging and authoritative overview of the historical condition of women, especially in the United States and of the individuals and movements that sought to change it. Women’s quest for full citizenship—to be voters, serve on juries, enter the professions—has been of increasing interest to scholars in recent years. Feminists have challenged the use of legal discourses to maintain gendered social hierarchies and discrimination in all areas of life. ''See, e.g.'', SANDRA VAN BURKLEO, BELONGING TO THE WORLD: WOMEN'S RIGHTS AND AMERICAN CONSTITUTIONAL CULTURE (2001) (a comprehensive treatment of women’s changing legal status and legal feminist movements from the colonial period to the modern day); DEBORAH RHODE, JUSTICE AND GENDER: SEX DISCRIMINATION AND THE LAW (1989) (discussing the historical background to modern sex discrimination); JOAN HOFF, LAW, GENDER AND INJUSTICE: A LEGAL HISTORY OF U.S. WOMEN (1991) (covering over two hundred years of women’s legal history through the lens of radical feminism). <br /> <br /> <br /> ==“Feminism” and Women’s Rights: Nomenclature==<br /> <br /> Early in the twentieth century, Charlotte Perkins Gilman wrote that “Feminism is a term applied to what was previously known as ‘The Woman’s Movement,’ and still earlier as ‘Women’s Rights.’” CHARLOTTE PERKINS GILMAN, A NON-FICTION READER 183 (Larry Ceplair ed., 1991). For more on Gilman, see On-Line Bibliographic Note: Bellamy Nationalism. Present day scholars have disputed whether the word “feminist” can be used to describe women’s rights movements before the twentieth century. See generally Karen Offen, ''Defining Feminism: A Comparative Historical Approach'', 14 SIGNS: J. OF WOMEN IN CULTURE AND SOC’Y 119 (1988). Nancy Cott has called on historians to coin “additional new terms in women’s political and intellectual history” to refer to early women’s rights movements prior to the twentieth century and preserve the distinctiveness and historical complexity of the word “feminism.” Nancy F. Cott, ''Comment on Karen Offen’s “Defining Feminism: A Comparative Historical Approach'', 15 SIGNS 203 (1989); ''see also'', Ellen Carol DuBois, 15 SIGNS 203 (1989) (also commenting on Offen). On the popularization of the word “feminism” in the US, see NANCY F. COTT, THE GROUNDING OF MODERN FEMINISM 11-50 (1987).<br /> <br /> <br /> In the context of women’s legal history, Mary Jane Mossman raises the question of whether early women lawyers can accurately be described as feminists. MARY JANE MOSSMAN, THE FIRST WOMEN LAWYERS: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF GENDER, LAW AND THE LEGAL PROFESSIONS 287-89 (2006). Clara Foltz was very much a practicing feminist — putting woman’s concerns at the center of her work and thought— but I have not found examples of her using the word. So I have largely avoided “feminism” in describing her thought as she was expressing it in the nineteenth century. Using the terms “women’s rights” before 1900, “feminism” afterwards is the practice noted by Christine Stansell in THE FEMINIST PROMISE, 1792 TO THE PRESENT (2010), at p. xiv. <br /> <br /> <br /> While she may not have used the word “feminist” Foltz did refer repeatedly to woman’s “sphere” and its limitations in her speeches and writing. See NANCY COTT, THE BONDS OF WOMANHOOD: “WOMAN'S SPHERE” IN NEW ENGLAND, 1780-1835, at 197-206 (2d ed. 1977) (describing how separate spheres ideology could be used by women to serve their own purposes); DUBOIS, FEMINISM AND SUFFRAGE: THE EMERGENCE OF AN INDEPENDENT WOMAN’S MOVEMENT IN AMERICA, 1848-1869, at 1-40 (1978) (describing separate spheres ideology as a historical phenomenon that shaped women's rights activism and the cultural conditions from which it grew); Linda K. Kerber, Separate Spheres, Female Worlds, Woman's Place: The Rhetoric of Women's History, in TOWARD AN INTELLECTUAL HISTORY OF WOMEN 159, 171 (1997) (explaining that separate spheres constituted at once a culture imposed on and created by women and defending its intellectual usefulness). Rosalind Rosenberg tells how early women academics opposed the idea that women’s difference from men should limit their opportunities. ROSALIND ROSENBERG, BEYOND SEPARATE SPHERES: INTELLECTUAL ROOTS OF MODERN FEMINISM (1982).<br /> <br /> <br /> Another kind of nomenclature issue has to do with the use of possessives and plurals (e.g. woman’s movement, women’s movement, woman movement, women’s rights movement, etc.). The same type of issue arises with the Woman Lawyer’s Bill and the word used to precede “suffrage.” Foltz seems most often to have used the singular and the possessive for both, so I will largely follow her example.<br /> <br /> ==Women’s Biographies==<br /> <br /> Feminism has revolutionized the genre of biography by bringing women into the forefront of history and highlighting gender as a central dimension of life experience. In a penetrating essay, Alice Kessler-Harris discusses the traditional historian’s view of biography as too limited and tied to the needs of narrative. She urges that an “individual life might help us to see not only into particular events but into the larger cultural and social and even political processes of a moment in time.” Kessler-Harris, ''Why Biography?'', AM. HIST. REV. 625, 626 (2009). An outstanding example of feminist biography writing is ESTELLE B. FREEDMAN, MATERNAL JUSTICE: MIRIAM VAN WATERS AND THE FEMALE REFORM TRADITION (1996). Van Waters was in Los Angeles in the early part of her career as a prison reformer and could have overlapped with Foltz in her concerns for juvenile justice. But she was in the mode of the college educated Progressive reformer, among whom Foltz had some friends and allies, but whose concerns were more for social than legal reform. Another important work of feminist biography is KATHRYN KISH SKLAR, FLORENCE KELLEY AND THE NATION'S WORK: THE RISE OF WOMEN'S POLITICAL CULTURE, 1830-1900 (1995). Though Kelley was a lawyer, this work does not cover the part of her life in which she practiced; a second volume is projected. <br /> <br /> At the same time feminist biographers have enlivened and enriched the field, they have faced issues about the relationship between subject and author and the role of subjectivity in biographical writing. These have been fruitfully explored by some of the most prominent of the field’s practitioners. In THE CHALLENGE OF FEMINIST BIOGRAPHY: WRITING THE LIVES OF MODERN AMERICAN WOMEN (Sara Alpern, Joyce Antler, Elisabeth Israels Perry &amp; Ingrid Winther Scobie eds., 1992) noted women biographers discuss how they negotiated methodological challenges in their craft—using sparse historical records, choosing subjects carefully, and keeping appropriate emotional distance. CAROLYN G. HEILBRUN, WRITING A WOMAN’S LIFE (1989) is a classic work on the suppression of women’s lives and experiences within the traditionally male-dominated genre of biography. Bell Gale Chevigny writes about the “feminist fallacy” that may result from too much projection of our own “actual, latent, or ideal experience onto the subject.” <br /> <br /> The essays in BETWEEN WOMEN: BIOGRAPHERS, NOVELISTS, CRITICS, TEACHERS AND ARTISTS WRITE ABOUT THEIR WORK ON WOMEN, 375-76 (Carol Ascher, Louise DeSalvo &amp; Sara Ruddick eds., 1984) are very illuminating; ''see also'' Phyllis Rose, ''Introduction'', ''in'' THE NORTON BOOK OF WOMEN’S LIVES (Phyllis Rose ed. 1993); LINDA WAGNER MARTIN, TELLING WOMEN’S LIVES: THE NEW BIOGRAPHY (1994); Nell Irvin Painter, ''Writing Biographies of Women'', 2 J. WOMEN'S HIST. (1997); Diane Wood Middlebrook, ''Postmodernism and the Biographer'', ''in'' REVEALING LIVES: AUTOBIOGRAPHY, BIOGRAPHY, AND GENDER (Susan G. Bell &amp; Marilyn Yalom eds., 1990); Joyce Antler, ''Was She a Good Mother? Some Thoughts on a New Issue for Feminist Biography'', ''in'' WOMEN AND THE STRUCTURE OF SOCIETY, 53, 65 (Barbara J. Harris &amp; JoAnn K. McNamara eds., 1984); Jacqueline Dowd Hall, ''Second Thoughts: On Writing a Feminist Biography'', 13 FEMINIST STUD. 19 (1987); Elizabeth Kamarck Minnich, ''Friendship Between Women: The Act of Feminist Biography'', 11 FEMINIST STUD. 287 (1985) (on the “relationship between women writers and the women they study”); Kathleen Barry, ''The New Historical Syntheses: Women’s Biography'', 1 J. WOMEN’S HIST. 75 (1990). In the postscript to her biography of Susan B. Anthony in SUSAN B. ANTHONY: BIOGRAPHY OF A SINGULAR FEMINIST (1988), Barry writes of the revolutionary possibilities of women’s biography, “which can challenge the very structure and categories of the history men have jealously guarded as their own.” <br /> <br /> ===National Suffrage Movement Biographies===<br /> ----<br /> <br /> There is a vast biographical literature on the major figures in the national suffrage movement, especially Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton. On Anthony, see JUDITH E. HARPER, SUSAN B. ANTHONY: A BIOGRAPHICAL COMPANION (1998); LYNN SHERR, FAILURE IS IMPOSSIBLE: SUSAN B. ANTHONY IN HER OWN WORDS (1995); ALMA LUTZ, SUSAN B. ANTHONY: REBEL, CRUSADER, HUMANITARIAN (1959); IRIS NOBLE, SUSAN B. ANTHONY (J. Messner ed., 1975); KATHARINE ANTHONY, SUSAN B. ANTHONY: HER PERSONAL HISTORY AND HER ERA (1954); G. THOMAS EDWARDS, SOWING GOOD SEEDS: THE NORTHWEST SUFFRAGE CAMPAIGNS OF SUSAN B. ANTHONY (1990); GEOFFREY WARD, NOT FOR OURSELVES ALONE: THE STORY OF ELIZABETH CADY STANTON AND SUSAN B ANTHONY (1999).<br /> <br /> Most recent is a short biography of Stanton, in which her thought and personality are in the forefront. LORI D. GINZBURG, ELIZABETH CADY STANTON: AN AMERICAN LIFE (2009). I used other biographies of Stanton, including: ALMA LUTZ, CREATED EQUAL: A BIOGRAPHY OF ELIZABETH CADY STANTON (1940); ELISABETH GRIFFITH, IN HER OWN RIGHT: THE LIFE OF ELIZABETH CADY STANTON (1984); SUE DAVIS, THE POLITICAL THOUGHT OF ELIZABETH CADY STANTON: WOMEN’S RIGHTS AND THE AMERICAN POLITICAL TRADITIONS (2008); KATHI KERN, MRS. STANTON'S BIBLE (2001); MARY ANN B. OAKLEY, ELIZABETH CADY STANTON (1972); LOIS BANNER, ELIZABETH CADY STANTON: A RADICAL FOR WOMAN’S RIGHTS (1980); VIVIAN GORNICK, THE SOLITUDE OF SELF: THINKING ABOUT ELIZABETH CADY STANTON (2005). Finally, JEAN BAKER, SISTERS: THE LIVES OF AMERICA'S SUFFRAGISTS (2005), is an outstanding collective biography of Lucy Stone, Susan B Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Francis Willard, and Alice Paul.</div>

Babcock https://wlh-wiki.law.stanford.edu/index.php/Suffrage_History 2011-03-19T16:38:28Z

<p>Babcock:&#32;/* Legal Status of Women in Nineteenth Century */</p> <hr /> <div>This Note contains descriptions of important works regarding the women's suffrage movement, including its connection to other reform movements and causes.<br /> <br /> ==Legal Status of Women in Nineteenth Century==<br /> <br /> Women’s quest for full citizenship—to be voters, serve on juries, and enter the professions—has been of increasing interest to scholars in recent years. Feminists have challenged the use of legal discourses to maintain gendered social hierarchies and discrimination in all areas of life. ''See, e.g.'', SANDRA VAN BURKLEO, BELONGING TO THE WORLD: WOMEN'S RIGHTS AND AMERICAN CONSTITUTIONAL CULTURE (2001) (a comprehensive treatment of women’s changing legal status and legal feminist movements from the colonial period to the modern day); DEBORAH RHODE, JUSTICE AND GENDER: SEX DISCRIMINATION AND THE LAW (1989) (discussing the historical background to modern sex discrimination); JOAN HOFF, LAW, GENDER AND INJUSTICE: A LEGAL HISTORY OF U.S. WOMEN (1991) (covering over two hundred years of women’s legal history through the lens of radical feminism). Historian Linda Kerber examines the meaning of citizenship in light of women’s exclusion from obligations of citizenship, such as jury duty and military service. LINDA KERBER, NO CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHT TO BE LADIES: WOMEN AND THE OBLIGATIONS OF CITIZENSHIP (1998). <br /> <br /> <br /> In their respective writings, political scientists Judith Shklar and Gretchen Ritter focus on questions of citizenship, arguing that feminists’ struggle for legal rights has always been part of a broader quest for civic inclusion. JUDITH SKLAR, IN AMERICAN CITIZENSHIP: THE QUEST FOR INCLUSION (1991); GRETCHEN RITTER, THE CONSTITUTION AS SOCIAL DESIGN: GENDER AND CIVIC MEMBERSHIP IN THE AMERICAN CONSTITUTIONAL ORDER (2006). Legal relations and gendered discourses of citizenship across U.S. history are discussed in Rogers Smith, ''One United People: Second-Class Female Citizenship and the American Quest for Community'', 1 YALE J.L. &amp; HUMAN. 229 (1989); Nancy Cott, Marriage and Women’s Citizenship in the United States, 1830-1934, 103 AM. HIST. REV. 1440 (1998); Linda Kerber, ''The Paradox of Women’s Citizenship in the Early Republic: The Case of Martin v. Massachusetts'', 97 AM. HIST. REV. 349 (1992); Linda Kerber, ''The Meanings of Citizenship'', 84 J. AM. HIST. 833 (1997). For scholarly writings focusing on women’s contested claims to citizenship in the charged political climate of the post-Civil War era, see LAURA EDWARDS, GENDERED STRIFE AND CONFUSION: THE POLITICAL CULTURE OF RECONSTRUCTION (1997) and Norma Basch, ''Reconstructing Female Citizenship'', ''in'' THE CONSTITUTION, LAW, AND AMERICAN LIFE (Donald Nieman ed., 1994). <br /> <br /> <br /> The study of women and the law in the nineteenth century has focused extensively on the evolving rights of married women. Norma Basch discusses the tensions between republican ideology and the notion of marital unity embodied in the doctrine of coverture, and the influence of feminist movements in the gradual erosion of coverture through married women’s property laws in the mid-nineteenth century. NORMA BASCH, IN THE EYES OF THE LAW: WOMEN, MARRIAGE, AND PROPERTY IN NINETEENTH-CENTURY NEW YORK (1982). Basch has also studied the changing law of divorce and its impact on women. NORMA BASCH, FRAMING AMERICAN DIVORCE: FROM THE REVOLUTIONARY GENERATION TO THE VICTORIANS (2001); Norma Basch, ''Invisible Women: The Legal Fiction of Marital Unity in Nineteenth-Century America'', 5 FEMINIST STUD. 346 (1979); Norma Basch, ''Relief in the Premises: Divorce as a Woman's Remedy in New York and Indiana'', 1815-1870, 8 LAW &amp; HIST. REV. 1 (1990); Norma Basch, ''The Emerging Legal History of Women in the United States: Property, Divorce, and the Constitution'', 12 SIGNS 97 (1986). For summaries of nineteenth-century women’s legal status within marriage and the family, see MICHAEL GROSSBERG, GOVERNING THE HEARTH: LAW AND FAMILY IN NINETEENTH CENTURY AMERICA (1985); ELIZABETH BOWLES WARBASSE, THE CHANGING LEGAL RIGHTS OF MARRIED WOMEN, 1800-1861 (1987); PEGGY RABKIN, FATHERS TO DAUGHTERS: THE LEGAL FOUNDATIONS OF FEMALE EMANCIPATION (1980); Reva Siegel, ''Home As Work: The First Woman’s Rights Claims Concerning Wives’ Household Labor, 1850-1880'', 103 YALE L.J. 1073 (1994); Reva Siegel, ''The Modernization of Marital Status Law: Adjudicating Wives' Rights to Earnings, 1860-1930'', 82 GEO. L.J. 2127 (1995); Carole Shammas, ''Reassessing the Married Women’s Property Acts'', 6 J. WOMEN’S HIST. 9 (1994). Ariela Dubler explores the historical impact of the normative framework of marriage on single women. Ariela Dubler, In the Shadow of Marriage: Single Women and the Legal Construction of the Family and the State, 112 YALE L.J. 1641 (2003).<br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;div id=senecafalls&gt;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Seneca Falls==<br /> <br /> More than a hundred years after publication of its first volume, THE HISTORY OF WOMAN SUFFRAGE (published in its entirety in six volumes covering the years 1848-192) remains a major source on the nineteenth century efforts for women's rights and especially Seneca Falls. 1 HWS, at 70-71 describes the Seneca Falls convention and reproduces the Declaration of Sentiments and list of resolutions, along with discussion of the “spheres” arguments. The Seneca Falls meeting is analyzed in SALLY MCMILLEN, SENECA FALLS AND THE ORIGINS OF THE WOMEN’S RIGHTS MOVEMENT (2008); JUDITH WELLMAN, THE ROAD TO SENECA FALLS: ELIZABETH CADY STANTON AND THE FIRST WOMAN'S RIGHTS CONVENTION (2004); Ellen Carol DuBois, ''Seneca Falls Goes Public'', 21 THE PUB. HISTORIAN, 41-47 (1999). <br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;div id=historiography&gt;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> ==Historiography==<br /> <br /> The classic early works on suffrage are ELEANOR FLEXNER, CENTURY OF STRUGGLE: THE WOMAN’S RIGHTS MOVEMENT IN THE UNITED STATES (1959) (new enlarged edition with ELLEN FITZPATRICK (1996)) and AILEEN KRADITOR, THE IDEAS OF THE WOMAN SUFFRAGE MOVEMENT 1890-1920 (1965). Kraditor’s thesis was that American suffragism declined from its early years of “justice-based” arguments to a politics of expediency that used the traditional rhetoric of separate spheres and appeals to racism and nativism. This “declension” argument has provided the backdrop for numerous scholarly writings. During the two decades after Flexner’s and Kraditor’s pathbreaking studies, the suffrage movement fell into disfavor as a subject of academic inquiry; many women’s historians saw it variously as a limited, repetitive, boring, racist, and elitist movement. <br /> <br /> <br /> Notable exceptions include WILLIAM O’NEILL, EVERYONE WAS BRAVE: THE RISE AND FALL OF FEMINISM IN AMERICA (1975); GERDA LERNER, THE MAJORITY FINDS ITS PAST: PLACING WOMEN IN HISTORY (1979); DUBOIS, FEMINISM AND SUFFRAGE: THE EMERGENCE OF AN INDEPENDENT WOMAN’S MOVEMENT IN AMERICA, 1848-1869 (1978) (exploring the significance of the emerging woman’s rights movement in the 1860s and its ties to abolitionism). DuBois’ article, ''The Radicalism of the Woman Suffrage Movement: Notes Toward the Reconstruction of Nineteenth Century Feminism'', ''in'' WOMEN, LAW AND THE CONSTITUTION (Kermit Hall ed., 1987) was especially enlightening to me in understanding Clara Foltz’s movement activities. DuBois is the main proponent of the argument that the split in the women’s movement after the Civil War did not significantly weaken the suffrage movement but propelled it into political independence. Some of her best essays are collected with new chapters on historiography in WOMAN SUFFRAGE AND WOMEN’S RIGHTS (1998). In HARRIOT STANTON BLATCH AND THE WINNING OF WOMAN SUFFRAGE (1997), Dubois brings her understanding of the movement history to bear on its final stages.<br /> <br /> <br /> The 1990s saw a renaissance in suffrage studies, with women’s historians, political scientists, sociologists, and legal scholars using new sources and multidisciplinary approaches to analyze the historical and political significance of the women’s suffrage movement, regional differences in the suffrage campaign, suffragists’ ties with other political and social movements, the participation of women of color, and suffragists’ complex relationships to issues of class and race. SUZANNE MARILLEY, WOMAN SUFFRAGE AND THE ORIGINS OF LIBERAL FEMINISM IN THE UNITED STATES, 1820-1920 (1996) revises the Kraditor thesis, arguing that although the movement’s strategic and rhetorical tactics may have changed over time, feminists never lost their fundamental liberal commitment to equal rights. Essay collections from this period include: ONE WOMAN, ONE VOTE: REDISCOVERING THE WOMAN SUFFRAGE MOVEMENT (Marjorie Spruill Wheeler ed., 1995) (featuring nineteen essays from prominent scholars on the impact of women’s suffrage movements from the early national period to the post suffrage era); AFRICAN AMERICAN WOMEN AND THE VOTE, 1837-1965 (Ann D. Gordon &amp; Bettye Collier-Thomas eds., 1997) (discussing black women in the suffrage movement); VISIBLE WOMEN: NEW ESSAYS ON AMERICAN ACTIVISM (Nancy A. Hewitt &amp; Suzanne Lebsock eds., 1993) (including essays on suffrage, notably Lebsock’s, Woman Suffrage and White Supremacy: A Virginia Case Study). A useful collection of primary source documents is KATHRYN KISH SKLAR, WOMEN’S RIGHTS EMERGES WITHIN THE ANTI-SLAVERY MOVEMENT, 1830-1870: A BRIEF HISTORY WITH DOCUMENTS (2000); AMERICAN FEMINISM: KEY SOURCE DOCUMENTS, 1848-1920 (Janet Beer, Anne-Marie Ford, &amp; Katherine Joslin eds., 2003). Ann D. Gordon’s comprehensive collection of papers, with outstanding organization and ordering, is in the THE SELECTED PAPERS OF ELIZABETH CADY STANTON AND SUSAN B. ANTHONY, VOLS. 1-5 (1997-2006) (a sixth volume is projected). Patricia G. Holland joined Gordon in editing the papers for online presentation from 45 microfilm reels. <br /> <br /> <br /> The attempts by women to use the Civil War Amendments to secure their own rights is described in Ellen DuBois, ''Taking the Law into Our Own Hands: Bradwell, Minor, &amp; Suffrage Militance in the 1870s'','' in'' VISIBLE WOMEN and DuBois, ''Outgrowing the Compact of the Fathers: Equal Rights, Woman Suffrage, and the United States Constitution, 1820-1878'', 74 J. AM. HIST. 836 (1987). In recent years, legal scholars have been interested in the widespread use of the tactic named “the new departure.” ''See'' Jack Balkin, ''How Social Movements Change the Constitution: The Case of the New Departure'', 39 SUFFOLK U. L. REV. 27 (2005); Jules Lobel, ''Losers, Fools &amp; Prophets: Justice as Struggle'', 80 CORNELL L. REV. 1331, 1364-75 (1995); Adam Winkler, ''A Revolution Too Soon: Woman Suffragists and the Living Constitution'', 76 N.Y.U.L. REV. 1456 (2001).<br /> <br /> <br /> In recent years, there has also been new interest in the western women’s movement and growing recognition of its significance. GAYLE GULLETT, BECOMING CITIZENS, THE EMERGENCE AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE CALIFORNIA WOMEN’S MOVEMENT, 1880-1911 (2000) [hereafter GULLETT, BECOMING CITIZENS] has been especially useful to me because it examines many events in which Foltz was involved and is well-researched and written. Another important work on suffrage campaigns in the western states is REBECCA MEAD, HOW THE VOTE WAS WON: WOMAN SUFFRAGE IN THE WESTERN UNITED STATES 1868-1914 (2004). Mead argues that the Western suffrage campaigns profoundly shaped the national suffrage movement by developing tactics that were later used by activists in eastern states. She also shows how the suffragists mobilized cross-class coalitions, mass media, and direct action tactics to create an ambitious modern campaign. Foltz is mentioned many times. I summarize the western suffrage history in Babcock, ''First Woman,'' at nn. 6-54. Beverly Beeton, WOMEN VOTE IN THE WEST: THE WOMAN SUFFRAGE MOVEMENT, 1869-1896 (1986) addresses the question of why women suffrage came to the West before other parts of the country. A similar question is considered from a sociological perspective in Holly J. McCammon &amp; Karen E. Campbell, ''Winning the Vote in the West: The Political Successes of the Women's Suffrage Movements, 1866-1919'', 15 GENDER &amp; SOC’Y 55 (2001). See also Rebecca Edwards, ''Pioneers at the Polls: Woman Suffrage in the West'', ''in'' VOTES FOR WOMEN: THE STRUGGLE FOR SUFFRAGE REVISITED (Jean H. Baker ed., 2002); T.A. Larson, Dolls, Vassals &amp; Drudges – Pioneer Women in the West, 3 W. HIST. Q. 5 (1972) (discussing the winning of suffrage in Wyoming, Utah, and Washington); 3 HWS, at 767-88; G. THOMAS EDWARDS, SOWING GOOD SEEDS: THE NORTHWEST SUFFRAGE CAMPAIGNS OF SUSAN B. ANTHONY (1990).<br /> <br /> <br /> On the 1896 California suffrage campaign, the indispensable article is Susan Schreiber Edelman, ''“A Red Hot Suffrage Campaign:” The Woman Suffrage Cause in California, 1896'', CAL. SUP. CT. HIST. SOC’Y YEARBOOK (2d volume 1995). On the successful 1911 California campaign, see MAE SILVER AND SUE CAZALY, THE SIXTH STAR: IMAGES AND MEMORABILIA OF CALIFORNIA WOMEN’S POLITICAL HISTORY 1868-1915 (2000) and Ronald Schaffer, ''The Problem of Consciousness in the Woman’s Suffrage Movement: A California Perspective'', 45 PAC. HIST. REV., Nov. 1976, at 469-93, reprinted in 19 HISTORY OF WOMEN IN THE UNITED STATES 367, 382-91 (Nancy F. Cott ed., 1994) (discussing the tactics developed to win suffrage after the 1896 defeat and using biographical data to illustrate the range of views and experiences among the suffragists). A contemporary account can be found in SELINA SOLOMONS, HOW WE WON THE VOTE IN CALIFORNIA: A TRUE STORY OF THE CAMPAIGN OF 1911 (1912). Foltz is specifically mentioned at pp. 38 and 66; the Votes for Women Club is mentioned throughout. See On-Line Bibliographic Note: Victory in California-1911, at WLH Website for many other sources.<br /> <br /> <br /> One of the most interesting aspects of women’s legal status in the nineteenth century is that they were able to have considerable political influence long before they had the vote. Recent years have seen a surge of interest in this phenomenon. REBECCA EDWARDS, ANGELS IN THE MACHINERY: GENDER IN AMERICAN PARTY POLITICS FROM THE CIVIL WAR TO THE PROGRESSIVE ERA (1997); JO FREEMAN, WE WILL BE HEARD: WOMEN’S STRUGGLES FOR POLITICAL POWER IN THE UNITED STATES (2008); FREEMAN, A ROOM AT A TIME: HOW WOMEN ENTERED PARTY POLITICS (2000); WE HAVE COME TO STAY: AMERICAN WOMEN AND POLITICAL PARTIES, 1880-1960 (Melanie Gustafson, Kristie Miller &amp; Elisabeth I. Perry eds., 1999); MELANIE GUSTAFSON, WOMEN AND THE REPUBLICAN PARTY 1854-1924 ( 2001); ROBERT J. DINKEN, BEFORE EQUAL SUFFRAGE, WOMEN IN PARTISAN POLITICS FROM COLONIAL TIMES TO 1920 (1995). ''See also'' ALANA S. JEYDEL, POLITICAL WOMEN: THE WOMEN'S MOVEMENT, POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS, THE BATTLE FOR WOMEN'S SUFFRAGE AND THE ERA (2004).<br /> <br /> &lt;div id=relationship&gt;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> ==Relationship with Other Movements and Causes==<br /> <br /> The women's suffrage movement was connected with many other causes and reforms. In the most basic sense, such reforms were seen as those women would seek through the use of the franchise. But there were philosphical and strategic bonds as well between suffrage and other social reform movements including, of course, the broader women's rights movement, the black civil rights movement, and the temperance and prohibition movements. See also, Note; [[The Women's Movement, Free Love and Spiritualism]] (Chapter One) and Woman Suffrage and Public Defense <br /> Chapter Seven).<br /> <br /> ===Suffrage and Other Women's Rights===<br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> On the connection between reform movements and women’s rights, MARY JO BUHLE, WOMEN AND AMERICAN SOCIALISM, 1870-1920 (1981) is a classic work. On the interconnection of suffragism with earlier nineteenth century social reform movements (other than abolitionism), see KEITH MELDER, BEGINNINGS OF SISTERHOOD: THE AMERICAN WOMAN’S RIGHTS MOVEMENT, 1800-1850 (1997). REBECCA EDWARDS, ANGELS IN THE MACHINERY: GENDER IN AMERICAN PARTY POLITICS FROM THE CIVIL WAR TO THE PROGRESSIVE ERA (1997) explains the involvement of women in many reform movements and in party politics long before they had the vote. Edwards also connects women’s suffrage with other populist reforms in the west--which she suggests was a staging ground for national reform--in ''Pioneers at the Polls: Woman Suffrage in the West'', ''in'' VOTES FOR WOMEN: THE STRUGGLE FOR SUFFRAGE REVISITED 90, 90-91 (Jean H. Baker ed., 2002).'' See also'' PEGGY PASCOE, RELATIONS OF RESCUE: THE SEARCH FOR FEMALE MORAL AUTHORITY IN THE AMERICAN WEST, 1874-1939 (1990) (highlighting women’s part in reforms devoted to rescuing other women). MEREDITH TAX, THE RISING OF THE WOMEN: FEMINIST SOLIDARITY AND CLASS CONFLICT 1880-1917 (1981) delineates the connection of the suffragists with various labor movements and with socialism. Sherry J. Katz discusses the impact of socialism on California women’s suffrage in ''Redefining ‘The Political’: Socialist Women and Party Politics in California, 1900-1920'', ''in'' WE HAVE COME TO STAY, AMERICAN WOMEN AND POLITICAL PARTIES, 1886-1960 (Melanie Gustafson, Kristie Miller &amp; Elisabeth I. Perry eds., 1999). ''See also'' Sherry Katz, ''Frances Nacke Noel and &quot;Sister Movements&quot;: Socialism, Feminism, and Trade Unionism in Los Angeles, 1909-1916'', 67 CAL. HIST. 180, 181-89 (1988).<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Suffrage and Black Civil Rights Movement===<br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> On suffrage and and the black civil rights movement, see BLANCHE GLASSMAN HERSH, THE SLAVERY OF SEX: FEMINIST ABOLITIONISTS IN AMERICA (1978); JEAN FAGAN YELLIN, WOMEN &amp; SISTERS: THE ANTISLAVERY FEMINISTS IN AMERICAN CULTURE (1998). Louise Michele Newman suggests that despite its emergence from the abolitionist movement, feminism’s understanding of citizenship was racist at the root. LOUISE MICHELLE NEWMAN, WHITE WOMEN’S RIGHTS: THE RACIAL ORIGINS OF FEMINISM IN THE UNITED STATES (1999). In the latest biography of Stanton, Lori Ginzburg shows how her positions on race harmed the women’s movement at the time and practically to this day. She pins the main blame for the National Association’s use of racist arguments on Stanton, though others used them widely in the seventies and eighties. LORI GINZBURG, ELIZABETH CADY STANTON: AN AMERICAN LIFE 129-31 (2009). <br /> <br /> <br /> For black suffragists, winning the vote was only part of a larger struggle for racial justice. On black women’s involvement in suffrage movements, see ROSALYN TERBORG-PENN, AFRICAN AMERICAN WOMEN IN THE STRUGGLE FOR THE VOTE, 1850-1920 (1998); MARTHA S. JONES, ALL BOUND UP TOGETHER: THE WOMAN QUESTION IN AFRICAN AMERICAN PUBLIC CULTURE, 1830-1900 (2007).<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Suffrage and Temperance and Prohibition===<br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> The temperance and prohibition movements were particularly appealing to women because of the effect of excessive alcohol drinking on family and work life and were thought by many to be a more appropriate reform activity than the fight for suffrage. Susan Anthony and other suffrage leaders moved to ally with the Women’s Christian Temperance Union in the early 1890s, and events in California mirrored the national scene—as described in Chapter Six. ''See'' RUTH BORDIN, FRANCES WILLARD: A BIOGRAPHY (1986); RUTH BORDIN, WOMEN AND TEMPERANCE: THE QUEST FOR POWER AND LIBERTY, 1873-1900, at 7 (1981); MORTON KELLER, AFFAIRS OF STATE: PUBLIC LIFE IN LATE NINETEENTH CENTURY AMERICA 122-36 (1977) (describing the post-war quest for the good society, free of vice and intemperance); SUZANNE M. MARILLEY, WOMAN SUFFRAGE AND THE ORIGINS OF LIBERAL FEMINISM IN THE UNITED STATES 1820-1920, at 118-129 (1996). There is a rich literature on the arguments and campaigns of the two movements. ''See'' BARBARA LEE EPSTEIN, THE POLITICS OF DOMESTICITY: WOMEN, EVANGELISM, AND TEMPERANCE IN NINETEENTH CENTURY AMERICA 102 (1981) (discussing temperance crusaders' arguments about victimization of women by men who drank); JOSEPH R. GUSFELD, SYMBOLIC CRUSADE, STATUS POLITICS AND THE AMERICAN TEMPERANCE MOVEMENT 91-105 (1963) (including many references to suffrage); CAROL MATTINGLY, WELL-TEMPERED WOMEN: NINETEENTH CENTURY TEMPERANCE RHETORIC 144 (1998); CATHERINE GILBERT MURDOCK, DOMESTICATING DRINK: WOMEN, MEN AND ALCOHOL (1998); THOMAS R. PEGRAM, BATTLING DEMON RUM: THE STRUGGLE FOR A DRY AMERICA 1800-1933, at 73 (1998).</div>

Babcock https://wlh-wiki.law.stanford.edu/index.php/Women_as_Public_Lecturers 2011-03-18T17:01:47Z

<p>Babcock:&#32;/* Women Lecturers */</p> <hr /> <div>This Note discusses the emergence of lecturing as a public event and women's involvement on the lecturing circuit.<br /> <br /> ==Lecturing and Lyceums Generally==<br /> <br /> On the emergence of popular lecturing as a public event in the 1840s and lecturing as “an act in the construction of a professional or intellectual career,” see Donald M Scott, ''The Popular Lecture and the Creation of a Public in Mid-Nineteenth-Century America'', 66 J. AM. HIST. 791, 793 (1980). ''See also'' Scott, ''The Profession That Vanished: Public Lecturing in Mid-Nineteenth Century America'', ''in'' PROFESSIONS AND PROFESSIONAL IDEOLOGY IN AMERICA (Gerald Gerson ed., 1983) (explaining the the rise and decline of lecturing as a profession). Scott tells how the new profession of lecturer gave rise to another occupation, Lyceum manager, a person who would book speakers into towns large enough to support a season, and help to make travel and other arrangements. <br /> <br /> <br /> J. MATTHEW GALLMAN, AMERICA’S JOAN OF ARC: THE LIFE OF ANNA ELIZABETH DICKINSON: THE STORY OF A REMARKABLE WOMAN (2006) describes the post-war rise of the Lyceums, and of James Redpath, the founder of the Lyceum movement at 66. Redpath was Dickinson’s impresario; also on his client list were Mark Twin, Henry Ward Beecher, Wendell Phillips, and many other well-known figures. ''See also'' CHARLES F. HORNER, THE LIFE OF JAMES REDPATH AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MODERN LYCEUM (1926). A modern recounting of Redpath’s varied activities, ranging from colonizing in Haiti to supporting John Brown, to his much more successful Lyceum bureau is JOHN MCKIVIGAN, FORGOTTEN FIREBRAND: JAMES REDPATH AND THE MAKING OF NINETEENTH-CENTURY AMERICA (2008). Major J.B. Pond, ECCENTRICITIES OF GENIUS: MEMORIES OF FAMOUS MEN AND WOMEN OF THE PLATFORM AND STAGE (1900) is a delightful contemporary look at public lecturing. He has a separate section on “women lecturers and singers”, which covers the lecturing careers of Susan Anthony, Anna Dickinson, Lucy Stone, Mary Livermore and Julia Ward Howe. <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Robert Ingersoll===<br /> ----<br /> <br /> The best known public orator in the late nineteenth century was Robert Ingersoll, (Marilla Ricker’s mentor; see Bibliographic Note: Women Lawyers History). Despite the fact that he was a free-thinker in religion, indeed the leader of the movement, Ingersoll drew huge audiences. He spoke on the clash of religion and science as his main subject, but also talked about women’s rights, civil rights for freedmen, and literary and historical subjects. In the days before radio and moving pictures he was said to have been heard and seen by more Americans than any other man in America. ''See generally'', Frank Smith, ROBERT G. INGERSOLL: A LIFE (1990). <br /> <br /> ==Women Lecturers==<br /> <br /> Women Lecturers<br /> The right to speak publicly was directly related to the full citizenship and political equality that women sought in the nineteenth century, beginning formally with Seneca Falls in 1848. See e.g. Susan Zaeske, “ ‘The Promiscuous Audience’ Controversy and the Emergence of the Early Woman’s Rights Movement,” 81 Quarterly J. of Speech 191 (1995). Women lecturers often got their start, as Laura Gordon had, as Spiritualist trance speakers, giving voice to deceased figures. They came into their own as speakers on abolition such as Anna Dickinson, the Grimke sisters, Lucy Stone and Susan Anthony. To their orations against slavery, some of the women lecturers added their own lack of liberty. <br /> On women lecturers in the nineteenth century, see KARLYN KOHRS CAMPBELL, 1 MAN CANNOT SPEAK FOR HER: A CRITICAL STUDY OF EARLY FEMINIST RHETORIC (1989); II WOMEN PUBLIC SPEAKERS IN THE UNITED STATES, 1800-1925: A BIOCRITICAL SOURCEBOOK (Karlyn Kohrs Campbell ed., 1993); NAN JOHNSON, GENDER AND RHETORICAL SPACE IN AMERICAN LIFE 1866-1910 (2002) is particularly interesting on the general omission from the “canon” of even the most famous women speakers, including for instance, Anna Dickinson, Elizaeth Cady Stanton, Frances Williard and Mary Livermore. 160-171. She credits Doris G. Yoakum with “the first substantial attempt in twentieth-century historical scholarship to restore to the canon of American oratory a record of the achievement of inluential nineteenth century women speakers…” at 3, 171. Yoakum’s article appeared in “Women’s Introduction the American Platform” in A HISTORY AND CRITICISM OF AMERICAN PUBLIC ADDRESS (William Norwood Brigance, ed. 1943).<br /> By the mid -80’s when Clara Foltz did her nationwide touring, there were a number of women on the platform, though their sex was still a point of comment. Nineteenth century lecturers divided roughly into those that spoke mainly on a “cause” and those who focused more on entertainment or general education. Clara Foltz combined both modes, though she usually worked in mention of women's rights. Looking back on her lecturing career, Foltz wrote that: &quot;I have spoken from the platform upon great themes, never omitting to mention woman suffrage straight.&quot; Foltz to Clara Colby, June 26, 1908 (Colby papers; Huntington Library). Like all the lecturers on the circuit, Foltz hoped to make money as well as converts. LORI D. GINZBURG, ELIZABETH CADY STANTON (2009) at 142-144 tells of the substantial sums Stanton was able to make as a lecturer in the early 1870s.<br /> <br /> Vivid contemporary accounts of lecturing in the nineteenth century are WARREN CHASE, FORTY YEARS ON THE SPIRITUAL ROSTRUM (1888) and MARY LIVERMORE, THE STORY OF MY LIFE (1897). (Foltz knew both these lecturers; Chase lived in San Jose in 1879-1880 and Mary Livermore lectured there and was entertained by Sarah Knox Goodrich, Struggles, May, 1916.)Chase and Livermore tell funny and harrowing stories of their travel experiences and relate that they stayed mostly in private homes rather than hotels. JILL NORGREN, BELVA LOCKWOOD, at 143-54, describes Lockwood’s platform experience over the eight years she took it up after the 1884 Presidential campaign, citing both Frances Willard and Elizabeth Stanton on the difficulties of travel and making arrangements. <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Foltz's First Lecturing Tour===<br /> ----<br /> <br /> On her initial lecturing tour in 1885, recounted in Chapter Two, Foltz had an agent to precede her, rent halls, alert the newspapers and organize sponsors. Frank Stechan was a theater manager in San Francisco who hoped ultimately to go into the “Lyceum” business, booking a stable of speakers into places large enough to have a lecture season. She and Stechan parted ways in Chicago, however, and Foltz signed up with the Slayton Lyceum Bureau, Belva Lockwood’s agent. Abigail Duniway reported these developments and added that Stechan had mishandled Foltz’s Portland lectures. Letter from Foltz to Duniway, N.Northwest, Feb. 1886. Henry Slayton was a lawyer, a lieutenant in a black regiment in the civil war, and an educator. His Lyceum was widely thought to be the first and best in the west. CHICAGO AND ITS DISTINGUISHED CITIZENS, (David Ward Wood, ed), (1881). He had many distinguished clients including Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan Anthony. <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Anna Dickinson===<br /> ----<br /> <br /> The career of Anna Dickinson (described in Chapter 2) showed the financial possibilities of the lecture circuit. Dubbed “The Joan of Arc of the Unionist Cause,” she had been a major abolitionist speaker before and during the War. Afterwards, Dickinson became a celebrity on the Lyceum circuit (as well as a paid political orator) where she spoke on a variety of subjects, including women’s and freedmen’s rights. Though Foltz apparently did not ever meet Dickinson, she probably read her memoir, A RAGGED REGISTER (OF PEOPLE, PLACES AND OPINIONS) (1879)with its many wryly told stories of unreceptive and rude audiences. For awhile, Dickenson averaged 150 lectures, and as much as $20,000 (about $330,000 in modern times) a season. GALLMAN, at 66. ''See also'' JAMES HARVEY YOUNG, NOTABLE AMERICAN WOMEN (Anna Dickinson entry) 1980). Gallman described the 1888 campaign, Dickinson’s last on the political oratory circuit. She ended up suing the Republican Party for failing to pay her according to her contract. ''Id''. at 173-177. ''See also'' GIRAUD CHESTER, EMBATTLED MAIDEN: THE LIFE OF ANNA DICKINSON (1951). <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Kate Field===<br /> ----<br /> <br /> Perhaps the woman lecturer most on a par with Ingersoll for drawing large audiences was Kate Field. GARY SCHARNHORST, KATE FIELD: THE MANY LIVES OF A NINETEENTH-CENTURY AMERICAN JOURNALIST (2008) is a full and readable biography of Field. Field’s San Diego visit, in which she and Foltz spent time together (see chapter 2) is described at 189-194, but does not mention Foltz. ''See'' David Baldwin, ''Kate Field Entry'' '' in'', NOTABLE AMERICAN WOMEN. For a vivid contemporary account of Field, see LILIAN WHITING, KATE FIELD: A RECORD (1899).</div>

Babcock https://wlh-wiki.law.stanford.edu/index.php/San_Francisco_Social_Life_and_Clara_Foltz%27s_Circle 2011-03-17T16:20:55Z

<p>Babcock:&#32;/* General Sources */</p> <hr /> <div>This Note reflects my research on San Franscisco's social scene during Clara Foltz's life and also discusses some of Clara's contemporaries in her social circle.<br /> <br /> ==General Sources==<br /> <br /> <br /> KEVIN STARR, AMERICANS AND THE CALIFORNIA DREAM 1850-1915 (1981) portrays the social, artistic and literary life of San Francisco mainly through mini-biographies of people such as Jack London, Ambrose Bierce and George Sterling and their circles. See especially, the chapter entitled, ''Bohemian Shores''. BARBARA BERGLUND, MAKING SAN FRANCISCO AMERICAN: CULTURAL FRONTIERS IN THE URBAN WEST, 1846-1906 (2007) describes how San Francisco evolved from a frontier boomtown. <br /> Published at the same time as WOMAN LAWYER, a new book titled WOMEN AND THE EVERYDAY CITY: PUBLIC SPACE IN SAN FRANCISCO, 1890-1915 (2011) by JESSICA ELLEN SEWELL explores the gender and class divisions of urban spaces and how they changed rapidly over a 25 year period. Especially interesting are the descriptions of the places of public entertainment: first is the legitimate theater (plays and operas) whose expense meant that mostly elite women attended, though they could go with each other there rather than requiring a male escort; less expensive vaudeville shows, which were considered a popular entertainment and included working class women, and children, and in which patrons could shout, stamp, and come in and out of their seats (no longer allowed in the legitimate theater): foreign language theaters serving the huge immigrant population, especially Italians; and variety houses and concert saloons, which nice ladies did not frequent at 97. SEWELL also has an excellent chapter on Dining Out, pp 67-94 that divides the restaurants, coffee houses, tea rooms, and hotel dining rooms by their locations and clientele. Finally, she deals with the advances in the sharing and use of public space made by the suffragists between their 1896 and 1911 campaigns. <br /> For contemporary accounts of the atmosphere and cultural events, see AMELIA RANSOME NEVILLE, THE FANTASTIC CITY: MEMOIRS OF THE SOCIAL AND ROMANTIC LIFE OF OLD SAN FRANCISCO (1932); JULIA ALTROCCHI, THE SPECTACULAR SAN FRANCISCANS (1949); Doris Muscatine, OLD SAN FRANCISCO: THE BIOGRAPHY OF A CITY FROM EARLY DAYS TO THE EARTHQUAKE(1975. FRANCES MOFFETT, DANCING ON THE BRINK OF THE WORLD: THE RISE AND FALL OF SAN FANCISCO SOCIETY (1977). <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> These works all discuss the various hotels, restaurants, social activities, plays, performances, publications, and famous people of San Francisco. Muscatine is the best indexed and most interested in women’s role. “The early stirring of women’s liberation spreading across the country made possible broader opportunities… increased social flexibility. During the 90’s… women could dine respectably in the French restaurants, could pursue a wider range of education, enter previously limited professions and follow their interests, including intellectual in formal groups that managed more than quilting bees and death benefits for members in good standing….” at 344. EVELYN WELLS, CHAMPAGNE DAYS OF SAN FRANCISCO (1939), in an apparent reference to the Portia Club (discussed in Chapter Three of WOMAN LAWYER) writes wryly, as if describing a fad, that in the late nineties a hundred women in San Francisco studied law and mentions Clara Foltz as their leader. <br /> Books by Oscar Lewis, the local historian (not to be confused with the anthropologist of the same name) give a good sense of the life of the city. SAN FRANCISCO: MISSION TO METROPOLIS (1966). OSCAR LEWIS AND CARROLL D. HALL, BONANZA INN, AMERICA’S FIRST LUXURY HOTEL (1939) is particularly good on the atmosphere of the 1880s, as seen from the Palace Hotel. Frank Mazzi, ''Harbingers of the City: Men and Their monuments in Nineteenth Century San Francisco'', 55 S. CAL. Q. 141 (1973) is excellent on the civilizing effects of fine hotels and theater buildings early in the city’s history, with many striking pictures and contemporary quotations. WILLIAM ISSEL AND ROBERT W. CHERNY, SAN FRANCISCO, 1865-1932, at 76 (1986) (quoting Samuel Williams in 1875 who wrote that “living at a first-class hotel is a strong presumption of social availability… but living in a boarding house indicates a nobody.”). 344 (1975)<br /> PETER R. DECKER, FORTUNES AND FAILURES, WHITE-COLLAR MOBILITY IN NINETEENTH-CENTURY SAN FRANCISCO 196-230 (1978) Chapter eight, entitled “A Social Geography of the Urban Landscape,” describes different neighborhoods and the rise of Van Ness Avenue where Foltz lived after the World’s Fair. See also CHARLES CALDWELL DOBIE, SAN FRANCISCO: A PAGEANT 278-9 (1934).<br /> <br /> Gertrude Atherton, who was by marriage a member for a time of San Francisco society wrote about the social life of the city in novels and memoirs. CALIFORNIA, AN INTIMATE HISTORY (1914); ADVENTURES OF A NOVELIST (1932). Atherton’s life overlapped with Clara Foltz’s at many points, and they may well have met each other. But neither mentioned the other on the public record. WOMAN LAWYER, Chapter 5 describes Atherton’s novel PATIENCE SPARHAWK AND HER TIMES, which features a woman accused of murdering her husband. It was published in the mid-nineties at about the same time that Foltz wrote her piece, ''Should Women Be Executed.'' On-line bibliographic note Women Murder Defendants and Equal Justice. See EMILY WORTIS LEIDER, CALIFORNIA’S DAUGHTER: GERTRUDE ATHERTON (1991) for a description of Atherton's life and the circles in which she moved.<br /> <br /> ===The Montgomery Block===<br /> ----<br /> <br /> Many histories of San Francisco mention the Montgomery block where Foltz had her law office several times over the years, including her first one in the city. IDWAL JONES, ARK OF EMPIRE, SAN FRANCISCO’S MONTGOMERY BLOCK (1951) is devoted entirely to the building’s history. Built in 1853, its construction on a raft of redwood logs that had been bolted together in a deeply excavated basement, with thick masonry walls, was considered the safest building in the west (and indeed it survived the 1906 earthquake and fire). It attracted lawyers, engineers, judges, scientists, business people plus artists and writers including Jack London, George Sterling, Lola Montez, Lotta Crabtree, Gelett Burgess, Maynard Dixon, Frank Norris, Ambrose Bierce, Bret Harte, and Mark Twain. HARR WAGNER, JOAQUIN MILLER AND HIS OTHER SELF 105 (1929) tells of how Montgomery St. between Jackson and California Streets was “the literary center of SF.” In addition to Joaquin Miller, Wagner mentions many other writers as regulars in a Bohemian group centered in the Golden Era offices: Millicent Shin, Harry McDowall, Arthur McEwen, Ambrose Bierce, Madge Morris, Ella Sterling Cummins (later Mighels), Carrie Stevens Walter and Eliza D. Keith. “Frequently at noon, young law students, poets and artists would meet in the Golden Era office and listen to the reading of good, bad and indifferent ms. We would pool our small change and adjourn to Hjul’s coffee shop… Among the young men who gathered there that achieved more than local fame were James G. Maguire, Judge Gore Cabaniss, Franklin K. Lane, E. E. Cothran and Robert Duncan Milne.” SEWELL, ''supra'' does not mention Hjuls but has a very interesting account of another, famous to tourists, coffee shop in the Montgomery Block, Coppas, which catered to a cross gender and class crowd (though she suggests that the elites may have been slumming. at 86-89.<br /> <br /> ==Frona Wait, Madge Morris, Ella Cummins==<br /> <br /> In the city, Foltz had a circle of friends who were writers and in that sense career women but who were not her political or women's rights allies. These included especially Frona Wait, Ella Cummins, and Madge Morris. Frona Wait Colburn, 1859-ca. 1946 was a California journalist, the first woman to write for the San Francisco EXAMINER. She also worked for the San Francisco CALL and the San Francisco CHRONICLE. Wait was said to be the model for the heroine (Frona Welse) of Jack London's first novel, A DAUGHTER OF THE SNOWS (1902). Biographical Introduction, Colburn Manuscript Collection, California State Library. In the outgoing correspondance folder of the papers is a note in memory of “my old friend Clara Foltz” (Box 1066, Folder 30).<br /> <br /> ===Excerpt From Frona Wait's Notes===<br /> ----<br /> <br /> <br /> &quot;Mrs. Clara Shortridge Foltz, Madge Morris Wagner and I were young women together. We were life-long friends and often met and exchanged views on life in general. Seldom did we agree, but we allowed each other elbow room good naturedly. For example Mrs Foltz was an ardent suffragist. I was not in favor of woman suffrage at all. Mrs. Foltz said: 'Frona Wait, you are one of the brightest women I know, but you are all wrong on woman suffrage. All right, Clara Foltz, wait and see,' I always replied.&quot;<br /> <br /> &quot;The last time I saw Mrs. Foltz, she asked me to come and dine with her at the Palace Hotel, a spot we both loved. I took her a handful of LaFrance roses. After dinner, upstairs in her room, I said: ‘Well, now Clara Foltz, what do you think of woman suffrage?' She put her hands over her face and answered. Frona Wait, I am ashamed!” My answer was, ‘Clara Foltz, I thought you would be,' and so ended a beautiful friendship. Madge Morris had already gone, and I am keeping watch and ward over our past association memories.&quot; <br /> Frona Wait Colburn<br /> October 2, 1942<br /> <br /> <br /> Frona Wait also wrote of the special friendship among Fotlz, Madge Morris and her in an obituary of Morris, ''A California Poetess—As I Knew Her'', OVERLAND MONTHLY &amp; OUT WEST MAGAZINE, 204-206 (May 1924). <br /> <br /> Wait also wrote of the life-long trio of Foltz, Morris and herself, relating that Morris reached the peak of her fame when she was celebrated at the World’s Fair as the author of Liberty’s Bell. In the same set of obituaries, Ella Cummins (Mighels), ''Her Pen is Stilled'' described the romance of Madge Morris with Harr Wagner when she wrote for his magazine, The Golden Era and became his wife.<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Morris's &quot;Ode to Clara Foltz&quot;===<br /> ----<br /> <br /> Madge Morris and Clara Foltz first met in San Jose in the 1870's; Morris, who was then a young widow with one child, was appointed postmistress in the 1880 legislature. Her Ode to Clara Shortridge Foltz is from this period and describes Foltz on the public platform and in her legislative duties. <br /> <br /> To Clara Shortridge Foltz <br /> <br /> by Madge Morris, version in &quot;The Lure of the Desert and Other Poems, published in 1917©©<br /> (this poem written at lest by 1887 ©quoted in Bee©©probably when they were both in Sacramento together: 1880©©<br /> internal evidence that must have been near time CSF's children were little.)<br /> <br /> <br /> From out the ranks of them that toil<br /> Thy hand has carved its upward way, <br /> Nor stooped its God©given trust to soil, <br /> Nor dreamed in weariness to stay. <br /> If faltered e&quot;er that heart of thine, <br /> It ached, but gave the world no sign.<br /> <br /> Thy voice has argued in debate,©©<br /> In scathing satire sharply fell&quot;<br /> In forum and in hall of state<br /> Held listening thousands with its spell. <br /> Then dropped its tones to softest keep<br /> And crooning sung a babe to sleep. <br /> <br /> True as the ship is to its port, <br /> Thy heart©©on seas of sun or foam©©<br /> Wrought out its masonry in Court, <br /> But built its tower at home.<br /> <br /> And when the gold upon thy head<br /> Shall change to age's colder gray, <br /> The little hands that thou has led<br /> Will lead thee down life's slanting way.<br /> The path is long since over©grown<br /> With flowers of love that thou hast sown.<br /> <br /> Then Hail thee! priestess of the law©©<br /> OUr fair©browed Portia of the West.<br /> Write on they shield: &quot;I came. I saw, <br /> I conquered.&quot; Thou hast earned the crest©©<br /> Nay; more, it seemed the gods to thee<br /> Had given the Sakhral's mystery.<br /> <br /> And thou hast proved that woman can©©<br /> Who has the grace, and strength and will©<br /> Work in the wider field of man<br /> And be a glorious woman, still. <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Rocking the Baby===<br /> ----<br /> <br /> <br /> ROCKING THE BABY<br /> <br /> I hear her rocking the baby--<br /> Her room is just next to mine--<br /> And I fancy I feel the dimpled arms<br /> That round her neck entwine,<br /> As she rocks, and rocks the baby,<br /> In the room just next to mine.<br /> I hear her rocking the baby<br /> Each day when the twilight comes,<br /> And I know there's a world of blessing and love<br /> In the &quot;baby bye&quot; she hums.<br /> I can see the restless fingers<br /> Playing with &quot;mamma's rings,&quot;<br /> And the sweet little smiling, pouting mouth,<br /> That to hers in kissing clings,<br /> As she rocks and sings to the baby,<br /> And dreams as she rocks and sings.<br /> <br /> I hear her rocking the baby,<br /> Slower and slower now,<br /> And I know she is leaving her good-night kiss<br /> On its eyes, and cheek, and brow<br /> From her rocking, rocking, rocking,<br /> I wonder would she start,<br /> Could she know, through the wall between us,<br /> She is rocking on a heart.<br /> While my empty arms are aching<br /> For a form they may not press<br /> And my emptier heart is breaking<br /> In its desolate loneliness<br /> I list to the rocking, rocking,<br /> In the room just next to mine,<br /> And breathe a prayer in silence,<br /> At a mother's broken shrine,<br /> For the woman who rocks her baby<br /> In the room just next to mine.<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Cummins' Exhibit===<br /> ----<br /> <br /> In the early nineties, Ella Cummins put together an exhibit of California writers for the World’s Fair and later published her findings in THE STORY OF THE FILES, A REVIEW OF CALIFORNIA WRITERS AND LITERATURE (1893), a book of 450 pages of pictures, excerpts, and idiosyncratic opinions. Cummins’ thesis was serious--that a true regional literature had been invented in pioneer California. The writer’s exhibit covered the few famous writers, such as Bret Harte and Mark Twain, and the semi-famous, Joaquin Miller and Ina Coolbrith. Cummins persuaded Ambrose Bierce and Gertrude Atherton to contribute to the exhibit, described in EMILY WORTIS LEIDER, CALIFORNIA’S DAUGHTER 131-32 (1993). <br /> <br /> <br /> Cummins also mentioned Wait (spelling it with an “e”) at 316 noting that some of her magazine sketches were “excellent, notably one on Clara Foltz, the lady lawyer.” Her husband Adley Cummins, a lawyer and writer, died, and Cummins later re-married and published LITERARY CALIFORNIA, POETRY, PROSE AND PORTRAITS (1918) under the name Ella Sterling Mighels. Clara Foltz is pictured in the book at page 174, the only woman among “orators, editors and prose writers.” For more on Cummins, see ELLA STERLING CUMMINS MIGHELS, NO ROOMS OF THEIR OWN; WOMEN WRITERS OF EARLY CALIFORNIA 259-92 (Ida Rae Egli ed., 1992). She published her autobiography under the pen name Aurora Esmeralda entitled LITERARY CALIFORNIA, LIFE AND LETTERS OF A FORTY-NINER’S DAUGHTER 184-89 (1934). Though disclaiming feminism, Cummins pursued a journalistic career which featured many forgotten women in her exhibit, and spoke on women’s contributions to California literature. See Cummins, The Women Writers of California, THE CONGRESS OF WOMEN: HELD IN THE WOMAN'S BUILDING, WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION, CHICAGO, U. S. A., 1893, (Mary Kavanaugh Oldham Eagle ed. 1894). For a picture of many of the early writers and magazines in San Francisco, which credits Cummins with preserving it, see FRANKLIN WALKER, SAN FRANCISCO’S LITERARY FRONTIER (1930).</div>

Babcock https://wlh-wiki.law.stanford.edu/index.php/San_Francisco_Social_Life_and_Clara_Foltz%27s_Circle 2011-03-17T16:17:12Z

<p>Babcock:&#32;/* General Sources */</p> <hr /> <div>This Note reflects my research on San Franscisco's social scene during Clara Foltz's life and also discusses some of Clara's contemporaries in her social circle.<br /> <br /> ==General Sources==<br /> <br /> <br /> KEVIN STARR, AMERICANS AND THE CALIFORNIA DREAM 1850-1915 (1981) portrays the social, artistic and literary life of San Francisco mainly through mini-biographies of people such as Jack London, Ambrose Bierce and George Sterling and their circles. See especially, the chapter entitled, ''Bohemian Shores''. BARBARA BERGLUND, MAKING SAN FRANCISCO AMERICAN: CULTURAL FRONTIERS IN THE URBAN WEST, 1846-1906 (2007) describes how San Francisco evolved from a frontier boomtown. <br /> Published at the same time as WOMAN LAWYER, a new book titled WOMEN AND THE EVERYDAY CITY: PUBLIC SPACE IN SAN FRANCISCO, 1890-1915 (2011) by JESSICA ELLEN SEWELL explores the gender and class divisions of urban spaces and how they changed rapidly over a 25 year period. Especially interesting are the descriptions of the places of public entertainment: first is the legitimate theater (plays and operas) whose expense meant that mostly elite women attended, though they could go with each other there rather than requiring a male escort; less expensive vaudeville shows, which were considered a popular entertainment and included working class women, and children, and in which patrons could shout, stamp, and come in and out of their seats (no longer allowed in the legitimate theater): foreign language theaters serving the huge immigrant population, especially Italians; and variety houses and concert saloons, which nice ladies did not frequent at 97. SEWELL also has an excellent chapter on Dining Out, pp 67-94 that divides the restaurants, coffee houses, tea rooms, and hotel dining rooms by their locations and clientele. Finally, she deals with the advances in the sharing and use of public space made by the suffragists between their 1896 and 1911 campaigns. <br /> For contemporary accounts of the atmosphere and cultural events, see AMELIA RANSOME NEVILLE, THE FANTASTIC CITY: MEMOIRS OF THE SOCIAL AND ROMANTIC LIFE OF OLD SAN FRANCISCO (1932); JULIA ALTROCCHI, THE SPECTACULAR SAN FRANCISCANS (1949); Doris Muscatine, OLD SAN FRANCISCO: THE BIOGRAPHY OF A CITY FROM EARLY DAYS TO THE EARTHQUAKE(1975. FRANCES MOFFETT, DANCING ON THE BRINK OF THE WORLD: THE RISE AND FALL OF SAN FANCISCO SOCIETY (1977). <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> These works all discuss the various hotels, restaurants, social activities, plays, performances, publications, and famous people of San Francisco. Muscatine is the best indexed and most interested in women’s role. “The early stirring of women’s liberation spreading across the country made possible broader opportunities… increased social flexibility. During the 90’s… women could dine respectably in the French restaurants, could pursue a wider range of education, enter previously limited professions and follow their interests, including intellectual in formal groups that managed more than quilting bees and death benefits for members in good standing….” at 344. EVELYN WELLS, CHAMPAGNE DAYS OF SAN FRANCISCO (1939), in an apparent reference to the Portia Club (discussed in Chapter Three of WOMAN LAWYER) writes wryly, as if describing a fad, that in the late nineties a hundred women in San Francisco studied law and mentions Clara Foltz as their leader. <br /> Books by Oscar Lewis, the local historian (not to be confused with the anthropologist of the same name) give a good sense of the life of the city. SAN FRANCISCO: MISSION TO METROPOLIS (1966). OSCAR LEWIS AND CARROLL D. HALL, BONANZA INN, AMERICA’S FIRST LUXURY HOTEL (1939) is particularly good on the atmosphere of the 1880s, as seen from the Palace Hotel. Frank Mazzi, ''Harbingers of the City: Men and Their monuments in Nineteenth Century San Francisco'', 55 S. CAL. Q. 141 (1973) is excellent on the civilizing effects of fine hotels and theater buildings early in the city’s history, with many striking pictures and contemporary quotations. WILLIAM ISSEL AND ROBERT W. CHERNY, SAN FRANCISCO, 1865-1932, at 76 (1986) (quoting Samuel Williams in 1875 who wrote that “living at a first-class hotel is a strong presumption of social availability… but living in a boarding house indicates a nobody.”). 344 (1975)<br /> PETER R. DECKER, FORTUNES AND FAILURES, WHITE-COLLAR MOBILITY IN NINETEENTH-CENTURY SAN FRANCISCO 196-230 (1978) Chapter eight, entitled “A Social Geography of the Urban Landscape,” describes different neighborhoods and the rise of Van Ness Avenue where Foltz lived after the World’s Fair. See also CHARLES CALDWELL DOBIE, SAN FRANCISCO: A PAGEANT 278-9 (1934).<br /> <br /> Gertrude Atherton, who was by marriage a member for a time of San Francisco society wrote about the social life of the city in novels and memoirs. CALIFORNIA, AN INTIMATE HISTORY (1914); ADVENTURES OF A NOVELIST (1932). Atherton’s life overlapped with Clara Foltz’s at many points, and they may well have met each other. But neither mentioned the other on the public record. WOMAN LAWYER, Chapter 5 describes Atherton’s novel PATIENCE SPARHAWK AND HER TIMES, which features a woman accused of murdering her husband. It was published in the mid-nineties at about the same time that Foltz wrote her piece, ''Should Women Be Executed.'' On-line bibliographic note Women Murder Defendants and Equal Justice. See EMILY WORTIS LEIDER, CALIFORNIA’S DAUGHTER: GERTRUDE ATHERTON (1991) for a description of Atherton's life and the circles in which she moved.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> KEVIN STARR, AMERICANS AND THE CALIFORNIA DREAM 1850-1915 (1981) portrays the social, artistic and literary life of San Francisco mainly through mini-biographies of people such as Jack London, Ambrose Bierce and George Sterling and their circles. See especially, the chapter entitled, ''Bohemian Shores''. [hereafter STARR, DREAM]. BARBARA BERGLUND, MAKING SAN FRANCISCO AMERICAN: CULTURAL FRONTIERS IN THE URBAN WEST, 1846-1906 (2007),describes how San Francisco evolved from a frontier boomtown into “a civilized, conquered, and thus fully American place.” For accounts of the atmosphere and cultural events, see AMELIA RANSOME NEVILLE, THE FANTASTIC CITY: MEMOIRS OF THE SOCIAL AND ROMANTIC LIFE OF OLD SAN FRANCISCO (1932); JULIA ALTROCCHI, THE SPECTACULAR SAN FRANCISCANS (1949); Doris Muscatine, OLD SAN FRANCISCO: THE BIOGRAPHY OF A CITY FROM EARLY DAYS TO THE EARTHQUAKE(1975. FRANCES MOFFETT, DANCING ON THE BRINK OF THE WORLD: THE RISE AND FALL OF SAN FANCISCO SOCIETY (1977). <br /> <br /> These works all discuss the various hotels, restaurants, social activities, plays, performances, publications, and famous people of San Francisco. Muscatine is the best indexed and most interested in women’s role. “The early stirring of women’s liberation spreading across the country made possible broader opportunities… increased social flexibility. During the 90’s… women could dine respectably in the French restaurants, could pursue a wider range of education enter previously limited professions and followed their interests, including intellectual in formal groups that managed more than quilting bees and death benefits for members in good standing….” at 344. EVELYN WELLS, CHAMPAGNE DAYS OF SAN FRANCISCO (1939, in an apparent reference to the Portia Club (see Chapter Three) writes that in the late nineties a hundred women in San Francisco studeid law. <br /> <br /> Books by Oscar Lewis, the local historian (not to be confused with the anthropologist of the same name) give a good sense of the life of the city. SAN FRANCISCO: MISSION TO METROPOLIS (1966). OSCAR LEWIS AND CARROLL D. HALL, BONANZA INN, AMERICA’S FIRST LUXURY HOTEL (1939) is particularly good on the atmosphere of the 1880s, as seen from the Palace Hotel. Frank Mazzi, ''Harbingers of the City: Men and Their monuments in Nineteenth Century San Francisco'', 55 S. CAL. Q. 141 (1973) is excellent on the civilizing effects of fine hotels and theater buildings early in the city’s history, with many striking pictures and contemporary quotations. WILLIAM ISSEL AND ROBERT W. CHERNY, SAN FRANCISCO, 1865-1932, at 76 (1986) (quoting Samuel Williams in 1875 who wrote that “living at a first-class hotel is a strong presumption of social availability… but living in a boarding house indicates a nobody.”). 344 (1975)<br /> <br /> PETER R. DECKER, FORTUNES AND FAILURES, WHITE-COLLAR MOBILITY IN NINETEENTH-CENTURY SAN FRANCISCO 196-230 (1978) (Chapter eight, entitled “A Social Geography of the Urban Landscape,” describes different neighborhoods and the rise of Van Ness Avenue where Foltz lived after the World’s Fair); See also CHARLES CALDWELL DOBIE, SAN FRANCISCO: A PAGEANT 278-9 (1934).<br /> <br /> Gertrude Atherton, who was by marriage a member for a time of San Francisco society wrote about the social life of the city in novels and memoirs. CALIFORNIA, AN INTIMATE HISTORY (1914); ADVENTURES OF A NOVELIST (1932). Atherton’s life overlapped with Clara Foltz’s at many points, and they may well have met each other. But neither mentioned the other on the public record. See Chapter 5 for a description of Atherton’s novel PATIENCE SPARHAWK AND HER TIMES, which features a woman accused of murdering her husband. It was published in the mid-nineties at about the same time that Foltz wrote her piece, ''Should Women Be Executed'' ''See'' On-line bibliographic note Women Murder Defendants and Equal Justice. See EMILY WORTIS LEIDER, CALIFORNIA’S DAUGHTER: GERTRUDE ATHERTON (1991) for a description of Atherton's life and the circles in which she moved.<br /> <br /> ===The Montgomery Block===<br /> ----<br /> <br /> Many histories of San Francisco mention the Montgomery block where Foltz had her law office several times over the years, including her first one in the city. IDWAL JONES, ARK OF EMPIRE, SAN FRANCISCO’S MONTGOMERY BLOCK (1951) is devoted entirely to the building’s history. Built in 1853, its construction on a raft of redwood logs that had been bolted together in a deeply excavated basement, with thick masonry walls, was considered the safest building in the west (and indeed it survived the 1906 earthquake and fire). It attracted lawyers, engineers, judges, scientists, business people plus artists and writers including Jack London, George Sterling, Lola Montez, Lotta Crabtree, Gelett Burgess, Maynard Dixon, Frank Norris, Ambrose Bierce, Bret Harte, and Mark Twain. HARR WAGNER, JOAQUIN MILLER AND HIS OTHER SELF 105 (1929) tells of how Montgomery St. between Jackson and California Streets was “the literary center of SF.” In addition to Joaquin Miller, Wagner mentions many other writers as regulars in a Bohemian group centered in the Golden Era offices: Millicent Shin, Harry McDowall, Arthur McEwen, Ambrose Bierce, Madge Morris, Ella Sterling Cummins (later Mighels), Carrie Stevens Walter and Eliza D. Keith. “Frequently at noon, young law students, poets and artists would meet in the Golden Era office and listen to the reading of good, bad and indifferent ms. We would pool our small change and adjourn to Hjul’s coffee shop… Among the young men who gathered there that achieved more than local fame were James G. Maguire, Judge Gore Cabaniss, Franklin K. Lane, E. E. Cothran and Robert Duncan Milne.”<br /> <br /> ==Frona Wait, Madge Morris, Ella Cummins==<br /> <br /> In the city, Foltz had a circle of friends who were writers and in that sense career women but who were not her political or women's rights allies. These included especially Frona Wait, Ella Cummins, and Madge Morris. Frona Wait Colburn, 1859-ca. 1946 was a California journalist, the first woman to write for the San Francisco EXAMINER. She also worked for the San Francisco CALL and the San Francisco CHRONICLE. Wait was said to be the model for the heroine (Frona Welse) of Jack London's first novel, A DAUGHTER OF THE SNOWS (1902). Biographical Introduction, Colburn Manuscript Collection, California State Library. In the outgoing correspondance folder of the papers is a note in memory of “my old friend Clara Foltz” (Box 1066, Folder 30).<br /> <br /> ===Excerpt From Frona Wait's Notes===<br /> ----<br /> <br /> <br /> &quot;Mrs. Clara Shortridge Foltz, Madge Morris Wagner and I were young women together. We were life-long friends and often met and exchanged views on life in general. Seldom did we agree, but we allowed each other elbow room good naturedly. For example Mrs Foltz was an ardent suffragist. I was not in favor of woman suffrage at all. Mrs. Foltz said: 'Frona Wait, you are one of the brightest women I know, but you are all wrong on woman suffrage. All right, Clara Foltz, wait and see,' I always replied.&quot;<br /> <br /> &quot;The last time I saw Mrs. Foltz, she asked me to come and dine with her at the Palace Hotel, a spot we both loved. I took her a handful of LaFrance roses. After dinner, upstairs in her room, I said: ‘Well, now Clara Foltz, what do you think of woman suffrage?' She put her hands over her face and answered. Frona Wait, I am ashamed!” My answer was, ‘Clara Foltz, I thought you would be,' and so ended a beautiful friendship. Madge Morris had already gone, and I am keeping watch and ward over our past association memories.&quot; <br /> Frona Wait Colburn<br /> October 2, 1942<br /> <br /> <br /> Frona Wait also wrote of the special friendship among Fotlz, Madge Morris and her in an obituary of Morris, ''A California Poetess—As I Knew Her'', OVERLAND MONTHLY &amp; OUT WEST MAGAZINE, 204-206 (May 1924). <br /> <br /> Wait also wrote of the life-long trio of Foltz, Morris and herself, relating that Morris reached the peak of her fame when she was celebrated at the World’s Fair as the author of Liberty’s Bell. In the same set of obituaries, Ella Cummins (Mighels), ''Her Pen is Stilled'' described the romance of Madge Morris with Harr Wagner when she wrote for his magazine, The Golden Era and became his wife.<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Morris's &quot;Ode to Clara Foltz&quot;===<br /> ----<br /> <br /> Madge Morris and Clara Foltz first met in San Jose in the 1870's; Morris, who was then a young widow with one child, was appointed postmistress in the 1880 legislature. Her Ode to Clara Shortridge Foltz is from this period and describes Foltz on the public platform and in her legislative duties. <br /> <br /> To Clara Shortridge Foltz <br /> <br /> by Madge Morris, version in &quot;The Lure of the Desert and Other Poems, published in 1917©©<br /> (this poem written at lest by 1887 ©quoted in Bee©©probably when they were both in Sacramento together: 1880©©<br /> internal evidence that must have been near time CSF's children were little.)<br /> <br /> <br /> From out the ranks of them that toil<br /> Thy hand has carved its upward way, <br /> Nor stooped its God©given trust to soil, <br /> Nor dreamed in weariness to stay. <br /> If faltered e&quot;er that heart of thine, <br /> It ached, but gave the world no sign.<br /> <br /> Thy voice has argued in debate,©©<br /> In scathing satire sharply fell&quot;<br /> In forum and in hall of state<br /> Held listening thousands with its spell. <br /> Then dropped its tones to softest keep<br /> And crooning sung a babe to sleep. <br /> <br /> True as the ship is to its port, <br /> Thy heart©©on seas of sun or foam©©<br /> Wrought out its masonry in Court, <br /> But built its tower at home.<br /> <br /> And when the gold upon thy head<br /> Shall change to age's colder gray, <br /> The little hands that thou has led<br /> Will lead thee down life's slanting way.<br /> The path is long since over©grown<br /> With flowers of love that thou hast sown.<br /> <br /> Then Hail thee! priestess of the law©©<br /> OUr fair©browed Portia of the West.<br /> Write on they shield: &quot;I came. I saw, <br /> I conquered.&quot; Thou hast earned the crest©©<br /> Nay; more, it seemed the gods to thee<br /> Had given the Sakhral's mystery.<br /> <br /> And thou hast proved that woman can©©<br /> Who has the grace, and strength and will©<br /> Work in the wider field of man<br /> And be a glorious woman, still. <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Rocking the Baby===<br /> ----<br /> <br /> <br /> ROCKING THE BABY<br /> <br /> I hear her rocking the baby--<br /> Her room is just next to mine--<br /> And I fancy I feel the dimpled arms<br /> That round her neck entwine,<br /> As she rocks, and rocks the baby,<br /> In the room just next to mine.<br /> I hear her rocking the baby<br /> Each day when the twilight comes,<br /> And I know there's a world of blessing and love<br /> In the &quot;baby bye&quot; she hums.<br /> I can see the restless fingers<br /> Playing with &quot;mamma's rings,&quot;<br /> And the sweet little smiling, pouting mouth,<br /> That to hers in kissing clings,<br /> As she rocks and sings to the baby,<br /> And dreams as she rocks and sings.<br /> <br /> I hear her rocking the baby,<br /> Slower and slower now,<br /> And I know she is leaving her good-night kiss<br /> On its eyes, and cheek, and brow<br /> From her rocking, rocking, rocking,<br /> I wonder would she start,<br /> Could she know, through the wall between us,<br /> She is rocking on a heart.<br /> While my empty arms are aching<br /> For a form they may not press<br /> And my emptier heart is breaking<br /> In its desolate loneliness<br /> I list to the rocking, rocking,<br /> In the room just next to mine,<br /> And breathe a prayer in silence,<br /> At a mother's broken shrine,<br /> For the woman who rocks her baby<br /> In the room just next to mine.<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Cummins' Exhibit===<br /> ----<br /> <br /> In the early nineties, Ella Cummins put together an exhibit of California writers for the World’s Fair and later published her findings in THE STORY OF THE FILES, A REVIEW OF CALIFORNIA WRITERS AND LITERATURE (1893), a book of 450 pages of pictures, excerpts, and idiosyncratic opinions. Cummins’ thesis was serious--that a true regional literature had been invented in pioneer California. The writer’s exhibit covered the few famous writers, such as Bret Harte and Mark Twain, and the semi-famous, Joaquin Miller and Ina Coolbrith. Cummins persuaded Ambrose Bierce and Gertrude Atherton to contribute to the exhibit, described in EMILY WORTIS LEIDER, CALIFORNIA’S DAUGHTER 131-32 (1993). <br /> <br /> <br /> Cummins also mentioned Wait (spelling it with an “e”) at 316 noting that some of her magazine sketches were “excellent, notably one on Clara Foltz, the lady lawyer.” Her husband Adley Cummins, a lawyer and writer, died, and Cummins later re-married and published LITERARY CALIFORNIA, POETRY, PROSE AND PORTRAITS (1918) under the name Ella Sterling Mighels. Clara Foltz is pictured in the book at page 174, the only woman among “orators, editors and prose writers.” For more on Cummins, see ELLA STERLING CUMMINS MIGHELS, NO ROOMS OF THEIR OWN; WOMEN WRITERS OF EARLY CALIFORNIA 259-92 (Ida Rae Egli ed., 1992). She published her autobiography under the pen name Aurora Esmeralda entitled LITERARY CALIFORNIA, LIFE AND LETTERS OF A FORTY-NINER’S DAUGHTER 184-89 (1934). Though disclaiming feminism, Cummins pursued a journalistic career which featured many forgotten women in her exhibit, and spoke on women’s contributions to California literature. See Cummins, The Women Writers of California, THE CONGRESS OF WOMEN: HELD IN THE WOMAN'S BUILDING, WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION, CHICAGO, U. S. A., 1893, (Mary Kavanaugh Oldham Eagle ed. 1894). For a picture of many of the early writers and magazines in San Francisco, which credits Cummins with preserving it, see FRANKLIN WALKER, SAN FRANCISCO’S LITERARY FRONTIER (1930).</div>

Babcock https://wlh-wiki.law.stanford.edu/index.php/The_New_York_Legal_Scene 2011-03-16T16:58:53Z

<p>Babcock:&#32;/* Criminal Practice */</p> <hr /> <div>This Note discusses the legal landscape of New York in the 1900s including the development of the Women's Legal Education Society, the professionalization of the legal profession, and the corruption of the criminal justice system.<br /> <br /> &lt;div id=wles&gt;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> ==Women’s Legal Education Society (WLES) and Law Class==<br /> <br /> See Chapter Four of WOMAN LAWYER for a discussion of WLES.<br /> <br /> <br /> For an excellent study and complete bibliography of the Swiss lawyer who was one of the main founders of the Society, see Elena DiMuzio Doctor Emily Kempin, 2004, at WLH Website. EVELINE HASLER, FLYING WITH WINGS OF WAX; THE STORY OF EMILY KEMPIN-SPYRI (Edna McCown trans. 1993) (1991) is backed by solid research, and accurate reports of news stories, though it does not have citations and is partly fictionalized. For a good overview though, she focuses on the later graduates of the regular New York University class, see Phyliss Eckhaus, ''Restless Women: The Pioneering Alumnae of New York University School of Law'', 66 N.Y.U. L. REV. 1996 (1991). As related by Eckhaus, the WLES story started when Fanny Weber, the wife of a prominent doctor was doing charity work among the poor immigrants. While teaching classes in “hygiene and invalid cooking,” she realized that “most of their mental suffering resulted from wrongs that needed legal advice.” She was friends with Emily Kempin, a graduate of the University of Zurich and a recent immigrant. Together with other society ladies and male lawyer volunteers they set up a legal dispensary for the poor, calling it the Arbitration Society.<br /> <br /> <br /> Kempin trained the society ladies to give legal advice, which led to the idea of the Women’s Legal Education Society and evolved in turn into the special women’s law class at NYU, and also to the admission of women into the regular curriculum. ''See'', Eckhaus, at 2-3.<br /> <br /> <br /> Contemporary references include: Isabella Mary Pettus, ''The Legal Education of Women'', 61 ALB. L.J. 325 (1900);'' The Work of the Woman’s Law Class, New York University'', 1 WOMEN LAWYERS’ J. 20-22 (1911) (history of the class; laments confusion with regular NYU class);'' Modern Portias in Practice'', N.Y. TIMES, Mar. 11, 1894 (Chancellor Robert McCracken quoted on history of women at the school); ''Law School for Women, Dr. Emily Kempin Will Start a College for Girls'', N.Y. TIMES, Oct. 5, 1889. In its first decade, the Women’s Law Class awarded certificates of achievement to hundreds of students. ''See'' NEW YORK UNIVERSITY, FOR THE BETTER PROTECTION OF THEIR RIGHTS: A HISTORY OF THE FIRST FIFTY YEARS OF THE WOMEN'S LEGAL EDUCATION SOCIETY AND THE WOMAN'S LAW CLASS 10 (1940).<br /> <br /> ==The New Corporate Practice==<br /> <br /> There is an extensive literature on the history of the legal profession—partly because works on current issues start with a summary of the past. I am listing here only the sources that seemed to me directly related to Clara Foltz. The accepted interpretation is that the legal profession became increasingly professionalized in the late nineteenth century with emphasis on “objective standards of technical competence, superior skill, and high-quality performance.” KERMIT HALL, THE MAGIC MIRROR: LAW IN AMERICAN HISTORY 211 (1989); LAWRENCE FRIEDMAN, HISTORY OF AMERICAN LAW (3rd ed. 2005). At the same time, there was a sense of loss of traditions of statesmanship, of the courtroom lawyer as a dominant figure, and of the law as a smooth path to status and political power. RICHARD HOFSTADER, AGE OF REFORM 156-58 (1955). Robert Gordon argues that the image of lawyers as statesmen and professionals rather than businessmen was something of an illusion. ''The Ideal and the Actual in the Law: Fantasies and Practices of New York City Lawyers 1870-1910'', ''in'' THE NEW HIGH PRIESTS: LAWYERS IN POST-CIVIL WAR AMERICA (Gerard W. Gawalt ed., 1984). In another influential article, ''The Independence of Lawyers'', 68 BUL. REV. 1 (1988), Gordon examines the ethic of devotion to the client’s interest above any other concerns. <br /> <br /> <br /> Wayne K. Hobson, ''Symbol of the New Profession: Emergence of the Large Law Firm 1870-1915'', ''in'' THE NEW HIGH PRIESTS: LAWYERS IN POST-CIVIL WAR AMERICA (Gerard W. Gawalt ed., 1984); EDWIN G. BURROWS &amp; MIKE WALLACE, GOTHAM: A HISTORY OF NEW YORK CITY TO 1898, at 967-68, 1047 (1999) (excellent descriptions of lawyers and their clients). On the growth of corporate practice, see ROBERT T. SWAINE, THE CRAVATH FIRM AND ITS PREDECESSORS, 1819-1948 (1946-48). Only two women were listed as associates well into the twentieth century. HENRY W. TAFT, LEGAL MISCELLANIES, SIX DECADES OF CHANGES AND PROGRESS (1941) (discussing the changing practice and the founders of big firms).<br /> <br /> &lt;div id=criminal&gt;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> ==Criminal Practice==<br /> <br /> See Chapter Four and sources cited at OnLine Bibliographic Note: New York Politics and the Public Defender Bill for the corruption of the criminal system in New York city. <br /> <br /> On Howe and Hummel RICHARD H. ROVERE, HOWE AND HUMMEL: THEIR TRUE AND SCANDALOUS HISTORY 10 (1947) is still the best account because it is well written and very lively. Rovere had the advantage of interviewing people who had known the principals. Another contemporary picture, as noted in WOMAN LAWYER, is ARTHUR TRAIN, the author of MY DAY IN COURT (1939), describing the conditions in the New York criminal justice system. Train also wrote fiction (courtroom procedurals as we would say today) and Abe Hummel was the model of the central figure of his best-selling novel THE CONFESSIONS OF ARTEMUS QUIBBLE (1911). Train described the shyster methods that Howe and Hummel took to the outer limits, such as refusing to plead anyone guilty until his funds were exhausted, bringing the complaining witness to court repeatedly. <br /> <br /> A modern treatment of the notorious law firm is CAIT MURPHY, SCOUNDRELS IN LAW, THE TRIALS OF HOWE 7 HUMMEL, LAWYERS TO THE GANGSTERS, COPS, STARLETS, AND RAKES WHO MADE THE GILDED AGE (2010). In largely covers the same cases as Rovere did, though in greater detail. Of particular intereset is the description at 193-195 of the firm’s stable of young stage performers who used the firm to collect large settlements for breach of promise from admirers who could not afford to have a suit filed against them. <br /> <br /> See also THERON STRONG, LANDMARKS OF A LAWYERS LIFETIME 254 (1914) (Chapter on Howe in which the establishment lawyer lauds Howe’s abilities a courtroom performer); RICHARD O’CONNOR, COURTROOM WARRIOR: THE COMBATIVE CAREER OF WILLIAM TRAVERS JEROME (1963) (Jerome successfully prosecuted Hummel).</div>

Babcock https://wlh-wiki.law.stanford.edu/index.php/The_New_York_Legal_Scene 2011-03-16T16:56:49Z

<p>Babcock:&#32;/* Criminal Practice */</p> <hr /> <div>This Note discusses the legal landscape of New York in the 1900s including the development of the Women's Legal Education Society, the professionalization of the legal profession, and the corruption of the criminal justice system.<br /> <br /> &lt;div id=wles&gt;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> ==Women’s Legal Education Society (WLES) and Law Class==<br /> <br /> See Chapter Four of WOMAN LAWYER for a discussion of WLES.<br /> <br /> <br /> For an excellent study and complete bibliography of the Swiss lawyer who was one of the main founders of the Society, see Elena DiMuzio Doctor Emily Kempin, 2004, at WLH Website. EVELINE HASLER, FLYING WITH WINGS OF WAX; THE STORY OF EMILY KEMPIN-SPYRI (Edna McCown trans. 1993) (1991) is backed by solid research, and accurate reports of news stories, though it does not have citations and is partly fictionalized. For a good overview though, she focuses on the later graduates of the regular New York University class, see Phyliss Eckhaus, ''Restless Women: The Pioneering Alumnae of New York University School of Law'', 66 N.Y.U. L. REV. 1996 (1991). As related by Eckhaus, the WLES story started when Fanny Weber, the wife of a prominent doctor was doing charity work among the poor immigrants. While teaching classes in “hygiene and invalid cooking,” she realized that “most of their mental suffering resulted from wrongs that needed legal advice.” She was friends with Emily Kempin, a graduate of the University of Zurich and a recent immigrant. Together with other society ladies and male lawyer volunteers they set up a legal dispensary for the poor, calling it the Arbitration Society.<br /> <br /> <br /> Kempin trained the society ladies to give legal advice, which led to the idea of the Women’s Legal Education Society and evolved in turn into the special women’s law class at NYU, and also to the admission of women into the regular curriculum. ''See'', Eckhaus, at 2-3.<br /> <br /> <br /> Contemporary references include: Isabella Mary Pettus, ''The Legal Education of Women'', 61 ALB. L.J. 325 (1900);'' The Work of the Woman’s Law Class, New York University'', 1 WOMEN LAWYERS’ J. 20-22 (1911) (history of the class; laments confusion with regular NYU class);'' Modern Portias in Practice'', N.Y. TIMES, Mar. 11, 1894 (Chancellor Robert McCracken quoted on history of women at the school); ''Law School for Women, Dr. Emily Kempin Will Start a College for Girls'', N.Y. TIMES, Oct. 5, 1889. In its first decade, the Women’s Law Class awarded certificates of achievement to hundreds of students. ''See'' NEW YORK UNIVERSITY, FOR THE BETTER PROTECTION OF THEIR RIGHTS: A HISTORY OF THE FIRST FIFTY YEARS OF THE WOMEN'S LEGAL EDUCATION SOCIETY AND THE WOMAN'S LAW CLASS 10 (1940).<br /> <br /> ==The New Corporate Practice==<br /> <br /> There is an extensive literature on the history of the legal profession—partly because works on current issues start with a summary of the past. I am listing here only the sources that seemed to me directly related to Clara Foltz. The accepted interpretation is that the legal profession became increasingly professionalized in the late nineteenth century with emphasis on “objective standards of technical competence, superior skill, and high-quality performance.” KERMIT HALL, THE MAGIC MIRROR: LAW IN AMERICAN HISTORY 211 (1989); LAWRENCE FRIEDMAN, HISTORY OF AMERICAN LAW (3rd ed. 2005). At the same time, there was a sense of loss of traditions of statesmanship, of the courtroom lawyer as a dominant figure, and of the law as a smooth path to status and political power. RICHARD HOFSTADER, AGE OF REFORM 156-58 (1955). Robert Gordon argues that the image of lawyers as statesmen and professionals rather than businessmen was something of an illusion. ''The Ideal and the Actual in the Law: Fantasies and Practices of New York City Lawyers 1870-1910'', ''in'' THE NEW HIGH PRIESTS: LAWYERS IN POST-CIVIL WAR AMERICA (Gerard W. Gawalt ed., 1984). In another influential article, ''The Independence of Lawyers'', 68 BUL. REV. 1 (1988), Gordon examines the ethic of devotion to the client’s interest above any other concerns. <br /> <br /> <br /> Wayne K. Hobson, ''Symbol of the New Profession: Emergence of the Large Law Firm 1870-1915'', ''in'' THE NEW HIGH PRIESTS: LAWYERS IN POST-CIVIL WAR AMERICA (Gerard W. Gawalt ed., 1984); EDWIN G. BURROWS &amp; MIKE WALLACE, GOTHAM: A HISTORY OF NEW YORK CITY TO 1898, at 967-68, 1047 (1999) (excellent descriptions of lawyers and their clients). On the growth of corporate practice, see ROBERT T. SWAINE, THE CRAVATH FIRM AND ITS PREDECESSORS, 1819-1948 (1946-48). Only two women were listed as associates well into the twentieth century. HENRY W. TAFT, LEGAL MISCELLANIES, SIX DECADES OF CHANGES AND PROGRESS (1941) (discussing the changing practice and the founders of big firms).<br /> <br /> &lt;div id=criminal&gt;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> ==Criminal Practice==<br /> <br /> See Chapter Four and sources cited at OnLine Bibliographic Note: New York Politics and the Public Defender Bill for the corruption of the criminal system in New York city. ARTHUR TRAIN, MY DAY IN COURT (1939) who wrote of the conditions in the criminal courts also wrote fiction (courtroom procedurals as we would say today). He said that Abe Hummel was the central figure of his best-selling novel THE CONFESSIONS OF ARTEMUS QUIBBLE (1911). Train described the methods that Howe and Hummel took to the outer limits, such as refusing to plead anyone guilty until his funds were exhausted, bringing the complaining witness to court repeatedly. <br /> <br /> <br /> Writing a decade after Foltz introduced her public defender bill, Train also called for a government official to aid the criminally accused, though he did not spell out the functions of the office. RICHARD H. ROVERE, HOWE AND HUMMEL: THEIR TRUE AND SCANDALOUS HISTORY 10 (1947) has a very lively and readable account. ''See also'' THERON STRONG, LANDMARKS OF A LAWYERS LIFETIME 254 (1914) (Chapter on Howe in which the establishment lawyer lauded his courtroom ability); RICHARD O’CONNOR, COURTROOM WARNOTERIOR: THE COMBATIVE CAREER OF WILLIAM TRAVERS JEROME (1963) (Jerome successfully prosecuted Hummel).</div>

Babcock https://wlh-wiki.law.stanford.edu/index.php/Indexes_and_Bibliographic_Notes 2011-01-19T19:20:55Z

<p>Babcock:&#32;</p> <hr /> <div>==Indexes and Bibliographic Notes <br /> <br /> There are two indexes here: the first is to subjects and page numbers in WOMAN LAWYER: THE TRIALS OF CLARA FOLTZ (the book index). This index also appears on the website of the Stanford University Press. The second index provides access to the extensive Bibliographic Notes with links to the relevant notes. <br /> <br /> The Bibliographical Notes are arranged in the order of the book chapters and provide additional source material for the facts and interpretations in the text and endnotes. A list of the notes, with links, appears below. Some of these are traditional bibliographic notes listing essential references with a few words of critical explanation. Also included are first person essays and descriptions of people and events that influenced Clara Foltz, but whose stories would extend the book unduly. <br /> <br /> A biography written over many years has more sources than can be cited even in this format – especially in a burgeoning new field like women’s legal history. I have tried to cite the main works that influenced my thinking, which may not be exactly the same as all the main works. In a larger sense, virtually everything I have read concerning women’s rights and nineteenth century history is in here somewhere even though not mentioned explicitly. To those whose work deserves more recognition than I have given it here, my sincerest apologies.<br /> <br /> == List of Bibliographic Notes==<br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; Introductory &lt;/font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> #[[About and By Clara Foltz: Biographical Material and Her Writings]]<br /> ##[[About and By Clara Foltz: Biographical Material and Her Writings#Babcock's Work|Babcock's Work]] <br /> ###[[About and By Clara Foltz: Biographical Material and Her Writings#Babcock Encyclopedia Entries|Babcock Encyclopedia Entries]] <br /> ###[[About and By Clara Foltz: Biographical Material and Her Writings#Website|Website]] <br /> ###[[About and By Clara Foltz: Biographical Material and Her Writings#Book Chapters and Other Writings|Book Chapters and Other Writings]]<br /> ##[[About and By Clara Foltz: Biographical Material and Her Writings#Other articles on Clara Shortridge Foltz|Other articles on Clara Shortridge Foltz]] <br /> ##[[About and By Clara Foltz: Biographical Material and Her Writings#Clara Foltz’s Publications|Clara Foltz’s Publications]] <br /> #[[Archival and Investigative Materials]]<br /> ##[[Archival and Investigative Materials#Libraries|Libraries]]<br /> ###[[Archival and Investigative Materials#Bancroft Library of the University of California, Berkeley|Bancroft Library of the University of California, Berkeley]]<br /> ###[[Archival and Investigative Materials#Special Collections, Stanford University, Stanford, California|Special Collections, Stanford University, Stanford, California]]<br /> ###[[Archival and Investigative Materials#Huntington Library, San Merino, Califonria|Huntington Library, San Merino, Califonria]]<br /> ###[[Archival and Investigative Materials#UCLA Special Collections|UCLA Special Collections]]<br /> ###[[Archival and Investigative Materials#California State Library|California State Library]]<br /> ##[[Archival and Investigative Materials#Court records|Court records]]<br /> ##[[Archival and Investigative Materials#Interviews|Interviews]]<br /> #[[Timelines]]<br /> ##[[Timelines#Life Events|Life Events]] <br /> ##[[Timelines#Passage of Constitutional Clauses|Passage of Constitutional Clauses]] <br /> ##[[Timelines#Public Defender Campaign|Public Defender Campaign]]<br /> #[[Women’s History]]<br /> ##[[Women’s History#Legal Status of Women in Nineteenth Century|Legal Status of Women in the Nineteenth Century]]<br /> ###[[Women’s History#Citizenship|Citizenship]]<br /> ###[[Women’s History#Married Women|Married Women]]<br /> ##[[Women’s History#“Feminism” and Women’s Rights: Nomenclature|&quot;Feminism&quot; and Women’s Rights: Nomenclature]]<br /> ##[[Women’s History#Women’s Biographies|Women’s Biographies]]<br /> ###[[Women’s History#National Suffrage Movement Biographies|National Suffrage Movement Biographies]]<br /> #[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies]]<br /> ##[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Women Lawyers History|Women Lawyers History]]<br /> ###[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#General Works|General Works]]<br /> ###[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Comparison of Women Lawyers in Europe and the United States|Comparison of Women Lawyers in Europe and the United States]]<br /> ###[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Women Criminal Defense Lawyers|Women Criminal Defense Lawyers]]<br /> ###[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#The 1920s and 1930s in Boston, D.C., and Chicago|The 1920s and 1930s in Boston, D.C., and Chicago]]<br /> ###[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Women and the Bar|Women and the Bar]]<br /> ##[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Women Lawyers and the Women's Rights Movement|Women Lawyers and the Women's Rights Movement]]<br /> ###[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Excerpt from Feminist Lawyers|Excerpt from Feminist Lawyers]]<br /> ##[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Individual Women's Biographies|Individual Women's Biographies]]<br /> ###[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Myra Bradwell|Myra Bradwell]]<br /> ###[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Lavinia Goodell|Lavinia Goodell]]<br /> ###[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Mary Greene|Mary Greene]]<br /> ###[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Belva Lockwood|Belva Lockwood]]<br /> ###[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Arabella (Belle) Mansfield|Arabella (Belle) Mansfield]]<br /> ###[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Marilla Ricker|Marilla Ricker]]<br /> ###[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Lelia Robinson|Lelia Robinson]]<br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; Chapter One &lt;/font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> #[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa]]<br /> ##[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Parents|Parents]]<br /> ###[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Quotes from Funeral of Elias W. Shortridge|Quotes from Funeral of Elias W. Shortridge]]<br /> ##[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Siblings: Milton and John|Siblings]]<br /> ##[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Charles Morris Shortridge|Charles Morris Shortridge]]<br /> ###[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#General|General]]<br /> ###[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Early Life and Career|Early Life and Career]]<br /> ###[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#The San Francisco Call|The San Francisco Call]]<br /> ###[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Marriages|Marriages]]<br /> ###[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Timeline of Charles's Life|Timeline of Charles's Life]]<br /> ###[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Ambrose Bierce's BLACK BEETLES IN AMBER|Ambrose Bierce's BLACK BEETLES IN AMBER]]<br /> ##[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Senator Samuel Morgan Shortridge (brother)|Senator Samuel Morgan Shortridge (brother)]]<br /> ###[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#General|General]]<br /> ###[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Summary of Career|Summary of Career]]<br /> ##[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Clara Foltz’s Children|Foltz’s Children]]<br /> ###[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Trella Evelyn Foltz|Trella Evelyn Foltz]]<br /> ###[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Samuel Courtland Foltz|Samuel Courtland Foltz]]<br /> ###[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#David Milton Foltz|David Milton Foltz]]<br /> ###[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Bertha May Foltz Newman|Bertha May Foltz Newman]]<br /> ###[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Virginia Foltz Catron|Virginia Foltz Catron]]<br /> ####[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Investigative Material|Investigative Material]]<br /> ####[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Newspaper Interviews of Virgina|Newspaper Interviews of Virgina]]<br /> ##[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Mt. Pleasant and Howe’s Academy|Mt. Pleasant and Howe’s Academy]]<br /> #[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies]]<br /> ##[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Lillie Devereux Blake|Lillie Devereux Blake]]<br /> ###[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Early Life and W.L.H. Barnes|Early Life and W.L.H. Barnes]]<br /> ###[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Marriages and Early Writings|Marriages and Early Writings]]<br /> ###[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Contributions to the Women's Movement|Contributions to the Women's Movement]]<br /> ##[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Clara Colby|Clara Colby]]<br /> ###[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Correspondence Between Colby and Foltz|Correspondence Between Colby and Foltz]]<br /> ###[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Colby and Laura Gordon|Colby and Laura Gordon]]<br /> ##[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Abigail Duniway|Abigail Duniway]]<br /> ##[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Sarah Knox Goodrich|Sarah Knox Goodrich]]<br /> ##[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Laura Gordon|Laura Gordon]]<br /> ###[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Early Life and Work With Foltz|Early Life and Work With Foltz]]<br /> ###[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Gordon's 'Greatest Case'|Gordon's 'Greatest Case']]<br /> ##[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Grove L. Johnson|Grove L. Johnson]]<br /> ###[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Rivalry With Hiram Johnson|Rivalry With Hiram Johnson]]<br /> #[[The Workingmen’s Party of California (WPC)]]<br /> ##[[The Workingmen’s Party of California (WPC)#Rise and Composition of the WPC|Rise and Composition of the WPC]]<br /> ##[[The Workingmen’s Party of California (WPC)#WPC and the Anti-Chinese Movement|WPC and the Anti-Chinese Movement ]]<br /> ##[[The Workingmen’s Party of California (WPC)#Relation with the Workingmen’s Party of the United States (WPUS)|Relation with the Workingmen’s Party of the United States (WPUS)]]<br /> #[[California Constitutional History]]<br /> ##[[California Constitutional History#Convention of 1879|Convention of 1879]]<br /> ##[[California Constitutional History#Passage of the Anti-Discrimination Clauses|Passage of the Anti-Discrimination Clauses]]<br /> ##[[California Constitutional History#Prominent Pro-Woman Delegates at the 1879 Convention|Prominent Pro-Woman Delegates at the 1879 Convention]]<br /> ###[[California Constitutional History#James J. Ayers|James J. Ayers]]<br /> ###[[California Constitutional History#Eli T. Blackmer|Eli T. Blackmer]]<br /> ###[[California Constitutional History#Charles Ringgold|Charles Ringgold]]<br /> ###[[California Constitutional History#David Terry|David Terry]]<br /> ###[[California Constitutional History#Alphonse Vacquerel|Alphonse Vacquerel]]<br /> ##[[California Constitutional History#Prominent Opponents|Prominent Opponents]]<br /> ###[[California Constitutional History#Joseph Hoge|Joseph Hoge]]<br /> ###[[California Constitutional History#Samuel Wilson|Samuel Wilson]]<br /> ###[[California Constitutional History#Thomas Bishop|Thomas Bishop]]<br /> ###[[California Constitutional History#Delos Lake|Delos Lake]]<br /> #[[The Women's Movement, Free Love and Spiritualism]]<br /> ##[[The Women's Movement, Free Love and Spiritualism#Spiritualism and Suffragists Generally|Spiritualism and Suffragists Generally]]<br /> ##[[The Women's Movement, Free Love and Spiritualism#Foltz and Spiritualism|Foltz and Spiritualism]]<br /> ##[[The Women's Movement, Free Love and Spiritualism#Addie Ballou|Addie Ballou]]<br /> ##[[The Women's Movement, Free Love and Spiritualism#Victoria Woodhull|Victoria Woodhull]]<br /> ###[[The Women's Movement, Free Love and Spiritualism#The Beecher-Tilton Scandal|The Beecher-Tilton Scandal]]<br /> #[[Women and Divorce]]<br /> ##[[Women and Divorce#General|General]]<br /> ##[[Women and Divorce#Marriage and Divorce in the West|Marriage and Divorce in the West]]<br /> ##[[Women and Divorce#National Studies|National Studies]]<br /> ##[[Women and Divorce#End of the Century|End of the Century]]<br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; Chapter Two &lt;/font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> #[[Women as Public Lecturers]] <br /> ##[[Women as Public Lecturers#Lecturing and Lyceums Generally|Lecturing and Lyceums Generally]]<br /> ###[[Women as Public Lecturers#Robert Ingersoll|Robert Ingersoll]]<br /> ##[[Women as Public Lecturers#Women Lecturers|Women Lecturers]]<br /> ###[[Women as Public Lecturers#Foltz's First Lecturing Tour|Foltz's First Lecturing Tour]]<br /> ###[[Women as Public Lecturers#Anna Dickinson|Anna Dickinson]]<br /> ###[[Women as Public Lecturers#Kate Field|Kate Field]]<br /> #[[Women and Jury Service]]<br /> ##[[Women and Jury Service#General Sources|General Sources]]<br /> ##[[Women and Jury Service#The Connection Between Women Defense Lawyers and Women Jurors|The Connection Between Women Defense Lawyers and Women Jurors]]<br /> ###[[Women and Jury Service#Women Defenders and Women Jurors|Women Defenders and Women Jurors]]<br /> ##[[Women and Jury Service#The Washington Territory Experience|The Washington Territory Experience]]<br /> ###[[Women and Jury Service#Rosencrantz v. Territory|Rosencrantz v. Territory]]<br /> ###[[Women and Jury Service#Harland v. Territory|Harland v. Territory]]<br /> ###[[Women and Jury Service#Bloomer v. Todd|Bloomer v. Todd]]<br /> #[[San Francisco Social Life and Clara Foltz's Circle]]<br /> ##[[San Francisco Social Life and Clara Foltz's Circle#General Sources|General Sources]]<br /> ###[[San Francisco Social Life and Clara Foltz's Circle#The Montgomery Block|The Montgomery Block]]<br /> ##[[San Francisco Social Life and Clara Foltz's Circle#Frona Wait, Madge Morris, Ella Cummins|Frona Wait, Madge Morris, Ella Cummins]]<br /> ###[[San Francisco Social Life and Clara Foltz's Circle#Excerpt From Frona Wait's Notes|Excerpt From Frona Wait's Notes]]<br /> ###[[San Francisco Social Life and Clara Foltz's Circle#Morris's &quot;Ode to Clara Foltz&quot;|Morris's &quot;Ode to Clara Foltz&quot;]]<br /> ###[[San Francisco Social Life and Clara Foltz's Circle#Rocking the Baby|Rocking the Baby]]<br /> ###[[San Francisco Social Life and Clara Foltz's Circle#Cummins' Exhibit|Cummins' Exhibit]]<br /> #[[San Diego in the Real Estate Boom]]<br /> ##[[San Diego in the Real Estate Boom#General Works|General Works]]<br /> ##[[San Diego in the Real Estate Boom#The Rail War|The Rail War]]<br /> ##[[San Diego in the Real Estate Boom#The Ensenada|The Ensenada]]<br /> #[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing]]<br /> ##[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#General Works|General Works]]<br /> ##[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#Biographies and Autobiographies|Biographies and Autobiographies]]<br /> ###[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#Women and Western Journalism|Women and Western Journalism]]<br /> ###[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#Lawyers and Publishing|Lawyers and Publishing]]<br /> ##[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#A Bee Sampler|A Bee Sampler]]<br /> ###[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#The Boom|The Boom]]<br /> ###[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#Outside News|Outside News]]<br /> ###[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#Local Excitement|Local Excitement]]<br /> ###[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#Regular Items|Regular Items]]<br /> ###[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#Civic Events|Civic Events]]<br /> ###[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#Society and Fashion|Society and Fashion]]<br /> ###[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#Last Days at the Bee|Last Days at the Bee]]<br /> #[[Bellamy Nationalism]]<br /> ##[[Bellamy Nationalism#General Sources|General Sources]]<br /> ##[[Bellamy Nationalism#Women and Bellamy Nationalism|Women and Bellamy Nationalism]]<br /> ###[[Bellamy Nationalism#Clara's Activism|Clara's Activism]]<br /> ##[[Bellamy Nationalism#Charlotte Perkins Gilman|Charlotte Perkins Gilman]]<br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; Chapter Three &lt;/font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> #[[Law Practice in the West]]<br /> ##[[Law Practice in the West#General Works|General works]]<br /> ##[[Law Practice in the West#Biographical Works|Biographical works]]<br /> ###[[Law Practice in the West#Oscar Shuck's Work|Oscar Shuck's Work]]<br /> ##[[Law Practice in the West#Clara Foltz’s Practice|Clara Foltz’s Practice]]<br /> ##[[Law Practice in the West#Women and Criminal Law Practice|Women and Criminal Law Practice]]<br /> ###[[Law Practice in the West#Lelia Robinson|Lelia Robinson]]<br /> ###[[Law Practice in the West#Women Defenders: The Negative Image|Women Defenders: The Negative Image]]<br /> ###[[Law Practice in the West#Women Defenders and Women Jurors|Women Defenders and Women Jurors]]<br /> ###[[Law Practice in the West#Laura Gordon and the Sproule Case|Laura Gordon and the Sproule Case]]<br /> ###[[Law Practice in the West#Why Women Became Defenders|Why Women Became Defenders]]<br /> ###[[Law Practice in the West#The Contributions of Women to Criminal Defense|The Contributions of Women to Criminal Defense]]<br /> #[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics]]<br /> ##[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics#General Sources|General Sources]]<br /> ###[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics#Coxey's Army, The Pullman Strike, and the Haymarket Tragedy|Coxey's Army, The Pullman Strike, and the Haymarket Tragedy]]<br /> ###[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics#Bellamy Nationalism and Populism|Bellamy Nationalism and Populism]]<br /> ###[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics#Women's Pre-Suffrage Participation in Politics|Women's Pre-Suffrage Participation in Politics]]<br /> ###[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics#1894 Election in California|1894 Election in California]]<br /> ##[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics#Mary Elizabeth Lease (also known as Mary Ellen)|Mary Elizabeth Lease]]<br /> ##[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics#Stephen White|Stephen White]]<br /> ##[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics#Anna Ferry Smith|Anna Ferry Smith]]<br /> #[[Foltz as Reform Lobbyist in the 1890s]] <br /> ##[[Foltz as Reform Lobbyist in the 1890s#Parole Legislation|Parole Legislation]] <br /> ##[[Foltz as Reform Lobbyist in the 1890s#Women's Rights Measures|Women's Rights Measures]] <br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; Chapter Four &lt;/font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> #[[The New Woman]]<br /> #[[Trella Toland and Her Autograph Book]] <br /> ##[[Trella Toland and Her Autograph Book#Writers and Journalists|Writers and Journalists]]<br /> ##[[Trella Toland and Her Autograph Book#Actors|Actors]]<br /> ##[[Trella Toland and Her Autograph Book#Theater People|Theater People]]<br /> ##[[Trella Toland and Her Autograph Book#Trella's Family: William Toland, Sam Shortridge, and Virginia Toland|Trella's Family: William Toland, Sam Shortridge, and Virginia Toland]]<br /> ##[[Trella Toland and Her Autograph Book#Isaac Trumbo|Isaac Trumbo]]<br /> #[[The New York Legal Scene]]<br /> ##[[The New York Legal Scene#Women’s Legal Education Society (WLES) and Law Class|Women’s Legal Education Society (WLES) and Law Class]]<br /> ##[[The New York Legal Scene#The New Corporate Practice|The New Corporate Practice]]<br /> ##[[The New York Legal Scene#Criminal Practice|Criminal practice]]<br /> #[[The Oil Boom and Foltz’s Companies]]<br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; Chapter Five &lt;/font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> #[[Murder Defendants and Equal Justice]]<br /> ##[[Murder Defendants and Equal Justice#Women as Criminal Defendants|Women as Criminal Defendants]]<br /> ###[[Murder Defendants and Equal Justice#The Death Penalty|The Death Penalty]]<br /> ###[[Murder Defendants and Equal Justice#Maria Barbella|Maria Barbella]]<br /> ###[[Murder Defendants and Equal Justice#Laura Fair|Laura Fair]]<br /> ###[[Murder Defendants and Equal Justice#Florence Maybrick|Florence Maybrick]]<br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; Chapter Six &lt;/font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> #[[Suffrage History]]<br /> ##[[Suffrage History#Legal Status of Women in Nineteenth Century|Legal Status of Women in Nineteenth Century]]<br /> ##[[Suffrage History#Seneca Falls|Seneca Falls]]<br /> ##[[Suffrage History#Historiography|Historiography]]<br /> ##[[Suffrage History#Relationship with Other Movements and Causes|Relationship to Other Movements and Causes]]<br /> ###[[Suffrage History#Suffrage and Other Women's Rights|Suffrage and Other Women's Rights]]<br /> ###[[Suffrage History#Suffrage and Black Civil Rights Movement|Suffrage and Black Civil Rights Movement]]<br /> ###[[Suffrage History#Suffrage and Temperance and Prohibition|Suffrage and Temperance and Prohibition]]<br /> #[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention]]<br /> ##[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention#General Sources|General Sources]]<br /> ##[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention#Matilda Gage, President|Matilda Gage, President]]<br /> ##[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention#Reaction to Foltz’s Remarks|Reaction to Foltz’s Remarks]]<br /> ##[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention#Other Notable Attendants|Other Notable Attendants]]<br /> ###[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention#Theosophy and Madame Blavatsky|Theosophy and Madame Blavatsky]]<br /> ###[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention#William Aldrich and Josephine Cables|William Aldrich and Josephine Cables]]<br /> ###[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention#Elliott and Emily Coues|Elliott and Emily Coues]]<br /> ###[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention#Charlotte Smith|Charlotte Smith]]<br /> #[[The World's Fair]]<br /> ##[[The World's Fair#General Works|General Works]]<br /> ##[[The World's Fair#African Americans at the Fair|African Americans at the Fair]]<br /> #[[Women at the World's Fair]]<br /> ##[[Women at the World's Fair#General Works|General Works]]<br /> ##[[Women at the World's Fair#Bertha Palmer and the Isabella Club|Bertha Palmer and the Isabella Club]]<br /> ##[[Women at the World's Fair#Clara Foltz, Laura Gordon, and Clara Colby|Clara Foltz, Laura Gordon, and Clara Colby]]<br /> ##[[Women at the World's Fair#The Women's Congresses|The Women's Congresses]]<br /> ##[[Women at the World's Fair#Participation in the Other Auxiliary Congresses|Participation in the Other Auxiliary Congresses]]<br /> #[[Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns]]<br /> ##[[Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns#New York|New York]]<br /> ###[[Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns#General Description|General Description]]<br /> ###[[Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns#New York Constitutional Convention|New York Constitutional Convention]]<br /> ####[[Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns#Explaining Choate's Change in Position|Explaining Choate's Change in Position]]<br /> ####[[Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns#Interview with Stanleyetta Titus on Winning the Vote at the Convention|Interview with Stanleyetta Titus on Winning the Vote at the Convention]]<br /> ##[[Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns#California|California]]<br /> ###[[Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns#General Description|General Description]]<br /> ###[[Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns#Foltz and Other Women Suffragists|Foltz and Other Women Suffragists]]<br /> #[[Victory in California -- 1911]]<br /> ##[[Victory in California -- 1911#The California Suffrage Campaign Generally|The California Suffrage Campaign Generally]]<br /> ##[[Victory in California -- 1911#The 1911 Campaign|The 1911 Campaign]]<br /> ##[[Victory in California -- 1911#Coffin and Edson|Coffin and Edson]]<br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; Chapter Seven &lt;/font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> #[[Progressivism, Suffrage, and Public Defense]]<br /> ##[[Progressivism, Suffrage, and Public Defense#General Works on Progressivism|General Works on Progressivism]]<br /> ##[[Progressivism, Suffrage, and Public Defense#California Progressives|California Progressives]]<br /> ##[[Progressivism, Suffrage, and Public Defense#Progressivism and Suffrage|Progressivism and Suffrage]]<br /> ###[[Progressivism, Suffrage, and Public Defense#Suffrage and Public Defense|Suffrage and Public Defense]]<br /> #[[The Early History of Public Defense]]<br /> ##[[The Early History of Public Defense#General Works on Public Defense|General Works on Public Defense]]<br /> ##[[The Early History of Public Defense#Relation of Legal Societies to Public Defense|Relation of Legal Societies to Public Defense]]<br /> #[[Foltz the Founder of Public Defense]]<br /> #[[Foltz's Arguments for Public Defense]]<br /> ##[[Foltz's Arguments for Public Defense#Prosecutorial Misconduct|Prosecutorial Misconduct]]<br /> ###[[Foltz's Arguments for Public Defense#People v. Wells|People v. Wells]]<br /> ##[[Foltz's Arguments for Public Defense#The Presumption of Innocence|The Presumption of Innocence]]<br /> ##[[Foltz's Arguments for Public Defense#Burdening the Right|Burdening the Right]]<br /> ###[[Foltz's Arguments for Public Defense#Aaron Burr. Greene v. Briggs|Aaron Burr. Greene v. Briggs]]<br /> ###[[Foltz's Arguments for Public Defense#United States v. Burr|United States v. Burr]]<br /> ###[[Foltz's Arguments for Public Defense#Carpenter v. County of Dane|Carpenter v. County of Dane]]<br /> ##[[Foltz's Arguments for Public Defense#Woman Suffrage and Public Defense|Woman Suffrage and Public Defense]]<br /> #[[The Right to Counsel and the Appointed Counsel System]]<br /> #[[New York Politics and Foltz’s Public Defender Bill]]<br /> ##[[New York Politics and Foltz’s Public Defender Bill#Tammany Hall|Tammany Hall]]<br /> ##[[New York Politics and Foltz’s Public Defender Bill#Thomas Grady|Thomas Grady]]<br /> ##[[New York Politics and Foltz’s Public Defender Bill#Late Nineteenth Century New York Politics|Late Nineteenth Century New York Politics]]<br /> ##[[New York Politics and Foltz’s Public Defender Bill#Thomas C. Platt and the 1897 Mayoral Election|Thomas C. Platt and the 1897 Mayoral Election]]<br /> ##[[New York Politics and Foltz’s Public Defender Bill#Women in the Anti-Tammany Efforts|Women in the Anti-Tammany Efforts]]<br /> ##[[New York Politics and Foltz’s Public Defender Bill#Biographical Works|Biographical Works]]<br /> #[[Comparison of Public Defender Statutes]]<br /> ##[[Comparison of Public Defender Statutes#1885 Statute|1885 Statute]]<br /> ##[[Comparison of Public Defender Statutes#1897 Statute|1897 Statute]]<br /> ###[[Comparison of Public Defender Statutes#Text of the 1897 Statute|Text of the 1897 Statute]]<br /> ###[[Comparison of Public Defender Statutes#Comparison to Public Defender Statutes Actually Enacted|Comparison to Public Defender Statutes Actually Enacted]]<br /> ###[[Comparison of Public Defender Statutes#Foltz's Bill Introduced in Multiple States|Foltz's Bill Introduced in Multiple States]]<br /> ##[[Comparison of Public Defender Statutes#The 1912 Los Angeles Charter Provision and the 1921 California Statute|The 1912 Los Angeles Charter Provision and the 1921 Statute]]<br /> ###[[Comparison of Public Defender Statutes#Wisconsin Statute Tracks the California Statute|Wisconsin Statute Tracks the California Statute]]<br /> #[[Comparison of Progressive Defender with Foltzian Model]]<br /> ##[[Comparison of Progressive Defender with Foltzian Model#Progressivism and Public Defense|Progressivism and Public Defense]]<br /> ##[[Comparison of Progressive Defender with Foltzian Model#The Progressive and the Foltzian Defenders|The Progressive and the Foltzian Defenders]]<br /> ###[[Comparison of Progressive Defender with Foltzian Model#Example of Progressive-Type Representation|Example of Progressive-Type Representation]]<br /> ###[[Comparison of Progressive Defender with Foltzian Model#The Foltzian Model|The Foltzian Model]]<br /> ##[[Comparison of Progressive Defender with Foltzian Model#Cost of the Public Defender|Cost of the Public Defender]]<br /> ##[[Comparison of Progressive Defender with Foltzian Model#Competing Visions in New York: Mayer Goldman’s Public Defender and the Legal Aid Societies|Competing Visions in New York: Mayer Goldman’s Public Defender and the Legal Aid Societies]]<br /> ##[[Comparison of Progressive Defender with Foltzian Model#History of the Legal Aid Society|History of the Legal Aid Society]]<br /> ###[[Comparison of Progressive Defender with Foltzian Model#The Voluntary Defenders|The Voluntary Defenders]]</div>

Babcock https://wlh-wiki.law.stanford.edu/index.php/Indexes_and_Bibliographic_Notes 2011-01-19T18:32:39Z

<p>Babcock:&#32;</p> <hr /> <div>==Indexes and Bibliographic Notes <br /> <br /> There are two indexes here: the first is to subjects and page numbers in WOMAN LAWYER: THE TRIALS OF CLARA FOLTZ (the book index). This index also appears on the website of the Stanford University Press. The second index is to the [[Bibliographic Notes]] (the supplement index). <br /> <br /> Below is a list of the Notes, which may be accessed by clicking on the individual item. Items in the supplement index also lead to notes which cover that subject. <br /> <br /> The Notes themselves are arranged in the order of the book chapters.They provide additional source material for the facts and interpretations in the text and endnotes. Some of these are traditional bibliographic notes listing essential references with a few words of critical explanation. Also included are first person essays and descriptions of people and events that influenced Clara Foltz, but whose stories would extend the book unduly. For instance, the Note on Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing,(see notes for chapter two) describes in detail the content of the San Diego Bee over a ten day period during Foltz’s editorship. <br /> <br /> <br /> A biography written over many years has more sources than can be cited even in this format – especially in a burgeoning new field like women’s legal history. I have tried to cite the main works that influenced my thinking, which may not be exactly the same as all the main works. In a larger sense, virtually everything I have read concerning women’s rights and nineteenth century history is in here somewhere even though not mentioned explicitly. To those whose work deserves more recognition than I have given it here, my sincerest apologies.<br /> <br /> == List of Bibliographic Notes==<br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; Introductory &lt;/font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> #[[About and By Clara Foltz: Biographical Material and Her Writings]]<br /> ##[[About and By Clara Foltz: Biographical Material and Her Writings#Babcock's Work|Babcock's Work]] <br /> ###[[About and By Clara Foltz: Biographical Material and Her Writings#Babcock Encyclopedia Entries|Babcock Encyclopedia Entries]] <br /> ###[[About and By Clara Foltz: Biographical Material and Her Writings#Website|Website]] <br /> ###[[About and By Clara Foltz: Biographical Material and Her Writings#Book Chapters and Other Writings|Book Chapters and Other Writings]]<br /> ##[[About and By Clara Foltz: Biographical Material and Her Writings#Other articles on Clara Shortridge Foltz|Other articles on Clara Shortridge Foltz]] <br /> ##[[About and By Clara Foltz: Biographical Material and Her Writings#Clara Foltz’s Publications|Clara Foltz’s Publications]] <br /> #[[Archival and Investigative Materials]]<br /> ##[[Archival and Investigative Materials#Libraries|Libraries]]<br /> ###[[Archival and Investigative Materials#Bancroft Library of the University of California, Berkeley|Bancroft Library of the University of California, Berkeley]]<br /> ###[[Archival and Investigative Materials#Special Collections, Stanford University, Stanford, California|Special Collections, Stanford University, Stanford, California]]<br /> ###[[Archival and Investigative Materials#Huntington Library, San Merino, Califonria|Huntington Library, San Merino, Califonria]]<br /> ###[[Archival and Investigative Materials#UCLA Special Collections|UCLA Special Collections]]<br /> ###[[Archival and Investigative Materials#California State Library|California State Library]]<br /> ##[[Archival and Investigative Materials#Court records|Court records]]<br /> ##[[Archival and Investigative Materials#Interviews|Interviews]]<br /> #[[Timelines]]<br /> ##[[Timelines#Life Events|Life Events]] <br /> ##[[Timelines#Passage of Constitutional Clauses|Passage of Constitutional Clauses]] <br /> ##[[Timelines#Public Defender Campaign|Public Defender Campaign]]<br /> #[[Women’s History]]<br /> ##[[Women’s History#Legal Status of Women in Nineteenth Century|Legal Status of Women in the Nineteenth Century]]<br /> ###[[Women’s History#Citizenship|Citizenship]]<br /> ###[[Women’s History#Married Women|Married Women]]<br /> ##[[Women’s History#“Feminism” and Women’s Rights: Nomenclature|&quot;Feminism&quot; and Women’s Rights: Nomenclature]]<br /> ##[[Women’s History#Women’s Biographies|Women’s Biographies]]<br /> ###[[Women’s History#National Suffrage Movement Biographies|National Suffrage Movement Biographies]]<br /> #[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies]]<br /> ##[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Women Lawyers History|Women Lawyers History]]<br /> ###[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#General Works|General Works]]<br /> ###[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Comparison of Women Lawyers in Europe and the United States|Comparison of Women Lawyers in Europe and the United States]]<br /> ###[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Women Criminal Defense Lawyers|Women Criminal Defense Lawyers]]<br /> ###[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#The 1920s and 1930s in Boston, D.C., and Chicago|The 1920s and 1930s in Boston, D.C., and Chicago]]<br /> ###[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Women and the Bar|Women and the Bar]]<br /> ##[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Women Lawyers and the Women's Rights Movement|Women Lawyers and the Women's Rights Movement]]<br /> ###[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Excerpt from Feminist Lawyers|Excerpt from Feminist Lawyers]]<br /> ##[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Individual Women's Biographies|Individual Women's Biographies]]<br /> ###[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Myra Bradwell|Myra Bradwell]]<br /> ###[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Lavinia Goodell|Lavinia Goodell]]<br /> ###[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Mary Greene|Mary Greene]]<br /> ###[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Belva Lockwood|Belva Lockwood]]<br /> ###[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Arabella (Belle) Mansfield|Arabella (Belle) Mansfield]]<br /> ###[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Marilla Ricker|Marilla Ricker]]<br /> ###[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Lelia Robinson|Lelia Robinson]]<br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; Chapter One &lt;/font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> #[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa]]<br /> ##[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Parents|Parents]]<br /> ###[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Quotes from Funeral of Elias W. Shortridge|Quotes from Funeral of Elias W. Shortridge]]<br /> ##[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Siblings: Milton and John|Siblings]]<br /> ##[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Charles Morris Shortridge|Charles Morris Shortridge]]<br /> ###[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#General|General]]<br /> ###[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Early Life and Career|Early Life and Career]]<br /> ###[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#The San Francisco Call|The San Francisco Call]]<br /> ###[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Marriages|Marriages]]<br /> ###[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Timeline of Charles's Life|Timeline of Charles's Life]]<br /> ###[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Ambrose Bierce's BLACK BEETLES IN AMBER|Ambrose Bierce's BLACK BEETLES IN AMBER]]<br /> ##[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Senator Samuel Morgan Shortridge (brother)|Senator Samuel Morgan Shortridge (brother)]]<br /> ###[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#General|General]]<br /> ###[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Summary of Career|Summary of Career]]<br /> ##[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Clara Foltz’s Children|Foltz’s Children]]<br /> ###[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Trella Evelyn Foltz|Trella Evelyn Foltz]]<br /> ###[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Samuel Courtland Foltz|Samuel Courtland Foltz]]<br /> ###[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#David Milton Foltz|David Milton Foltz]]<br /> ###[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Bertha May Foltz Newman|Bertha May Foltz Newman]]<br /> ###[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Virginia Foltz Catron|Virginia Foltz Catron]]<br /> ####[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Investigative Material|Investigative Material]]<br /> ####[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Newspaper Interviews of Virgina|Newspaper Interviews of Virgina]]<br /> ##[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Mt. Pleasant and Howe’s Academy|Mt. Pleasant and Howe’s Academy]]<br /> #[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies]]<br /> ##[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Lillie Devereux Blake|Lillie Devereux Blake]]<br /> ###[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Early Life and W.L.H. Barnes|Early Life and W.L.H. Barnes]]<br /> ###[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Marriages and Early Writings|Marriages and Early Writings]]<br /> ###[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Contributions to the Women's Movement|Contributions to the Women's Movement]]<br /> ##[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Clara Colby|Clara Colby]]<br /> ###[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Correspondence Between Colby and Foltz|Correspondence Between Colby and Foltz]]<br /> ###[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Colby and Laura Gordon|Colby and Laura Gordon]]<br /> ##[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Abigail Duniway|Abigail Duniway]]<br /> ##[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Sarah Knox Goodrich|Sarah Knox Goodrich]]<br /> ##[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Laura Gordon|Laura Gordon]]<br /> ###[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Early Life and Work With Foltz|Early Life and Work With Foltz]]<br /> ###[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Gordon's 'Greatest Case'|Gordon's 'Greatest Case']]<br /> ##[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Grove L. Johnson|Grove L. Johnson]]<br /> ###[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Rivalry With Hiram Johnson|Rivalry With Hiram Johnson]]<br /> #[[The Workingmen’s Party of California (WPC)]]<br /> ##[[The Workingmen’s Party of California (WPC)#Rise and Composition of the WPC|Rise and Composition of the WPC]]<br /> ##[[The Workingmen’s Party of California (WPC)#WPC and the Anti-Chinese Movement|WPC and the Anti-Chinese Movement ]]<br /> ##[[The Workingmen’s Party of California (WPC)#Relation with the Workingmen’s Party of the United States (WPUS)|Relation with the Workingmen’s Party of the United States (WPUS)]]<br /> #[[California Constitutional History]]<br /> ##[[California Constitutional History#Convention of 1879|Convention of 1879]]<br /> ##[[California Constitutional History#Passage of the Anti-Discrimination Clauses|Passage of the Anti-Discrimination Clauses]]<br /> ##[[California Constitutional History#Prominent Pro-Woman Delegates at the 1879 Convention|Prominent Pro-Woman Delegates at the 1879 Convention]]<br /> ###[[California Constitutional History#James J. Ayers|James J. Ayers]]<br /> ###[[California Constitutional History#Eli T. Blackmer|Eli T. Blackmer]]<br /> ###[[California Constitutional History#Charles Ringgold|Charles Ringgold]]<br /> ###[[California Constitutional History#David Terry|David Terry]]<br /> ###[[California Constitutional History#Alphonse Vacquerel|Alphonse Vacquerel]]<br /> ##[[California Constitutional History#Prominent Opponents|Prominent Opponents]]<br /> ###[[California Constitutional History#Joseph Hoge|Joseph Hoge]]<br /> ###[[California Constitutional History#Samuel Wilson|Samuel Wilson]]<br /> ###[[California Constitutional History#Thomas Bishop|Thomas Bishop]]<br /> ###[[California Constitutional History#Delos Lake|Delos Lake]]<br /> #[[The Women's Movement, Free Love and Spiritualism]]<br /> ##[[The Women's Movement, Free Love and Spiritualism#Spiritualism and Suffragists Generally|Spiritualism and Suffragists Generally]]<br /> ##[[The Women's Movement, Free Love and Spiritualism#Foltz and Spiritualism|Foltz and Spiritualism]]<br /> ##[[The Women's Movement, Free Love and Spiritualism#Addie Ballou|Addie Ballou]]<br /> ##[[The Women's Movement, Free Love and Spiritualism#Victoria Woodhull|Victoria Woodhull]]<br /> ###[[The Women's Movement, Free Love and Spiritualism#The Beecher-Tilton Scandal|The Beecher-Tilton Scandal]]<br /> #[[Women and Divorce]]<br /> ##[[Women and Divorce#General|General]]<br /> ##[[Women and Divorce#Marriage and Divorce in the West|Marriage and Divorce in the West]]<br /> ##[[Women and Divorce#National Studies|National Studies]]<br /> ##[[Women and Divorce#End of the Century|End of the Century]]<br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; Chapter Two &lt;/font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> #[[Women as Public Lecturers]] <br /> ##[[Women as Public Lecturers#Lecturing and Lyceums Generally|Lecturing and Lyceums Generally]]<br /> ###[[Women as Public Lecturers#Robert Ingersoll|Robert Ingersoll]]<br /> ##[[Women as Public Lecturers#Women Lecturers|Women Lecturers]]<br /> ###[[Women as Public Lecturers#Foltz's First Lecturing Tour|Foltz's First Lecturing Tour]]<br /> ###[[Women as Public Lecturers#Anna Dickinson|Anna Dickinson]]<br /> ###[[Women as Public Lecturers#Kate Field|Kate Field]]<br /> #[[Women and Jury Service]]<br /> ##[[Women and Jury Service#General Sources|General Sources]]<br /> ##[[Women and Jury Service#The Connection Between Women Defense Lawyers and Women Jurors|The Connection Between Women Defense Lawyers and Women Jurors]]<br /> ###[[Women and Jury Service#Women Defenders and Women Jurors|Women Defenders and Women Jurors]]<br /> ##[[Women and Jury Service#The Washington Territory Experience|The Washington Territory Experience]]<br /> ###[[Women and Jury Service#Rosencrantz v. Territory|Rosencrantz v. Territory]]<br /> ###[[Women and Jury Service#Harland v. Territory|Harland v. Territory]]<br /> ###[[Women and Jury Service#Bloomer v. Todd|Bloomer v. Todd]]<br /> #[[San Francisco Social Life and Clara Foltz's Circle]]<br /> ##[[San Francisco Social Life and Clara Foltz's Circle#General Sources|General Sources]]<br /> ###[[San Francisco Social Life and Clara Foltz's Circle#The Montgomery Block|The Montgomery Block]]<br /> ##[[San Francisco Social Life and Clara Foltz's Circle#Frona Wait, Madge Morris, Ella Cummins|Frona Wait, Madge Morris, Ella Cummins]]<br /> ###[[San Francisco Social Life and Clara Foltz's Circle#Excerpt From Frona Wait's Notes|Excerpt From Frona Wait's Notes]]<br /> ###[[San Francisco Social Life and Clara Foltz's Circle#Morris's &quot;Ode to Clara Foltz&quot;|Morris's &quot;Ode to Clara Foltz&quot;]]<br /> ###[[San Francisco Social Life and Clara Foltz's Circle#Rocking the Baby|Rocking the Baby]]<br /> ###[[San Francisco Social Life and Clara Foltz's Circle#Cummins' Exhibit|Cummins' Exhibit]]<br /> #[[San Diego in the Real Estate Boom]]<br /> ##[[San Diego in the Real Estate Boom#General Works|General Works]]<br /> ##[[San Diego in the Real Estate Boom#The Rail War|The Rail War]]<br /> ##[[San Diego in the Real Estate Boom#The Ensenada|The Ensenada]]<br /> #[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing]]<br /> ##[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#General Works|General Works]]<br /> ##[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#Biographies and Autobiographies|Biographies and Autobiographies]]<br /> ###[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#Women and Western Journalism|Women and Western Journalism]]<br /> ###[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#Lawyers and Publishing|Lawyers and Publishing]]<br /> ##[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#A Bee Sampler|A Bee Sampler]]<br /> ###[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#The Boom|The Boom]]<br /> ###[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#Outside News|Outside News]]<br /> ###[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#Local Excitement|Local Excitement]]<br /> ###[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#Regular Items|Regular Items]]<br /> ###[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#Civic Events|Civic Events]]<br /> ###[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#Society and Fashion|Society and Fashion]]<br /> ###[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#Last Days at the Bee|Last Days at the Bee]]<br /> #[[Bellamy Nationalism]]<br /> ##[[Bellamy Nationalism#General Sources|General Sources]]<br /> ##[[Bellamy Nationalism#Women and Bellamy Nationalism|Women and Bellamy Nationalism]]<br /> ###[[Bellamy Nationalism#Clara's Activism|Clara's Activism]]<br /> ##[[Bellamy Nationalism#Charlotte Perkins Gilman|Charlotte Perkins Gilman]]<br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; Chapter Three &lt;/font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> #[[Law Practice in the West]]<br /> ##[[Law Practice in the West#General Works|General works]]<br /> ##[[Law Practice in the West#Biographical Works|Biographical works]]<br /> ###[[Law Practice in the West#Oscar Shuck's Work|Oscar Shuck's Work]]<br /> ##[[Law Practice in the West#Clara Foltz’s Practice|Clara Foltz’s Practice]]<br /> ##[[Law Practice in the West#Women and Criminal Law Practice|Women and Criminal Law Practice]]<br /> ###[[Law Practice in the West#Lelia Robinson|Lelia Robinson]]<br /> ###[[Law Practice in the West#Women Defenders: The Negative Image|Women Defenders: The Negative Image]]<br /> ###[[Law Practice in the West#Women Defenders and Women Jurors|Women Defenders and Women Jurors]]<br /> ###[[Law Practice in the West#Laura Gordon and the Sproule Case|Laura Gordon and the Sproule Case]]<br /> ###[[Law Practice in the West#Why Women Became Defenders|Why Women Became Defenders]]<br /> ###[[Law Practice in the West#The Contributions of Women to Criminal Defense|The Contributions of Women to Criminal Defense]]<br /> #[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics]]<br /> ##[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics#General Sources|General Sources]]<br /> ###[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics#Coxey's Army, The Pullman Strike, and the Haymarket Tragedy|Coxey's Army, The Pullman Strike, and the Haymarket Tragedy]]<br /> ###[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics#Bellamy Nationalism and Populism|Bellamy Nationalism and Populism]]<br /> ###[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics#Women's Pre-Suffrage Participation in Politics|Women's Pre-Suffrage Participation in Politics]]<br /> ###[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics#1894 Election in California|1894 Election in California]]<br /> ##[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics#Mary Elizabeth Lease (also known as Mary Ellen)|Mary Elizabeth Lease]]<br /> ##[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics#Stephen White|Stephen White]]<br /> ##[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics#Anna Ferry Smith|Anna Ferry Smith]]<br /> #[[Foltz as Reform Lobbyist in the 1890s]] <br /> ##[[Foltz as Reform Lobbyist in the 1890s#Parole Legislation|Parole Legislation]] <br /> ##[[Foltz as Reform Lobbyist in the 1890s#Women's Rights Measures|Women's Rights Measures]] <br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; Chapter Four &lt;/font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> #[[The New Woman]]<br /> #[[Trella Toland and Her Autograph Book]] <br /> ##[[Trella Toland and Her Autograph Book#Writers and Journalists|Writers and Journalists]]<br /> ##[[Trella Toland and Her Autograph Book#Actors|Actors]]<br /> ##[[Trella Toland and Her Autograph Book#Theater People|Theater People]]<br /> ##[[Trella Toland and Her Autograph Book#Trella's Family: William Toland, Sam Shortridge, and Virginia Toland|Trella's Family: William Toland, Sam Shortridge, and Virginia Toland]]<br /> ##[[Trella Toland and Her Autograph Book#Isaac Trumbo|Isaac Trumbo]]<br /> #[[The New York Legal Scene]]<br /> ##[[The New York Legal Scene#Women’s Legal Education Society (WLES) and Law Class|Women’s Legal Education Society (WLES) and Law Class]]<br /> ##[[The New York Legal Scene#The New Corporate Practice|The New Corporate Practice]]<br /> ##[[The New York Legal Scene#Criminal Practice|Criminal practice]]<br /> #[[The Oil Boom and Foltz’s Companies]]<br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; Chapter Five &lt;/font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> #[[Murder Defendants and Equal Justice]]<br /> ##[[Murder Defendants and Equal Justice#Women as Criminal Defendants|Women as Criminal Defendants]]<br /> ###[[Murder Defendants and Equal Justice#The Death Penalty|The Death Penalty]]<br /> ###[[Murder Defendants and Equal Justice#Maria Barbella|Maria Barbella]]<br /> ###[[Murder Defendants and Equal Justice#Laura Fair|Laura Fair]]<br /> ###[[Murder Defendants and Equal Justice#Florence Maybrick|Florence Maybrick]]<br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; Chapter Six &lt;/font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> #[[Suffrage History]]<br /> ##[[Suffrage History#Legal Status of Women in Nineteenth Century|Legal Status of Women in Nineteenth Century]]<br /> ##[[Suffrage History#Seneca Falls|Seneca Falls]]<br /> ##[[Suffrage History#Historiography|Historiography]]<br /> ##[[Suffrage History#Relationship with Other Movements and Causes|Relationship to Other Movements and Causes]]<br /> ###[[Suffrage History#Suffrage and Other Women's Rights|Suffrage and Other Women's Rights]]<br /> ###[[Suffrage History#Suffrage and Black Civil Rights Movement|Suffrage and Black Civil Rights Movement]]<br /> ###[[Suffrage History#Suffrage and Temperance and Prohibition|Suffrage and Temperance and Prohibition]]<br /> #[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention]]<br /> ##[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention#General Sources|General Sources]]<br /> ##[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention#Matilda Gage, President|Matilda Gage, President]]<br /> ##[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention#Reaction to Foltz’s Remarks|Reaction to Foltz’s Remarks]]<br /> ##[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention#Other Notable Attendants|Other Notable Attendants]]<br /> ###[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention#Theosophy and Madame Blavatsky|Theosophy and Madame Blavatsky]]<br /> ###[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention#William Aldrich and Josephine Cables|William Aldrich and Josephine Cables]]<br /> ###[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention#Elliott and Emily Coues|Elliott and Emily Coues]]<br /> ###[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention#Charlotte Smith|Charlotte Smith]]<br /> #[[The World's Fair]]<br /> ##[[The World's Fair#General Works|General Works]]<br /> ##[[The World's Fair#African Americans at the Fair|African Americans at the Fair]]<br /> #[[Women at the World's Fair]]<br /> ##[[Women at the World's Fair#General Works|General Works]]<br /> ##[[Women at the World's Fair#Bertha Palmer and the Isabella Club|Bertha Palmer and the Isabella Club]]<br /> ##[[Women at the World's Fair#Clara Foltz, Laura Gordon, and Clara Colby|Clara Foltz, Laura Gordon, and Clara Colby]]<br /> ##[[Women at the World's Fair#The Women's Congresses|The Women's Congresses]]<br /> ##[[Women at the World's Fair#Participation in the Other Auxiliary Congresses|Participation in the Other Auxiliary Congresses]]<br /> #[[Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns]]<br /> ##[[Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns#New York|New York]]<br /> ###[[Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns#General Description|General Description]]<br /> ###[[Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns#New York Constitutional Convention|New York Constitutional Convention]]<br /> ####[[Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns#Explaining Choate's Change in Position|Explaining Choate's Change in Position]]<br /> ####[[Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns#Interview with Stanleyetta Titus on Winning the Vote at the Convention|Interview with Stanleyetta Titus on Winning the Vote at the Convention]]<br /> ##[[Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns#California|California]]<br /> ###[[Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns#General Description|General Description]]<br /> ###[[Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns#Foltz and Other Women Suffragists|Foltz and Other Women Suffragists]]<br /> #[[Victory in California -- 1911]]<br /> ##[[Victory in California -- 1911#The California Suffrage Campaign Generally|The California Suffrage Campaign Generally]]<br /> ##[[Victory in California -- 1911#The 1911 Campaign|The 1911 Campaign]]<br /> ##[[Victory in California -- 1911#Coffin and Edson|Coffin and Edson]]<br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; Chapter Seven &lt;/font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> #[[Progressivism, Suffrage, and Public Defense]]<br /> ##[[Progressivism, Suffrage, and Public Defense#General Works on Progressivism|General Works on Progressivism]]<br /> ##[[Progressivism, Suffrage, and Public Defense#California Progressives|California Progressives]]<br /> ##[[Progressivism, Suffrage, and Public Defense#Progressivism and Suffrage|Progressivism and Suffrage]]<br /> ###[[Progressivism, Suffrage, and Public Defense#Suffrage and Public Defense|Suffrage and Public Defense]]<br /> #[[The Early History of Public Defense]]<br /> ##[[The Early History of Public Defense#General Works on Public Defense|General Works on Public Defense]]<br /> ##[[The Early History of Public Defense#Relation of Legal Societies to Public Defense|Relation of Legal Societies to Public Defense]]<br /> #[[Foltz the Founder of Public Defense]]<br /> #[[Foltz's Arguments for Public Defense]]<br /> ##[[Foltz's Arguments for Public Defense#Prosecutorial Misconduct|Prosecutorial Misconduct]]<br /> ###[[Foltz's Arguments for Public Defense#People v. Wells|People v. Wells]]<br /> ##[[Foltz's Arguments for Public Defense#The Presumption of Innocence|The Presumption of Innocence]]<br /> ##[[Foltz's Arguments for Public Defense#Burdening the Right|Burdening the Right]]<br /> ###[[Foltz's Arguments for Public Defense#Aaron Burr. Greene v. Briggs|Aaron Burr. Greene v. Briggs]]<br /> ###[[Foltz's Arguments for Public Defense#United States v. Burr|United States v. Burr]]<br /> ###[[Foltz's Arguments for Public Defense#Carpenter v. County of Dane|Carpenter v. County of Dane]]<br /> ##[[Foltz's Arguments for Public Defense#Woman Suffrage and Public Defense|Woman Suffrage and Public Defense]]<br /> #[[The Right to Counsel and the Appointed Counsel System]]<br /> #[[New York Politics and Foltz’s Public Defender Bill]]<br /> ##[[New York Politics and Foltz’s Public Defender Bill#Tammany Hall|Tammany Hall]]<br /> ##[[New York Politics and Foltz’s Public Defender Bill#Thomas Grady|Thomas Grady]]<br /> ##[[New York Politics and Foltz’s Public Defender Bill#Late Nineteenth Century New York Politics|Late Nineteenth Century New York Politics]]<br /> ##[[New York Politics and Foltz’s Public Defender Bill#Thomas C. Platt and the 1897 Mayoral Election|Thomas C. Platt and the 1897 Mayoral Election]]<br /> ##[[New York Politics and Foltz’s Public Defender Bill#Women in the Anti-Tammany Efforts|Women in the Anti-Tammany Efforts]]<br /> ##[[New York Politics and Foltz’s Public Defender Bill#Biographical Works|Biographical Works]]<br /> #[[Comparison of Public Defender Statutes]]<br /> ##[[Comparison of Public Defender Statutes#1885 Statute|1885 Statute]]<br /> ##[[Comparison of Public Defender Statutes#1897 Statute|1897 Statute]]<br /> ###[[Comparison of Public Defender Statutes#Text of the 1897 Statute|Text of the 1897 Statute]]<br /> ###[[Comparison of Public Defender Statutes#Comparison to Public Defender Statutes Actually Enacted|Comparison to Public Defender Statutes Actually Enacted]]<br /> ###[[Comparison of Public Defender Statutes#Foltz's Bill Introduced in Multiple States|Foltz's Bill Introduced in Multiple States]]<br /> ##[[Comparison of Public Defender Statutes#The 1912 Los Angeles Charter Provision and the 1921 California Statute|The 1912 Los Angeles Charter Provision and the 1921 Statute]]<br /> ###[[Comparison of Public Defender Statutes#Wisconsin Statute Tracks the California Statute|Wisconsin Statute Tracks the California Statute]]<br /> #[[Comparison of Progressive Defender with Foltzian Model]]<br /> ##[[Comparison of Progressive Defender with Foltzian Model#Progressivism and Public Defense|Progressivism and Public Defense]]<br /> ##[[Comparison of Progressive Defender with Foltzian Model#The Progressive and the Foltzian Defenders|The Progressive and the Foltzian Defenders]]<br /> ###[[Comparison of Progressive Defender with Foltzian Model#Example of Progressive-Type Representation|Example of Progressive-Type Representation]]<br /> ###[[Comparison of Progressive Defender with Foltzian Model#The Foltzian Model|The Foltzian Model]]<br /> ##[[Comparison of Progressive Defender with Foltzian Model#Cost of the Public Defender|Cost of the Public Defender]]<br /> ##[[Comparison of Progressive Defender with Foltzian Model#Competing Visions in New York: Mayer Goldman’s Public Defender and the Legal Aid Societies|Competing Visions in New York: Mayer Goldman’s Public Defender and the Legal Aid Societies]]<br /> ##[[Comparison of Progressive Defender with Foltzian Model#History of the Legal Aid Society|History of the Legal Aid Society]]<br /> ###[[Comparison of Progressive Defender with Foltzian Model#The Voluntary Defenders|The Voluntary Defenders]]</div>

Babcock https://wlh-wiki.law.stanford.edu/index.php/Indexes_and_Bibliographic_Notes 2011-01-19T18:29:24Z

<p>Babcock:&#32;/* List of On-Line Bibliographic Sources */</p> <hr /> <div>==Indexes and Bibliographic Notes <br /> <br /> There are two indexes here: the first is to subjects and page numbers in WOMAN LAWYER: THE TRIALS OF CLARA FOLTZ (the book index). This index also appears on the website of the Stanford University Press. The second index is to the [[Bibliographic Notes]] (the supplement index). <br /> <br /> The supplement index is preceded by a list of the Notes, which may be accessed by clicking on the individual item. Items in the supplement index also lead to notes which cover that subject. <br /> <br /> Following the two indexes, are the notes themselves, arranged in the order of the book chapters. The supplement is a companion to WOMAN LAWYER, with additional source material for the facts and interpretations in the text and endnotes. Some of these are traditional bibliographic notes listing essential references with a few words of critical explanation. Also included are first person essays and descriptions of people and events that influenced Clara Foltz, but whose stories would extend the book unduly. For instance, the Note on Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing,(see notes for chapter two) describes in detail the content of the San Diego Bee over a ten day period during Foltz’s editorship. <br /> <br /> <br /> A biography written over many years has more sources than can be cited even in this format – especially in a burgeoning new field like women’s legal history. I have tried to cite the main works that influenced my thinking, which may not be exactly the same as all the main works. In a larger sense, virtually everything I have read concerning women’s rights and nineteenth century history is in here somewhere even though not mentioned explicitly. To those whose work deserves more recognition than I have given it here, my sincerest apologies.<br /> <br /> == List of Bibliographic Notes==<br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; Introductory &lt;/font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> #[[About and By Clara Foltz: Biographical Material and Her Writings]]<br /> ##[[About and By Clara Foltz: Biographical Material and Her Writings#Babcock's Work|Babcock's Work]] <br /> ###[[About and By Clara Foltz: Biographical Material and Her Writings#Babcock Encyclopedia Entries|Babcock Encyclopedia Entries]] <br /> ###[[About and By Clara Foltz: Biographical Material and Her Writings#Website|Website]] <br /> ###[[About and By Clara Foltz: Biographical Material and Her Writings#Book Chapters and Other Writings|Book Chapters and Other Writings]]<br /> ##[[About and By Clara Foltz: Biographical Material and Her Writings#Other articles on Clara Shortridge Foltz|Other articles on Clara Shortridge Foltz]] <br /> ##[[About and By Clara Foltz: Biographical Material and Her Writings#Clara Foltz’s Publications|Clara Foltz’s Publications]] <br /> #[[Archival and Investigative Materials]]<br /> ##[[Archival and Investigative Materials#Libraries|Libraries]]<br /> ###[[Archival and Investigative Materials#Bancroft Library of the University of California, Berkeley|Bancroft Library of the University of California, Berkeley]]<br /> ###[[Archival and Investigative Materials#Special Collections, Stanford University, Stanford, California|Special Collections, Stanford University, Stanford, California]]<br /> ###[[Archival and Investigative Materials#Huntington Library, San Merino, Califonria|Huntington Library, San Merino, Califonria]]<br /> ###[[Archival and Investigative Materials#UCLA Special Collections|UCLA Special Collections]]<br /> ###[[Archival and Investigative Materials#California State Library|California State Library]]<br /> ##[[Archival and Investigative Materials#Court records|Court records]]<br /> ##[[Archival and Investigative Materials#Interviews|Interviews]]<br /> #[[Timelines]]<br /> ##[[Timelines#Life Events|Life Events]] <br /> ##[[Timelines#Passage of Constitutional Clauses|Passage of Constitutional Clauses]] <br /> ##[[Timelines#Public Defender Campaign|Public Defender Campaign]]<br /> #[[Women’s History]]<br /> ##[[Women’s History#Legal Status of Women in Nineteenth Century|Legal Status of Women in the Nineteenth Century]]<br /> ###[[Women’s History#Citizenship|Citizenship]]<br /> ###[[Women’s History#Married Women|Married Women]]<br /> ##[[Women’s History#“Feminism” and Women’s Rights: Nomenclature|&quot;Feminism&quot; and Women’s Rights: Nomenclature]]<br /> ##[[Women’s History#Women’s Biographies|Women’s Biographies]]<br /> ###[[Women’s History#National Suffrage Movement Biographies|National Suffrage Movement Biographies]]<br /> #[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies]]<br /> ##[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Women Lawyers History|Women Lawyers History]]<br /> ###[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#General Works|General Works]]<br /> ###[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Comparison of Women Lawyers in Europe and the United States|Comparison of Women Lawyers in Europe and the United States]]<br /> ###[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Women Criminal Defense Lawyers|Women Criminal Defense Lawyers]]<br /> ###[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#The 1920s and 1930s in Boston, D.C., and Chicago|The 1920s and 1930s in Boston, D.C., and Chicago]]<br /> ###[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Women and the Bar|Women and the Bar]]<br /> ##[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Women Lawyers and the Women's Rights Movement|Women Lawyers and the Women's Rights Movement]]<br /> ###[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Excerpt from Feminist Lawyers|Excerpt from Feminist Lawyers]]<br /> ##[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Individual Women's Biographies|Individual Women's Biographies]]<br /> ###[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Myra Bradwell|Myra Bradwell]]<br /> ###[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Lavinia Goodell|Lavinia Goodell]]<br /> ###[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Mary Greene|Mary Greene]]<br /> ###[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Belva Lockwood|Belva Lockwood]]<br /> ###[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Arabella (Belle) Mansfield|Arabella (Belle) Mansfield]]<br /> ###[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Marilla Ricker|Marilla Ricker]]<br /> ###[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Lelia Robinson|Lelia Robinson]]<br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; Chapter One &lt;/font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> #[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa]]<br /> ##[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Parents|Parents]]<br /> ###[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Quotes from Funeral of Elias W. Shortridge|Quotes from Funeral of Elias W. Shortridge]]<br /> ##[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Siblings: Milton and John|Siblings]]<br /> ##[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Charles Morris Shortridge|Charles Morris Shortridge]]<br /> ###[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#General|General]]<br /> ###[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Early Life and Career|Early Life and Career]]<br /> ###[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#The San Francisco Call|The San Francisco Call]]<br /> ###[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Marriages|Marriages]]<br /> ###[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Timeline of Charles's Life|Timeline of Charles's Life]]<br /> ###[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Ambrose Bierce's BLACK BEETLES IN AMBER|Ambrose Bierce's BLACK BEETLES IN AMBER]]<br /> ##[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Senator Samuel Morgan Shortridge (brother)|Senator Samuel Morgan Shortridge (brother)]]<br /> ###[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#General|General]]<br /> ###[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Summary of Career|Summary of Career]]<br /> ##[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Clara Foltz’s Children|Foltz’s Children]]<br /> ###[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Trella Evelyn Foltz|Trella Evelyn Foltz]]<br /> ###[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Samuel Courtland Foltz|Samuel Courtland Foltz]]<br /> ###[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#David Milton Foltz|David Milton Foltz]]<br /> ###[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Bertha May Foltz Newman|Bertha May Foltz Newman]]<br /> ###[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Virginia Foltz Catron|Virginia Foltz Catron]]<br /> ####[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Investigative Material|Investigative Material]]<br /> ####[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Newspaper Interviews of Virgina|Newspaper Interviews of Virgina]]<br /> ##[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Mt. Pleasant and Howe’s Academy|Mt. Pleasant and Howe’s Academy]]<br /> #[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies]]<br /> ##[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Lillie Devereux Blake|Lillie Devereux Blake]]<br /> ###[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Early Life and W.L.H. Barnes|Early Life and W.L.H. Barnes]]<br /> ###[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Marriages and Early Writings|Marriages and Early Writings]]<br /> ###[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Contributions to the Women's Movement|Contributions to the Women's Movement]]<br /> ##[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Clara Colby|Clara Colby]]<br /> ###[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Correspondence Between Colby and Foltz|Correspondence Between Colby and Foltz]]<br /> ###[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Colby and Laura Gordon|Colby and Laura Gordon]]<br /> ##[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Abigail Duniway|Abigail Duniway]]<br /> ##[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Sarah Knox Goodrich|Sarah Knox Goodrich]]<br /> ##[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Laura Gordon|Laura Gordon]]<br /> ###[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Early Life and Work With Foltz|Early Life and Work With Foltz]]<br /> ###[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Gordon's 'Greatest Case'|Gordon's 'Greatest Case']]<br /> ##[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Grove L. Johnson|Grove L. Johnson]]<br /> ###[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Rivalry With Hiram Johnson|Rivalry With Hiram Johnson]]<br /> #[[The Workingmen’s Party of California (WPC)]]<br /> ##[[The Workingmen’s Party of California (WPC)#Rise and Composition of the WPC|Rise and Composition of the WPC]]<br /> ##[[The Workingmen’s Party of California (WPC)#WPC and the Anti-Chinese Movement|WPC and the Anti-Chinese Movement ]]<br /> ##[[The Workingmen’s Party of California (WPC)#Relation with the Workingmen’s Party of the United States (WPUS)|Relation with the Workingmen’s Party of the United States (WPUS)]]<br /> #[[California Constitutional History]]<br /> ##[[California Constitutional History#Convention of 1879|Convention of 1879]]<br /> ##[[California Constitutional History#Passage of the Anti-Discrimination Clauses|Passage of the Anti-Discrimination Clauses]]<br /> ##[[California Constitutional History#Prominent Pro-Woman Delegates at the 1879 Convention|Prominent Pro-Woman Delegates at the 1879 Convention]]<br /> ###[[California Constitutional History#James J. Ayers|James J. Ayers]]<br /> ###[[California Constitutional History#Eli T. Blackmer|Eli T. Blackmer]]<br /> ###[[California Constitutional History#Charles Ringgold|Charles Ringgold]]<br /> ###[[California Constitutional History#David Terry|David Terry]]<br /> ###[[California Constitutional History#Alphonse Vacquerel|Alphonse Vacquerel]]<br /> ##[[California Constitutional History#Prominent Opponents|Prominent Opponents]]<br /> ###[[California Constitutional History#Joseph Hoge|Joseph Hoge]]<br /> ###[[California Constitutional History#Samuel Wilson|Samuel Wilson]]<br /> ###[[California Constitutional History#Thomas Bishop|Thomas Bishop]]<br /> ###[[California Constitutional History#Delos Lake|Delos Lake]]<br /> #[[The Women's Movement, Free Love and Spiritualism]]<br /> ##[[The Women's Movement, Free Love and Spiritualism#Spiritualism and Suffragists Generally|Spiritualism and Suffragists Generally]]<br /> ##[[The Women's Movement, Free Love and Spiritualism#Foltz and Spiritualism|Foltz and Spiritualism]]<br /> ##[[The Women's Movement, Free Love and Spiritualism#Addie Ballou|Addie Ballou]]<br /> ##[[The Women's Movement, Free Love and Spiritualism#Victoria Woodhull|Victoria Woodhull]]<br /> ###[[The Women's Movement, Free Love and Spiritualism#The Beecher-Tilton Scandal|The Beecher-Tilton Scandal]]<br /> #[[Women and Divorce]]<br /> ##[[Women and Divorce#General|General]]<br /> ##[[Women and Divorce#Marriage and Divorce in the West|Marriage and Divorce in the West]]<br /> ##[[Women and Divorce#National Studies|National Studies]]<br /> ##[[Women and Divorce#End of the Century|End of the Century]]<br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; Chapter Two &lt;/font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> #[[Women as Public Lecturers]] <br /> ##[[Women as Public Lecturers#Lecturing and Lyceums Generally|Lecturing and Lyceums Generally]]<br /> ###[[Women as Public Lecturers#Robert Ingersoll|Robert Ingersoll]]<br /> ##[[Women as Public Lecturers#Women Lecturers|Women Lecturers]]<br /> ###[[Women as Public Lecturers#Foltz's First Lecturing Tour|Foltz's First Lecturing Tour]]<br /> ###[[Women as Public Lecturers#Anna Dickinson|Anna Dickinson]]<br /> ###[[Women as Public Lecturers#Kate Field|Kate Field]]<br /> #[[Women and Jury Service]]<br /> ##[[Women and Jury Service#General Sources|General Sources]]<br /> ##[[Women and Jury Service#The Connection Between Women Defense Lawyers and Women Jurors|The Connection Between Women Defense Lawyers and Women Jurors]]<br /> ###[[Women and Jury Service#Women Defenders and Women Jurors|Women Defenders and Women Jurors]]<br /> ##[[Women and Jury Service#The Washington Territory Experience|The Washington Territory Experience]]<br /> ###[[Women and Jury Service#Rosencrantz v. Territory|Rosencrantz v. Territory]]<br /> ###[[Women and Jury Service#Harland v. Territory|Harland v. Territory]]<br /> ###[[Women and Jury Service#Bloomer v. Todd|Bloomer v. Todd]]<br /> #[[San Francisco Social Life and Clara Foltz's Circle]]<br /> ##[[San Francisco Social Life and Clara Foltz's Circle#General Sources|General Sources]]<br /> ###[[San Francisco Social Life and Clara Foltz's Circle#The Montgomery Block|The Montgomery Block]]<br /> ##[[San Francisco Social Life and Clara Foltz's Circle#Frona Wait, Madge Morris, Ella Cummins|Frona Wait, Madge Morris, Ella Cummins]]<br /> ###[[San Francisco Social Life and Clara Foltz's Circle#Excerpt From Frona Wait's Notes|Excerpt From Frona Wait's Notes]]<br /> ###[[San Francisco Social Life and Clara Foltz's Circle#Morris's &quot;Ode to Clara Foltz&quot;|Morris's &quot;Ode to Clara Foltz&quot;]]<br /> ###[[San Francisco Social Life and Clara Foltz's Circle#Rocking the Baby|Rocking the Baby]]<br /> ###[[San Francisco Social Life and Clara Foltz's Circle#Cummins' Exhibit|Cummins' Exhibit]]<br /> #[[San Diego in the Real Estate Boom]]<br /> ##[[San Diego in the Real Estate Boom#General Works|General Works]]<br /> ##[[San Diego in the Real Estate Boom#The Rail War|The Rail War]]<br /> ##[[San Diego in the Real Estate Boom#The Ensenada|The Ensenada]]<br /> #[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing]]<br /> ##[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#General Works|General Works]]<br /> ##[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#Biographies and Autobiographies|Biographies and Autobiographies]]<br /> ###[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#Women and Western Journalism|Women and Western Journalism]]<br /> ###[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#Lawyers and Publishing|Lawyers and Publishing]]<br /> ##[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#A Bee Sampler|A Bee Sampler]]<br /> ###[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#The Boom|The Boom]]<br /> ###[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#Outside News|Outside News]]<br /> ###[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#Local Excitement|Local Excitement]]<br /> ###[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#Regular Items|Regular Items]]<br /> ###[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#Civic Events|Civic Events]]<br /> ###[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#Society and Fashion|Society and Fashion]]<br /> ###[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#Last Days at the Bee|Last Days at the Bee]]<br /> #[[Bellamy Nationalism]]<br /> ##[[Bellamy Nationalism#General Sources|General Sources]]<br /> ##[[Bellamy Nationalism#Women and Bellamy Nationalism|Women and Bellamy Nationalism]]<br /> ###[[Bellamy Nationalism#Clara's Activism|Clara's Activism]]<br /> ##[[Bellamy Nationalism#Charlotte Perkins Gilman|Charlotte Perkins Gilman]]<br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; Chapter Three &lt;/font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> #[[Law Practice in the West]]<br /> ##[[Law Practice in the West#General Works|General works]]<br /> ##[[Law Practice in the West#Biographical Works|Biographical works]]<br /> ###[[Law Practice in the West#Oscar Shuck's Work|Oscar Shuck's Work]]<br /> ##[[Law Practice in the West#Clara Foltz’s Practice|Clara Foltz’s Practice]]<br /> ##[[Law Practice in the West#Women and Criminal Law Practice|Women and Criminal Law Practice]]<br /> ###[[Law Practice in the West#Lelia Robinson|Lelia Robinson]]<br /> ###[[Law Practice in the West#Women Defenders: The Negative Image|Women Defenders: The Negative Image]]<br /> ###[[Law Practice in the West#Women Defenders and Women Jurors|Women Defenders and Women Jurors]]<br /> ###[[Law Practice in the West#Laura Gordon and the Sproule Case|Laura Gordon and the Sproule Case]]<br /> ###[[Law Practice in the West#Why Women Became Defenders|Why Women Became Defenders]]<br /> ###[[Law Practice in the West#The Contributions of Women to Criminal Defense|The Contributions of Women to Criminal Defense]]<br /> #[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics]]<br /> ##[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics#General Sources|General Sources]]<br /> ###[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics#Coxey's Army, The Pullman Strike, and the Haymarket Tragedy|Coxey's Army, The Pullman Strike, and the Haymarket Tragedy]]<br /> ###[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics#Bellamy Nationalism and Populism|Bellamy Nationalism and Populism]]<br /> ###[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics#Women's Pre-Suffrage Participation in Politics|Women's Pre-Suffrage Participation in Politics]]<br /> ###[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics#1894 Election in California|1894 Election in California]]<br /> ##[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics#Mary Elizabeth Lease (also known as Mary Ellen)|Mary Elizabeth Lease]]<br /> ##[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics#Stephen White|Stephen White]]<br /> ##[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics#Anna Ferry Smith|Anna Ferry Smith]]<br /> #[[Foltz as Reform Lobbyist in the 1890s]] <br /> ##[[Foltz as Reform Lobbyist in the 1890s#Parole Legislation|Parole Legislation]] <br /> ##[[Foltz as Reform Lobbyist in the 1890s#Women's Rights Measures|Women's Rights Measures]] <br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; Chapter Four &lt;/font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> #[[The New Woman]]<br /> #[[Trella Toland and Her Autograph Book]] <br /> ##[[Trella Toland and Her Autograph Book#Writers and Journalists|Writers and Journalists]]<br /> ##[[Trella Toland and Her Autograph Book#Actors|Actors]]<br /> ##[[Trella Toland and Her Autograph Book#Theater People|Theater People]]<br /> ##[[Trella Toland and Her Autograph Book#Trella's Family: William Toland, Sam Shortridge, and Virginia Toland|Trella's Family: William Toland, Sam Shortridge, and Virginia Toland]]<br /> ##[[Trella Toland and Her Autograph Book#Isaac Trumbo|Isaac Trumbo]]<br /> #[[The New York Legal Scene]]<br /> ##[[The New York Legal Scene#Women’s Legal Education Society (WLES) and Law Class|Women’s Legal Education Society (WLES) and Law Class]]<br /> ##[[The New York Legal Scene#The New Corporate Practice|The New Corporate Practice]]<br /> ##[[The New York Legal Scene#Criminal Practice|Criminal practice]]<br /> #[[The Oil Boom and Foltz’s Companies]]<br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; Chapter Five &lt;/font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> #[[Murder Defendants and Equal Justice]]<br /> ##[[Murder Defendants and Equal Justice#Women as Criminal Defendants|Women as Criminal Defendants]]<br /> ###[[Murder Defendants and Equal Justice#The Death Penalty|The Death Penalty]]<br /> ###[[Murder Defendants and Equal Justice#Maria Barbella|Maria Barbella]]<br /> ###[[Murder Defendants and Equal Justice#Laura Fair|Laura Fair]]<br /> ###[[Murder Defendants and Equal Justice#Florence Maybrick|Florence Maybrick]]<br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; Chapter Six &lt;/font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> #[[Suffrage History]]<br /> ##[[Suffrage History#Legal Status of Women in Nineteenth Century|Legal Status of Women in Nineteenth Century]]<br /> ##[[Suffrage History#Seneca Falls|Seneca Falls]]<br /> ##[[Suffrage History#Historiography|Historiography]]<br /> ##[[Suffrage History#Relationship with Other Movements and Causes|Relationship to Other Movements and Causes]]<br /> ###[[Suffrage History#Suffrage and Other Women's Rights|Suffrage and Other Women's Rights]]<br /> ###[[Suffrage History#Suffrage and Black Civil Rights Movement|Suffrage and Black Civil Rights Movement]]<br /> ###[[Suffrage History#Suffrage and Temperance and Prohibition|Suffrage and Temperance and Prohibition]]<br /> #[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention]]<br /> ##[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention#General Sources|General Sources]]<br /> ##[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention#Matilda Gage, President|Matilda Gage, President]]<br /> ##[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention#Reaction to Foltz’s Remarks|Reaction to Foltz’s Remarks]]<br /> ##[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention#Other Notable Attendants|Other Notable Attendants]]<br /> ###[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention#Theosophy and Madame Blavatsky|Theosophy and Madame Blavatsky]]<br /> ###[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention#William Aldrich and Josephine Cables|William Aldrich and Josephine Cables]]<br /> ###[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention#Elliott and Emily Coues|Elliott and Emily Coues]]<br /> ###[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention#Charlotte Smith|Charlotte Smith]]<br /> #[[The World's Fair]]<br /> ##[[The World's Fair#General Works|General Works]]<br /> ##[[The World's Fair#African Americans at the Fair|African Americans at the Fair]]<br /> #[[Women at the World's Fair]]<br /> ##[[Women at the World's Fair#General Works|General Works]]<br /> ##[[Women at the World's Fair#Bertha Palmer and the Isabella Club|Bertha Palmer and the Isabella Club]]<br /> ##[[Women at the World's Fair#Clara Foltz, Laura Gordon, and Clara Colby|Clara Foltz, Laura Gordon, and Clara Colby]]<br /> ##[[Women at the World's Fair#The Women's Congresses|The Women's Congresses]]<br /> ##[[Women at the World's Fair#Participation in the Other Auxiliary Congresses|Participation in the Other Auxiliary Congresses]]<br /> #[[Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns]]<br /> ##[[Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns#New York|New York]]<br /> ###[[Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns#General Description|General Description]]<br /> ###[[Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns#New York Constitutional Convention|New York Constitutional Convention]]<br /> ####[[Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns#Explaining Choate's Change in Position|Explaining Choate's Change in Position]]<br /> ####[[Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns#Interview with Stanleyetta Titus on Winning the Vote at the Convention|Interview with Stanleyetta Titus on Winning the Vote at the Convention]]<br /> ##[[Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns#California|California]]<br /> ###[[Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns#General Description|General Description]]<br /> ###[[Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns#Foltz and Other Women Suffragists|Foltz and Other Women Suffragists]]<br /> #[[Victory in California -- 1911]]<br /> ##[[Victory in California -- 1911#The California Suffrage Campaign Generally|The California Suffrage Campaign Generally]]<br /> ##[[Victory in California -- 1911#The 1911 Campaign|The 1911 Campaign]]<br /> ##[[Victory in California -- 1911#Coffin and Edson|Coffin and Edson]]<br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; Chapter Seven &lt;/font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> #[[Progressivism, Suffrage, and Public Defense]]<br /> ##[[Progressivism, Suffrage, and Public Defense#General Works on Progressivism|General Works on Progressivism]]<br /> ##[[Progressivism, Suffrage, and Public Defense#California Progressives|California Progressives]]<br /> ##[[Progressivism, Suffrage, and Public Defense#Progressivism and Suffrage|Progressivism and Suffrage]]<br /> ###[[Progressivism, Suffrage, and Public Defense#Suffrage and Public Defense|Suffrage and Public Defense]]<br /> #[[The Early History of Public Defense]]<br /> ##[[The Early History of Public Defense#General Works on Public Defense|General Works on Public Defense]]<br /> ##[[The Early History of Public Defense#Relation of Legal Societies to Public Defense|Relation of Legal Societies to Public Defense]]<br /> #[[Foltz the Founder of Public Defense]]<br /> #[[Foltz's Arguments for Public Defense]]<br /> ##[[Foltz's Arguments for Public Defense#Prosecutorial Misconduct|Prosecutorial Misconduct]]<br /> ###[[Foltz's Arguments for Public Defense#People v. Wells|People v. Wells]]<br /> ##[[Foltz's Arguments for Public Defense#The Presumption of Innocence|The Presumption of Innocence]]<br /> ##[[Foltz's Arguments for Public Defense#Burdening the Right|Burdening the Right]]<br /> ###[[Foltz's Arguments for Public Defense#Aaron Burr. Greene v. Briggs|Aaron Burr. Greene v. Briggs]]<br /> ###[[Foltz's Arguments for Public Defense#United States v. Burr|United States v. Burr]]<br /> ###[[Foltz's Arguments for Public Defense#Carpenter v. County of Dane|Carpenter v. County of Dane]]<br /> ##[[Foltz's Arguments for Public Defense#Woman Suffrage and Public Defense|Woman Suffrage and Public Defense]]<br /> #[[The Right to Counsel and the Appointed Counsel System]]<br /> #[[New York Politics and Foltz’s Public Defender Bill]]<br /> ##[[New York Politics and Foltz’s Public Defender Bill#Tammany Hall|Tammany Hall]]<br /> ##[[New York Politics and Foltz’s Public Defender Bill#Thomas Grady|Thomas Grady]]<br /> ##[[New York Politics and Foltz’s Public Defender Bill#Late Nineteenth Century New York Politics|Late Nineteenth Century New York Politics]]<br /> ##[[New York Politics and Foltz’s Public Defender Bill#Thomas C. Platt and the 1897 Mayoral Election|Thomas C. Platt and the 1897 Mayoral Election]]<br /> ##[[New York Politics and Foltz’s Public Defender Bill#Women in the Anti-Tammany Efforts|Women in the Anti-Tammany Efforts]]<br /> ##[[New York Politics and Foltz’s Public Defender Bill#Biographical Works|Biographical Works]]<br /> #[[Comparison of Public Defender Statutes]]<br /> ##[[Comparison of Public Defender Statutes#1885 Statute|1885 Statute]]<br /> ##[[Comparison of Public Defender Statutes#1897 Statute|1897 Statute]]<br /> ###[[Comparison of Public Defender Statutes#Text of the 1897 Statute|Text of the 1897 Statute]]<br /> ###[[Comparison of Public Defender Statutes#Comparison to Public Defender Statutes Actually Enacted|Comparison to Public Defender Statutes Actually Enacted]]<br /> ###[[Comparison of Public Defender Statutes#Foltz's Bill Introduced in Multiple States|Foltz's Bill Introduced in Multiple States]]<br /> ##[[Comparison of Public Defender Statutes#The 1912 Los Angeles Charter Provision and the 1921 California Statute|The 1912 Los Angeles Charter Provision and the 1921 Statute]]<br /> ###[[Comparison of Public Defender Statutes#Wisconsin Statute Tracks the California Statute|Wisconsin Statute Tracks the California Statute]]<br /> #[[Comparison of Progressive Defender with Foltzian Model]]<br /> ##[[Comparison of Progressive Defender with Foltzian Model#Progressivism and Public Defense|Progressivism and Public Defense]]<br /> ##[[Comparison of Progressive Defender with Foltzian Model#The Progressive and the Foltzian Defenders|The Progressive and the Foltzian Defenders]]<br /> ###[[Comparison of Progressive Defender with Foltzian Model#Example of Progressive-Type Representation|Example of Progressive-Type Representation]]<br /> ###[[Comparison of Progressive Defender with Foltzian Model#The Foltzian Model|The Foltzian Model]]<br /> ##[[Comparison of Progressive Defender with Foltzian Model#Cost of the Public Defender|Cost of the Public Defender]]<br /> ##[[Comparison of Progressive Defender with Foltzian Model#Competing Visions in New York: Mayer Goldman’s Public Defender and the Legal Aid Societies|Competing Visions in New York: Mayer Goldman’s Public Defender and the Legal Aid Societies]]<br /> ##[[Comparison of Progressive Defender with Foltzian Model#History of the Legal Aid Society|History of the Legal Aid Society]]<br /> ###[[Comparison of Progressive Defender with Foltzian Model#The Voluntary Defenders|The Voluntary Defenders]]</div>

Babcock https://wlh-wiki.law.stanford.edu/index.php/Indexes_and_Bibliographic_Notes 2011-01-19T18:03:13Z

<p>Babcock:&#32;/* Indexes, Bibliographic Notes and Supplementary Text */</p> <hr /> <div>==Indexes and Bibliographic Notes <br /> <br /> There are two indexes here: the first is to subjects and page numbers in WOMAN LAWYER: THE TRIALS OF CLARA FOLTZ (the book index). This index also appears on the website of the Stanford University Press. The second index is to the [[Bibliographic Notes]] (the supplement index). <br /> <br /> The supplement index is preceded by a list of the Notes, which may be accessed by clicking on the individual item. Items in the supplement index also lead to notes which cover that subject. <br /> <br /> Following the two indexes, are the notes themselves, arranged in the order of the book chapters. The supplement is a companion to WOMAN LAWYER, with additional source material for the facts and interpretations in the text and endnotes. Some of these are traditional bibliographic notes listing essential references with a few words of critical explanation. Also included are first person essays and descriptions of people and events that influenced Clara Foltz, but whose stories would extend the book unduly. For instance, the Note on Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing,(see notes for chapter two) describes in detail the content of the San Diego Bee over a ten day period during Foltz’s editorship. <br /> <br /> <br /> A biography written over many years has more sources than can be cited even in this format – especially in a burgeoning new field like women’s legal history. I have tried to cite the main works that influenced my thinking, which may not be exactly the same as all the main works. In a larger sense, virtually everything I have read concerning women’s rights and nineteenth century history is in here somewhere even though not mentioned explicitly. To those whose work deserves more recognition than I have given it here, my sincerest apologies.<br /> <br /> == List of On-Line Bibliographic Sources==<br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; Introductory &lt;/font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> #[[About and By Clara Foltz: Biographical Material and Her Writings]]<br /> ##[[About and By Clara Foltz: Biographical Material and Her Writings#Babcock's Work|Babcock's Work]] <br /> ###[[About and By Clara Foltz: Biographical Material and Her Writings#Babcock Encyclopedia Entries|Babcock Encyclopedia Entries]] <br /> ###[[About and By Clara Foltz: Biographical Material and Her Writings#Website|Website]] <br /> ###[[About and By Clara Foltz: Biographical Material and Her Writings#Book Chapters and Other Writings|Book Chapters and Other Writings]]<br /> ##[[About and By Clara Foltz: Biographical Material and Her Writings#Other articles on Clara Shortridge Foltz|Other articles on Clara Shortridge Foltz]] <br /> ##[[About and By Clara Foltz: Biographical Material and Her Writings#Clara Foltz’s Publications|Clara Foltz’s Publications]] <br /> #[[Archival and Investigative Materials]]<br /> ##[[Archival and Investigative Materials#Libraries|Libraries]]<br /> ###[[Archival and Investigative Materials#Bancroft Library of the University of California, Berkeley|Bancroft Library of the University of California, Berkeley]]<br /> ###[[Archival and Investigative Materials#Special Collections, Stanford University, Stanford, California|Special Collections, Stanford University, Stanford, California]]<br /> ###[[Archival and Investigative Materials#Huntington Library, San Merino, Califonria|Huntington Library, San Merino, Califonria]]<br /> ###[[Archival and Investigative Materials#UCLA Special Collections|UCLA Special Collections]]<br /> ###[[Archival and Investigative Materials#California State Library|California State Library]]<br /> ##[[Archival and Investigative Materials#Court records|Court records]]<br /> ##[[Archival and Investigative Materials#Interviews|Interviews]]<br /> #[[Timelines]]<br /> ##[[Timelines#Life Events|Life Events]] <br /> ##[[Timelines#Passage of Constitutional Clauses|Passage of Constitutional Clauses]] <br /> ##[[Timelines#Public Defender Campaign|Public Defender Campaign]]<br /> #[[Women’s History]]<br /> ##[[Women’s History#Legal Status of Women in Nineteenth Century|Legal Status of Women in the Nineteenth Century]]<br /> ###[[Women’s History#Citizenship|Citizenship]]<br /> ###[[Women’s History#Married Women|Married Women]]<br /> ##[[Women’s History#“Feminism” and Women’s Rights: Nomenclature|&quot;Feminism&quot; and Women’s Rights: Nomenclature]]<br /> ##[[Women’s History#Women’s Biographies|Women’s Biographies]]<br /> ###[[Women’s History#National Suffrage Movement Biographies|National Suffrage Movement Biographies]]<br /> #[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies]]<br /> ##[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Women Lawyers History|Women Lawyers History]]<br /> ###[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#General Works|General Works]]<br /> ###[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Comparison of Women Lawyers in Europe and the United States|Comparison of Women Lawyers in Europe and the United States]]<br /> ###[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Women Criminal Defense Lawyers|Women Criminal Defense Lawyers]]<br /> ###[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#The 1920s and 1930s in Boston, D.C., and Chicago|The 1920s and 1930s in Boston, D.C., and Chicago]]<br /> ###[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Women and the Bar|Women and the Bar]]<br /> ##[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Women Lawyers and the Women's Rights Movement|Women Lawyers and the Women's Rights Movement]]<br /> ###[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Excerpt from Feminist Lawyers|Excerpt from Feminist Lawyers]]<br /> ##[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Individual Women's Biographies|Individual Women's Biographies]]<br /> ###[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Myra Bradwell|Myra Bradwell]]<br /> ###[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Lavinia Goodell|Lavinia Goodell]]<br /> ###[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Mary Greene|Mary Greene]]<br /> ###[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Belva Lockwood|Belva Lockwood]]<br /> ###[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Arabella (Belle) Mansfield|Arabella (Belle) Mansfield]]<br /> ###[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Marilla Ricker|Marilla Ricker]]<br /> ###[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Lelia Robinson|Lelia Robinson]]<br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; Chapter One &lt;/font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> #[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa]]<br /> ##[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Parents|Parents]]<br /> ###[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Quotes from Funeral of Elias W. Shortridge|Quotes from Funeral of Elias W. Shortridge]]<br /> ##[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Siblings: Milton and John|Siblings]]<br /> ##[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Charles Morris Shortridge|Charles Morris Shortridge]]<br /> ###[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#General|General]]<br /> ###[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Early Life and Career|Early Life and Career]]<br /> ###[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#The San Francisco Call|The San Francisco Call]]<br /> ###[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Marriages|Marriages]]<br /> ###[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Timeline of Charles's Life|Timeline of Charles's Life]]<br /> ###[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Ambrose Bierce's BLACK BEETLES IN AMBER|Ambrose Bierce's BLACK BEETLES IN AMBER]]<br /> ##[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Senator Samuel Morgan Shortridge (brother)|Senator Samuel Morgan Shortridge (brother)]]<br /> ###[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#General|General]]<br /> ###[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Summary of Career|Summary of Career]]<br /> ##[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Clara Foltz’s Children|Foltz’s Children]]<br /> ###[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Trella Evelyn Foltz|Trella Evelyn Foltz]]<br /> ###[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Samuel Courtland Foltz|Samuel Courtland Foltz]]<br /> ###[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#David Milton Foltz|David Milton Foltz]]<br /> ###[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Bertha May Foltz Newman|Bertha May Foltz Newman]]<br /> ###[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Virginia Foltz Catron|Virginia Foltz Catron]]<br /> ####[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Investigative Material|Investigative Material]]<br /> ####[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Newspaper Interviews of Virgina|Newspaper Interviews of Virgina]]<br /> ##[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Mt. Pleasant and Howe’s Academy|Mt. Pleasant and Howe’s Academy]]<br /> #[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies]]<br /> ##[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Lillie Devereux Blake|Lillie Devereux Blake]]<br /> ###[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Early Life and W.L.H. Barnes|Early Life and W.L.H. Barnes]]<br /> ###[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Marriages and Early Writings|Marriages and Early Writings]]<br /> ###[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Contributions to the Women's Movement|Contributions to the Women's Movement]]<br /> ##[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Clara Colby|Clara Colby]]<br /> ###[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Correspondence Between Colby and Foltz|Correspondence Between Colby and Foltz]]<br /> ###[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Colby and Laura Gordon|Colby and Laura Gordon]]<br /> ##[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Abigail Duniway|Abigail Duniway]]<br /> ##[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Sarah Knox Goodrich|Sarah Knox Goodrich]]<br /> ##[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Laura Gordon|Laura Gordon]]<br /> ###[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Early Life and Work With Foltz|Early Life and Work With Foltz]]<br /> ###[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Gordon's 'Greatest Case'|Gordon's 'Greatest Case']]<br /> ##[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Grove L. Johnson|Grove L. Johnson]]<br /> ###[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Rivalry With Hiram Johnson|Rivalry With Hiram Johnson]]<br /> #[[The Workingmen’s Party of California (WPC)]]<br /> ##[[The Workingmen’s Party of California (WPC)#Rise and Composition of the WPC|Rise and Composition of the WPC]]<br /> ##[[The Workingmen’s Party of California (WPC)#WPC and the Anti-Chinese Movement|WPC and the Anti-Chinese Movement ]]<br /> ##[[The Workingmen’s Party of California (WPC)#Relation with the Workingmen’s Party of the United States (WPUS)|Relation with the Workingmen’s Party of the United States (WPUS)]]<br /> #[[California Constitutional History]]<br /> ##[[California Constitutional History#Convention of 1879|Convention of 1879]]<br /> ##[[California Constitutional History#Passage of the Anti-Discrimination Clauses|Passage of the Anti-Discrimination Clauses]]<br /> ##[[California Constitutional History#Prominent Pro-Woman Delegates at the 1879 Convention|Prominent Pro-Woman Delegates at the 1879 Convention]]<br /> ###[[California Constitutional History#James J. Ayers|James J. Ayers]]<br /> ###[[California Constitutional History#Eli T. Blackmer|Eli T. Blackmer]]<br /> ###[[California Constitutional History#Charles Ringgold|Charles Ringgold]]<br /> ###[[California Constitutional History#David Terry|David Terry]]<br /> ###[[California Constitutional History#Alphonse Vacquerel|Alphonse Vacquerel]]<br /> ##[[California Constitutional History#Prominent Opponents|Prominent Opponents]]<br /> ###[[California Constitutional History#Joseph Hoge|Joseph Hoge]]<br /> ###[[California Constitutional History#Samuel Wilson|Samuel Wilson]]<br /> ###[[California Constitutional History#Thomas Bishop|Thomas Bishop]]<br /> ###[[California Constitutional History#Delos Lake|Delos Lake]]<br /> #[[The Women's Movement, Free Love and Spiritualism]]<br /> ##[[The Women's Movement, Free Love and Spiritualism#Spiritualism and Suffragists Generally|Spiritualism and Suffragists Generally]]<br /> ##[[The Women's Movement, Free Love and Spiritualism#Foltz and Spiritualism|Foltz and Spiritualism]]<br /> ##[[The Women's Movement, Free Love and Spiritualism#Addie Ballou|Addie Ballou]]<br /> ##[[The Women's Movement, Free Love and Spiritualism#Victoria Woodhull|Victoria Woodhull]]<br /> ###[[The Women's Movement, Free Love and Spiritualism#The Beecher-Tilton Scandal|The Beecher-Tilton Scandal]]<br /> #[[Women and Divorce]]<br /> ##[[Women and Divorce#General|General]]<br /> ##[[Women and Divorce#Marriage and Divorce in the West|Marriage and Divorce in the West]]<br /> ##[[Women and Divorce#National Studies|National Studies]]<br /> ##[[Women and Divorce#End of the Century|End of the Century]]<br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; Chapter Two &lt;/font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> #[[Women as Public Lecturers]] <br /> ##[[Women as Public Lecturers#Lecturing and Lyceums Generally|Lecturing and Lyceums Generally]]<br /> ###[[Women as Public Lecturers#Robert Ingersoll|Robert Ingersoll]]<br /> ##[[Women as Public Lecturers#Women Lecturers|Women Lecturers]]<br /> ###[[Women as Public Lecturers#Foltz's First Lecturing Tour|Foltz's First Lecturing Tour]]<br /> ###[[Women as Public Lecturers#Anna Dickinson|Anna Dickinson]]<br /> ###[[Women as Public Lecturers#Kate Field|Kate Field]]<br /> #[[Women and Jury Service]]<br /> ##[[Women and Jury Service#General Sources|General Sources]]<br /> ##[[Women and Jury Service#The Connection Between Women Defense Lawyers and Women Jurors|The Connection Between Women Defense Lawyers and Women Jurors]]<br /> ###[[Women and Jury Service#Women Defenders and Women Jurors|Women Defenders and Women Jurors]]<br /> ##[[Women and Jury Service#The Washington Territory Experience|The Washington Territory Experience]]<br /> ###[[Women and Jury Service#Rosencrantz v. Territory|Rosencrantz v. Territory]]<br /> ###[[Women and Jury Service#Harland v. Territory|Harland v. Territory]]<br /> ###[[Women and Jury Service#Bloomer v. Todd|Bloomer v. Todd]]<br /> #[[San Francisco Social Life and Clara Foltz's Circle]]<br /> ##[[San Francisco Social Life and Clara Foltz's Circle#General Sources|General Sources]]<br /> ###[[San Francisco Social Life and Clara Foltz's Circle#The Montgomery Block|The Montgomery Block]]<br /> ##[[San Francisco Social Life and Clara Foltz's Circle#Frona Wait, Madge Morris, Ella Cummins|Frona Wait, Madge Morris, Ella Cummins]]<br /> ###[[San Francisco Social Life and Clara Foltz's Circle#Excerpt From Frona Wait's Notes|Excerpt From Frona Wait's Notes]]<br /> ###[[San Francisco Social Life and Clara Foltz's Circle#Morris's &quot;Ode to Clara Foltz&quot;|Morris's &quot;Ode to Clara Foltz&quot;]]<br /> ###[[San Francisco Social Life and Clara Foltz's Circle#Rocking the Baby|Rocking the Baby]]<br /> ###[[San Francisco Social Life and Clara Foltz's Circle#Cummins' Exhibit|Cummins' Exhibit]]<br /> #[[San Diego in the Real Estate Boom]]<br /> ##[[San Diego in the Real Estate Boom#General Works|General Works]]<br /> ##[[San Diego in the Real Estate Boom#The Rail War|The Rail War]]<br /> ##[[San Diego in the Real Estate Boom#The Ensenada|The Ensenada]]<br /> #[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing]]<br /> ##[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#General Works|General Works]]<br /> ##[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#Biographies and Autobiographies|Biographies and Autobiographies]]<br /> ###[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#Women and Western Journalism|Women and Western Journalism]]<br /> ###[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#Lawyers and Publishing|Lawyers and Publishing]]<br /> ##[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#A Bee Sampler|A Bee Sampler]]<br /> ###[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#The Boom|The Boom]]<br /> ###[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#Outside News|Outside News]]<br /> ###[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#Local Excitement|Local Excitement]]<br /> ###[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#Regular Items|Regular Items]]<br /> ###[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#Civic Events|Civic Events]]<br /> ###[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#Society and Fashion|Society and Fashion]]<br /> ###[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#Last Days at the Bee|Last Days at the Bee]]<br /> #[[Bellamy Nationalism]]<br /> ##[[Bellamy Nationalism#General Sources|General Sources]]<br /> ##[[Bellamy Nationalism#Women and Bellamy Nationalism|Women and Bellamy Nationalism]]<br /> ###[[Bellamy Nationalism#Clara's Activism|Clara's Activism]]<br /> ##[[Bellamy Nationalism#Charlotte Perkins Gilman|Charlotte Perkins Gilman]]<br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; Chapter Three &lt;/font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> #[[Law Practice in the West]]<br /> ##[[Law Practice in the West#General Works|General works]]<br /> ##[[Law Practice in the West#Biographical Works|Biographical works]]<br /> ###[[Law Practice in the West#Oscar Shuck's Work|Oscar Shuck's Work]]<br /> ##[[Law Practice in the West#Clara Foltz’s Practice|Clara Foltz’s Practice]]<br /> ##[[Law Practice in the West#Women and Criminal Law Practice|Women and Criminal Law Practice]]<br /> ###[[Law Practice in the West#Lelia Robinson|Lelia Robinson]]<br /> ###[[Law Practice in the West#Women Defenders: The Negative Image|Women Defenders: The Negative Image]]<br /> ###[[Law Practice in the West#Women Defenders and Women Jurors|Women Defenders and Women Jurors]]<br /> ###[[Law Practice in the West#Laura Gordon and the Sproule Case|Laura Gordon and the Sproule Case]]<br /> ###[[Law Practice in the West#Why Women Became Defenders|Why Women Became Defenders]]<br /> ###[[Law Practice in the West#The Contributions of Women to Criminal Defense|The Contributions of Women to Criminal Defense]]<br /> #[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics]]<br /> ##[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics#General Sources|General Sources]]<br /> ###[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics#Coxey's Army, The Pullman Strike, and the Haymarket Tragedy|Coxey's Army, The Pullman Strike, and the Haymarket Tragedy]]<br /> ###[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics#Bellamy Nationalism and Populism|Bellamy Nationalism and Populism]]<br /> ###[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics#Women's Pre-Suffrage Participation in Politics|Women's Pre-Suffrage Participation in Politics]]<br /> ###[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics#1894 Election in California|1894 Election in California]]<br /> ##[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics#Mary Elizabeth Lease (also known as Mary Ellen)|Mary Elizabeth Lease]]<br /> ##[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics#Stephen White|Stephen White]]<br /> ##[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics#Anna Ferry Smith|Anna Ferry Smith]]<br /> #[[Foltz as Reform Lobbyist in the 1890s]] <br /> ##[[Foltz as Reform Lobbyist in the 1890s#Parole Legislation|Parole Legislation]] <br /> ##[[Foltz as Reform Lobbyist in the 1890s#Women's Rights Measures|Women's Rights Measures]] <br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; Chapter Four &lt;/font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> #[[The New Woman]]<br /> #[[Trella Toland and Her Autograph Book]] <br /> ##[[Trella Toland and Her Autograph Book#Writers and Journalists|Writers and Journalists]]<br /> ##[[Trella Toland and Her Autograph Book#Actors|Actors]]<br /> ##[[Trella Toland and Her Autograph Book#Theater People|Theater People]]<br /> ##[[Trella Toland and Her Autograph Book#Trella's Family: William Toland, Sam Shortridge, and Virginia Toland|Trella's Family: William Toland, Sam Shortridge, and Virginia Toland]]<br /> ##[[Trella Toland and Her Autograph Book#Isaac Trumbo|Isaac Trumbo]]<br /> #[[The New York Legal Scene]]<br /> ##[[The New York Legal Scene#Women’s Legal Education Society (WLES) and Law Class|Women’s Legal Education Society (WLES) and Law Class]]<br /> ##[[The New York Legal Scene#The New Corporate Practice|The New Corporate Practice]]<br /> ##[[The New York Legal Scene#Criminal Practice|Criminal practice]]<br /> #[[The Oil Boom and Foltz’s Companies]]<br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; Chapter Five &lt;/font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> #[[Murder Defendants and Equal Justice]]<br /> ##[[Murder Defendants and Equal Justice#Women as Criminal Defendants|Women as Criminal Defendants]]<br /> ###[[Murder Defendants and Equal Justice#The Death Penalty|The Death Penalty]]<br /> ###[[Murder Defendants and Equal Justice#Maria Barbella|Maria Barbella]]<br /> ###[[Murder Defendants and Equal Justice#Laura Fair|Laura Fair]]<br /> ###[[Murder Defendants and Equal Justice#Florence Maybrick|Florence Maybrick]]<br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; Chapter Six &lt;/font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> #[[Suffrage History]]<br /> ##[[Suffrage History#Legal Status of Women in Nineteenth Century|Legal Status of Women in Nineteenth Century]]<br /> ##[[Suffrage History#Seneca Falls|Seneca Falls]]<br /> ##[[Suffrage History#Historiography|Historiography]]<br /> ##[[Suffrage History#Relationship with Other Movements and Causes|Relationship to Other Movements and Causes]]<br /> ###[[Suffrage History#Suffrage and Other Women's Rights|Suffrage and Other Women's Rights]]<br /> ###[[Suffrage History#Suffrage and Black Civil Rights Movement|Suffrage and Black Civil Rights Movement]]<br /> ###[[Suffrage History#Suffrage and Temperance and Prohibition|Suffrage and Temperance and Prohibition]]<br /> #[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention]]<br /> ##[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention#General Sources|General Sources]]<br /> ##[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention#Matilda Gage, President|Matilda Gage, President]]<br /> ##[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention#Reaction to Foltz’s Remarks|Reaction to Foltz’s Remarks]]<br /> ##[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention#Other Notable Attendants|Other Notable Attendants]]<br /> ###[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention#Theosophy and Madame Blavatsky|Theosophy and Madame Blavatsky]]<br /> ###[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention#William Aldrich and Josephine Cables|William Aldrich and Josephine Cables]]<br /> ###[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention#Elliott and Emily Coues|Elliott and Emily Coues]]<br /> ###[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention#Charlotte Smith|Charlotte Smith]]<br /> #[[The World's Fair]]<br /> ##[[The World's Fair#General Works|General Works]]<br /> ##[[The World's Fair#African Americans at the Fair|African Americans at the Fair]]<br /> #[[Women at the World's Fair]]<br /> ##[[Women at the World's Fair#General Works|General Works]]<br /> ##[[Women at the World's Fair#Bertha Palmer and the Isabella Club|Bertha Palmer and the Isabella Club]]<br /> ##[[Women at the World's Fair#Clara Foltz, Laura Gordon, and Clara Colby|Clara Foltz, Laura Gordon, and Clara Colby]]<br /> ##[[Women at the World's Fair#The Women's Congresses|The Women's Congresses]]<br /> ##[[Women at the World's Fair#Participation in the Other Auxiliary Congresses|Participation in the Other Auxiliary Congresses]]<br /> #[[Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns]]<br /> ##[[Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns#New York|New York]]<br /> ###[[Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns#General Description|General Description]]<br /> ###[[Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns#New York Constitutional Convention|New York Constitutional Convention]]<br /> ####[[Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns#Explaining Choate's Change in Position|Explaining Choate's Change in Position]]<br /> ####[[Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns#Interview with Stanleyetta Titus on Winning the Vote at the Convention|Interview with Stanleyetta Titus on Winning the Vote at the Convention]]<br /> ##[[Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns#California|California]]<br /> ###[[Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns#General Description|General Description]]<br /> ###[[Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns#Foltz and Other Women Suffragists|Foltz and Other Women Suffragists]]<br /> #[[Victory in California -- 1911]]<br /> ##[[Victory in California -- 1911#The California Suffrage Campaign Generally|The California Suffrage Campaign Generally]]<br /> ##[[Victory in California -- 1911#The 1911 Campaign|The 1911 Campaign]]<br /> ##[[Victory in California -- 1911#Coffin and Edson|Coffin and Edson]]<br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; Chapter Seven &lt;/font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> #[[Progressivism, Suffrage, and Public Defense]]<br /> ##[[Progressivism, Suffrage, and Public Defense#General Works on Progressivism|General Works on Progressivism]]<br /> ##[[Progressivism, Suffrage, and Public Defense#California Progressives|California Progressives]]<br /> ##[[Progressivism, Suffrage, and Public Defense#Progressivism and Suffrage|Progressivism and Suffrage]]<br /> ###[[Progressivism, Suffrage, and Public Defense#Suffrage and Public Defense|Suffrage and Public Defense]]<br /> #[[The Early History of Public Defense]]<br /> ##[[The Early History of Public Defense#General Works on Public Defense|General Works on Public Defense]]<br /> ##[[The Early History of Public Defense#Relation of Legal Societies to Public Defense|Relation of Legal Societies to Public Defense]]<br /> #[[Foltz the Founder of Public Defense]]<br /> #[[Foltz's Arguments for Public Defense]]<br /> ##[[Foltz's Arguments for Public Defense#Prosecutorial Misconduct|Prosecutorial Misconduct]]<br /> ###[[Foltz's Arguments for Public Defense#People v. Wells|People v. Wells]]<br /> ##[[Foltz's Arguments for Public Defense#The Presumption of Innocence|The Presumption of Innocence]]<br /> ##[[Foltz's Arguments for Public Defense#Burdening the Right|Burdening the Right]]<br /> ###[[Foltz's Arguments for Public Defense#Aaron Burr. Greene v. Briggs|Aaron Burr. Greene v. Briggs]]<br /> ###[[Foltz's Arguments for Public Defense#United States v. Burr|United States v. Burr]]<br /> ###[[Foltz's Arguments for Public Defense#Carpenter v. County of Dane|Carpenter v. County of Dane]]<br /> ##[[Foltz's Arguments for Public Defense#Woman Suffrage and Public Defense|Woman Suffrage and Public Defense]]<br /> #[[The Right to Counsel and the Appointed Counsel System]]<br /> #[[New York Politics and Foltz’s Public Defender Bill]]<br /> ##[[New York Politics and Foltz’s Public Defender Bill#Tammany Hall|Tammany Hall]]<br /> ##[[New York Politics and Foltz’s Public Defender Bill#Thomas Grady|Thomas Grady]]<br /> ##[[New York Politics and Foltz’s Public Defender Bill#Late Nineteenth Century New York Politics|Late Nineteenth Century New York Politics]]<br /> ##[[New York Politics and Foltz’s Public Defender Bill#Thomas C. Platt and the 1897 Mayoral Election|Thomas C. Platt and the 1897 Mayoral Election]]<br /> ##[[New York Politics and Foltz’s Public Defender Bill#Women in the Anti-Tammany Efforts|Women in the Anti-Tammany Efforts]]<br /> ##[[New York Politics and Foltz’s Public Defender Bill#Biographical Works|Biographical Works]]<br /> #[[Comparison of Public Defender Statutes]]<br /> ##[[Comparison of Public Defender Statutes#1885 Statute|1885 Statute]]<br /> ##[[Comparison of Public Defender Statutes#1897 Statute|1897 Statute]]<br /> ###[[Comparison of Public Defender Statutes#Text of the 1897 Statute|Text of the 1897 Statute]]<br /> ###[[Comparison of Public Defender Statutes#Comparison to Public Defender Statutes Actually Enacted|Comparison to Public Defender Statutes Actually Enacted]]<br /> ###[[Comparison of Public Defender Statutes#Foltz's Bill Introduced in Multiple States|Foltz's Bill Introduced in Multiple States]]<br /> ##[[Comparison of Public Defender Statutes#The 1912 Los Angeles Charter Provision and the 1921 California Statute|The 1912 Los Angeles Charter Provision and the 1921 Statute]]<br /> ###[[Comparison of Public Defender Statutes#Wisconsin Statute Tracks the California Statute|Wisconsin Statute Tracks the California Statute]]<br /> #[[Comparison of Progressive Defender with Foltzian Model]]<br /> ##[[Comparison of Progressive Defender with Foltzian Model#Progressivism and Public Defense|Progressivism and Public Defense]]<br /> ##[[Comparison of Progressive Defender with Foltzian Model#The Progressive and the Foltzian Defenders|The Progressive and the Foltzian Defenders]]<br /> ###[[Comparison of Progressive Defender with Foltzian Model#Example of Progressive-Type Representation|Example of Progressive-Type Representation]]<br /> ###[[Comparison of Progressive Defender with Foltzian Model#The Foltzian Model|The Foltzian Model]]<br /> ##[[Comparison of Progressive Defender with Foltzian Model#Cost of the Public Defender|Cost of the Public Defender]]<br /> ##[[Comparison of Progressive Defender with Foltzian Model#Competing Visions in New York: Mayer Goldman’s Public Defender and the Legal Aid Societies|Competing Visions in New York: Mayer Goldman’s Public Defender and the Legal Aid Societies]]<br /> ##[[Comparison of Progressive Defender with Foltzian Model#History of the Legal Aid Society|History of the Legal Aid Society]]<br /> ###[[Comparison of Progressive Defender with Foltzian Model#The Voluntary Defenders|The Voluntary Defenders]]</div>

Babcock https://wlh-wiki.law.stanford.edu/index.php/Suffrage_History 2010-12-21T00:52:07Z

<p>Babcock:&#32;/* Relationship with Other Movements and Causes */</p> <hr /> <div>This Note contains descriptions of important works regarding the women's suffrage movement, including its connection to other reform movements and causes.<br /> <br /> ==Legal Status of Women in Nineteenth Century==<br /> <br /> Women’s quest for full citizenship—to be voters, serve on juries, and enter the professions—has been of increasing interest to scholars in recent years. Feminists have challenged the use of legal discourses to maintain gendered social hierarchies and discrimination in all areas of life. ''See, e.g.'', SANDRA VAN BURKLEO, BELONGING TO THE WORLD: WOMEN'S RIGHTS AND AMERICAN CONSTITUTIONAL CULTURE (2001) (a comprehensive treatment of women’s changing legal status and legal feminist movements from the colonial period to the modern day); DEBORAH RHODE, JUSTICE AND GENDER: SEX DISCRIMINATION AND THE LAW (1989) (discussing the historical background to modern sex discrimination); JOAN HOFF, LAW, GENDER AND INJUSTICE: A LEGAL HISTORY OF U.S. WOMEN (1991) (covering over two hundred years of women’s legal history through the lens of radical feminism). Historian Linda Kerber examines the meaning of citizenship in light of women’s exclusion from obligations of citizenship, such as jury duty and military service. LINDA KERBER, NO CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHT TO BE LADIES: WOMEN AND THE OBLIGATIONS OF CITIZENSHIP (1998). <br /> <br /> <br /> In their respective writings, political scientists Judith Shklar and Gretchen Ritter focus on questions of citizenship, arguing that feminists’ struggle for legal rights has always been part of a broader quest for civic inclusion. JUDITH SHKLAR, IN AMERICAN CITIZENSHIP: THE QUEST FOR INCLUSION (1991); GRETCHEN RITTER, THE CONSTITUTION AS SOCIAL DESIGN: GENDER AND CIVIC MEMBERSHIP IN THE AMERICAN CONSTITUTIONAL ORDER (2006). Legal relations and gendered discourses of citizenship across U.S. history are discussed in Rogers Smith, ''One United People: Second-Class Female Citizenship and the American Quest for Community'', 1 YALE J.L. &amp; HUMAN. 229 (1989); Nancy Cott, Marriage and Women’s Citizenship in the United States, 1830-1934, 103 AM. HIST. REV. 1440 (1998); Linda Kerber, ''The Paradox of Women’s Citizenship in the Early Republic: The Case of Martin v. Massachusetts'', 97 AM. HIST. REV. 349 (1992); Linda Kerber, ''The Meanings of Citizenship'', 84 J. AM. HIST. 833 (1997). For scholarly writings focusing on women’s contested claims to citizenship in the charged political climate of the post-Civil War era, see LAURA EDWARDS, GENDERED STRIFE AND CONFUSION: THE POLITICAL CULTURE OF RECONSTRUCTION (1997) and Norma Basch, ''Reconstructing Female Citizenship'', ''in'' THE CONSTITUTION, LAW, AND AMERICAN LIFE (Donald Nieman ed., 1994). <br /> <br /> <br /> The study of women and the law in the nineteenth century has focused extensively on the evolving rights of married women. Norma Basch discusses the tensions between republican ideology and the notion of marital unity embodied in the doctrine of coverture, and the influence of feminist movements in the gradual erosion of coverture through married women’s property laws in the mid-nineteenth century. NORMA BASCH, IN THE EYES OF THE LAW: WOMEN, MARRIAGE, AND PROPERTY IN NINETEENTH-CENTURY NEW YORK (1982). Basch has also studied the changing law of divorce and its impact on women. NORMA BASCH, FRAMING AMERICAN DIVORCE: FROM THE REVOLUTIONARY GENERATION TO THE VICTORIANS (2001); Norma Basch, ''Invisible Women: The Legal Fiction of Marital Unity in Nineteenth-Century America'', 5 FEMINIST STUD. 346 (1979); Norma Basch, ''Relief in the Premises: Divorce as a Woman's Remedy in New York and Indiana'', 1815-1870, 8 LAW &amp; HIST. REV. 1 (1990); Norma Basch, ''The Emerging Legal History of Women in the United States: Property, Divorce, and the Constitution'', 12 SIGNS 97 (1986). For summaries of nineteenth-century women’s legal status within marriage and the family, see MICHAEL GROSSBERG, GOVERNING THE HEARTH: LAW AND FAMILY IN NINETEENTH CENTURY AMERICA (1985); ELIZABETH BOWLES WARBASSE, THE CHANGING LEGAL RIGHTS OF MARRIED WOMEN, 1800-1861 (1987); PEGGY RABKIN, FATHERS TO DAUGHTERS: THE LEGAL FOUNDATIONS OF FEMALE EMANCIPATION (1980); Reva Siegel, ''Home As Work: The First Woman’s Rights Claims Concerning Wives’ Household Labor, 1850-1880'', 103 YALE L.J. 1073 (1994); Reva Siegel, ''The Modernization of Marital Status Law: Adjudicating Wives' Rights to Earnings, 1860-1930'', 82 GEO. L.J. 2127 (1995); Carole Shammas, ''Reassessing the Married Women’s Property Acts'', 6 J. WOMEN’S HIST. 9 (1994). Ariela Dubler explores the historical impact of the normative framework of marriage on single women. Ariela Dubler, In the Shadow of Marriage: Single Women and the Legal Construction of the Family and the State, 112 YALE L.J. 1641 (2003).<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Seneca Falls==<br /> <br /> More than a hundred years after publication of its first volume, THE HISTORY OF WOMAN SUFFRAGE (published in its entirety in six volumes covering the years 1848-192) remains a major source on the nineteenth century efforts for women's rights and especially Seneca Falls. 1 HWS, at 70-71 describes the Seneca Falls convention and reproduces the Declaration of Sentiments and list of resolutions, along with discussion of the “spheres” arguments. The Seneca Falls meeting is analyzed in SALLY MCMILLEN, SENECA FALLS AND THE ORIGINS OF THE WOMEN’S RIGHTS MOVEMENT (2008); JUDITH WELLMAN, THE ROAD TO SENECA FALLS: ELIZABETH CADY STANTON AND THE FIRST WOMAN'S RIGHTS CONVENTION (2004); Ellen Carol DuBois, ''Seneca Falls Goes Public'', 21 THE PUB. HISTORIAN, 41-47 (1999). <br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;div id=historiography&gt;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> ==Historiography==<br /> <br /> The classic early works on suffrage are ELEANOR FLEXNER, CENTURY OF STRUGGLE: THE WOMAN’S RIGHTS MOVEMENT IN THE UNITED STATES (1959) (new enlarged edition with ELLEN FITZPATRICK (1996)) and AILEEN KRADITOR, THE IDEAS OF THE WOMAN SUFFRAGE MOVEMENT 1890-1920 (1965). Kraditor’s thesis was that American suffragism declined from its early years of “justice-based” arguments to a politics of expediency that used the traditional rhetoric of separate spheres and appeals to racism and nativism. This “declension” argument has provided the backdrop for numerous scholarly writings. During the two decades after Flexner’s and Kraditor’s pathbreaking studies, the suffrage movement fell into disfavor as a subject of academic inquiry; many women’s historians saw it variously as a limited, repetitive, boring, racist, and elitist movement. <br /> <br /> <br /> Notable exceptions include WILLIAM O’NEILL, EVERYONE WAS BRAVE: THE RISE AND FALL OF FEMINISM IN AMERICA (1975); GERDA LERNER, THE MAJORITY FINDS ITS PAST: PLACING WOMEN IN HISTORY (1979); DUBOIS, FEMINISM AND SUFFRAGE: THE EMERGENCE OF AN INDEPENDENT WOMAN’S MOVEMENT IN AMERICA, 1848-1869 (1978) (exploring the significance of the emerging woman’s rights movement in the 1860s and its ties to abolitionism). DuBois’ article, ''The Radicalism of the Woman Suffrage Movement: Notes Toward the Reconstruction of Nineteenth Century Feminism'', ''in'' WOMEN, LAW AND THE CONSTITUTION (Kermit Hall ed., 1987) was especially enlightening to me in understanding Clara Foltz’s movement activities. DuBois is the main proponent of the argument that the split in the women’s movement after the Civil War did not significantly weaken the suffrage movement but propelled it into political independence. Some of her best essays are collected with new chapters on historiography in WOMAN SUFFRAGE AND WOMEN’S RIGHTS (1998). In HARRIOT STANTON BLATCH AND THE WINNING OF WOMAN SUFFRAGE (1997), Dubois brings her understanding of the movement history to bear on its final stages.<br /> <br /> <br /> The 1990s saw a renaissance in suffrage studies, with women’s historians, political scientists, sociologists, and legal scholars using new sources and multidisciplinary approaches to analyze the historical and political significance of the women’s suffrage movement, regional differences in the suffrage campaign, suffragists’ ties with other political and social movements, the participation of women of color, and suffragists’ complex relationships to issues of class and race. SUZANNE MARILLEY, WOMAN SUFFRAGE AND THE ORIGINS OF LIBERAL FEMINISM IN THE UNITED STATES, 1820-1920 (1996) revises the Kraditor thesis, arguing that although the movement’s strategic and rhetorical tactics may have changed over time, feminists never lost their fundamental liberal commitment to equal rights. Essay collections from this period include: ONE WOMAN, ONE VOTE: REDISCOVERING THE WOMAN SUFFRAGE MOVEMENT (Marjorie Spruill Wheeler ed., 1995) (featuring nineteen essays from prominent scholars on the impact of women’s suffrage movements from the early national period to the post suffrage era); AFRICAN AMERICAN WOMEN AND THE VOTE, 1837-1965 (Ann D. Gordon &amp; Bettye Collier-Thomas eds., 1997) (discussing black women in the suffrage movement); VISIBLE WOMEN: NEW ESSAYS ON AMERICAN ACTIVISM (Nancy A. Hewitt &amp; Suzanne Lebsock eds., 1993) (including essays on suffrage, notably Lebsock’s, Woman Suffrage and White Supremacy: A Virginia Case Study). A useful collection of primary source documents is KATHRYN KISH SKLAR, WOMEN’S RIGHTS EMERGES WITHIN THE ANTI-SLAVERY MOVEMENT, 1830-1870: A BRIEF HISTORY WITH DOCUMENTS (2000); AMERICAN FEMINISM: KEY SOURCE DOCUMENTS, 1848-1920 (Janet Beer, Anne-Marie Ford, &amp; Katherine Joslin eds., 2003). Ann D. Gordon’s comprehensive collection of papers, with outstanding organization and ordering, is in the THE SELECTED PAPERS OF ELIZABETH CADY STANTON AND SUSAN B. ANTHONY, VOLS. 1-5 (1997-2006) (a sixth volume is projected). Patricia G. Holland joined Gordon in editing the papers for online presentation from 45 microfilm reels. <br /> <br /> <br /> The attempts by women to use the Civil War Amendments to secure their own rights is described in Ellen DuBois, ''Taking the Law into Our Own Hands: Bradwell, Minor, &amp; Suffrage Militance in the 1870s'','' in'' VISIBLE WOMEN and DuBois, ''Outgrowing the Compact of the Fathers: Equal Rights, Woman Suffrage, and the United States Constitution, 1820-1878'', 74 J. AM. HIST. 836 (1987). In recent years, legal scholars have been interested in the widespread use of the tactic named “the new departure.” ''See'' Jack Balkin, ''How Social Movements Change the Constitution: The Case of the New Departure'', 39 SUFFOLK U. L. REV. 27 (2005); Jules Lobel, ''Losers, Fools &amp; Prophets: Justice as Struggle'', 80 CORNELL L. REV. 1331, 1364-75 (1995); Adam Winkler, ''A Revolution Too Soon: Woman Suffragists and the Living Constitution'', 76 N.Y.U.L. REV. 1456 (2001).<br /> <br /> <br /> In recent years, there has also been new interest in the western women’s movement and growing recognition of its significance. GAYLE GULLETT, BECOMING CITIZENS, THE EMERGENCE AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE CALIFORNIA WOMEN’S MOVEMENT, 1880-1911 (2000) [hereafter GULLETT, BECOMING CITIZENS] has been especially useful to me because it examines many events in which Foltz was involved and is well-researched and written. Another important work on suffrage campaigns in the western states is REBECCA MEAD, HOW THE VOTE WAS WON: WOMAN SUFFRAGE IN THE WESTERN UNITED STATES 1868-1914 (2004). Mead argues that the Western suffrage campaigns profoundly shaped the national suffrage movement by developing tactics that were later used by activists in eastern states. She also shows how the suffragists mobilized cross-class coalitions, mass media, and direct action tactics to create an ambitious modern campaign. Foltz is mentioned many times. I summarize the western suffrage history in Babcock, ''First Woman,'' at nn. 6-54. Beverly Beeton, WOMEN VOTE IN THE WEST: THE WOMAN SUFFRAGE MOVEMENT, 1869-1896 (1986) addresses the question of why women suffrage came to the West before other parts of the country. A similar question is considered from a sociological perspective in Holly J. McCammon &amp; Karen E. Campbell, ''Winning the Vote in the West: The Political Successes of the Women's Suffrage Movements, 1866-1919'', 15 GENDER &amp; SOC’Y 55 (2001). See also Rebecca Edwards, ''Pioneers at the Polls: Woman Suffrage in the West'', ''in'' VOTES FOR WOMEN: THE STRUGGLE FOR SUFFRAGE REVISITED (Jean H. Baker ed., 2002); T.A. Larson, Dolls, Vassals &amp; Drudges – Pioneer Women in the West, 3 W. HIST. Q. 5 (1972) (discussing the winning of suffrage in Wyoming, Utah, and Washington); 3 HWS, at 767-88; G. THOMAS EDWARDS, SOWING GOOD SEEDS: THE NORTHWEST SUFFRAGE CAMPAIGNS OF SUSAN B. ANTHONY (1990).<br /> <br /> <br /> On the 1896 California suffrage campaign, the indispensable article is Susan Schreiber Edelman, ''“A Red Hot Suffrage Campaign:” The Woman Suffrage Cause in California, 1896'', CAL. SUP. CT. HIST. SOC’Y YEARBOOK (2d volume 1995). On the successful 1911 California campaign, see MAE SILVER AND SUE CAZALY, THE SIXTH STAR: IMAGES AND MEMORABILIA OF CALIFORNIA WOMEN’S POLITICAL HISTORY 1868-1915 (2000) and Ronald Schaffer, ''The Problem of Consciousness in the Woman’s Suffrage Movement: A California Perspective'', 45 PAC. HIST. REV., Nov. 1976, at 469-93, reprinted in 19 HISTORY OF WOMEN IN THE UNITED STATES 367, 382-91 (Nancy F. Cott ed., 1994) (discussing the tactics developed to win suffrage after the 1896 defeat and using biographical data to illustrate the range of views and experiences among the suffragists). A contemporary account can be found in SELINA SOLOMONS, HOW WE WON THE VOTE IN CALIFORNIA: A TRUE STORY OF THE CAMPAIGN OF 1911 (1912). Foltz is specifically mentioned at pp. 38 and 66; the Votes for Women Club is mentioned throughout. See On-Line Bibliographic Note: Victory in California-1911, at WLH Website for many other sources.<br /> <br /> <br /> One of the most interesting aspects of women’s legal status in the nineteenth century is that they were able to have considerable political influence long before they had the vote. Recent years have seen a surge of interest in this phenomenon. REBECCA EDWARDS, ANGELS IN THE MACHINERY: GENDER IN AMERICAN PARTY POLITICS FROM THE CIVIL WAR TO THE PROGRESSIVE ERA (1997); JO FREEMAN, WE WILL BE HEARD: WOMEN’S STRUGGLES FOR POLITICAL POWER IN THE UNITED STATES (2008); FREEMAN, A ROOM AT A TIME: HOW WOMEN ENTERED PARTY POLITICS (2000); WE HAVE COME TO STAY: AMERICAN WOMEN AND POLITICAL PARTIES, 1880-1960 (Melanie Gustafson, Kristie Miller &amp; Elisabeth I. Perry eds., 1999); MELANIE GUSTAFSON, WOMEN AND THE REPUBLICAN PARTY 1854-1924 ( 2001); ROBERT J. DINKEN, BEFORE EQUAL SUFFRAGE, WOMEN IN PARTISAN POLITICS FROM COLONIAL TIMES TO 1920 (1995). ''See also'' ALANA S. JEYDEL, POLITICAL WOMEN: THE WOMEN'S MOVEMENT, POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS, THE BATTLE FOR WOMEN'S SUFFRAGE AND THE ERA (2004).<br /> <br /> ==Relationship with Other Movements and Causes==<br /> <br /> The women's suffrage movement was connected with many other causes and reforms. In the most basic sense, such reforms were seen as those women would seek through the use of the franchise. But there were philosphical and strategic bonds as well between suffrage and other social reform movements including, of course, the broader women's rights movement, the black civil rights movement, and the temperance and prohibition movements. See also, Note; [[The Women's Movement, Free Love and Spiritualism]] (Chapter One) and Woman Suffrage and Public Defense <br /> Chapter Seven).<br /> <br /> ===Suffrage and Other Women's Rights===<br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> On the connection between reform movements and women’s rights, MARY JO BUHLE, WOMEN AND AMERICAN SOCIALISM, 1870-1920 (1981) is a classic work. On the interconnection of suffragism with earlier nineteenth century social reform movements (other than abolitionism), see KEITH MELDER, BEGINNINGS OF SISTERHOOD: THE AMERICAN WOMAN’S RIGHTS MOVEMENT, 1800-1850 (1997). REBECCA EDWARDS, ANGELS IN THE MACHINERY: GENDER IN AMERICAN PARTY POLITICS FROM THE CIVIL WAR TO THE PROGRESSIVE ERA (1997) explains the involvement of women in many reform movements and in party politics long before they had the vote. Edwards also connects women’s suffrage with other populist reforms in the west--which she suggests was a staging ground for national reform--in ''Pioneers at the Polls: Woman Suffrage in the West'', ''in'' VOTES FOR WOMEN: THE STRUGGLE FOR SUFFRAGE REVISITED 90, 90-91 (Jean H. Baker ed., 2002).'' See also'' PEGGY PASCOE, RELATIONS OF RESCUE: THE SEARCH FOR FEMALE MORAL AUTHORITY IN THE AMERICAN WEST, 1874-1939 (1990) (highlighting women’s part in reforms devoted to rescuing other women). MEREDITH TAX, THE RISING OF THE WOMEN: FEMINIST SOLIDARITY AND CLASS CONFLICT 1880-1917 (1981) delineates the connection of the suffragists with various labor movements and with socialism. Sherry J. Katz discusses the impact of socialism on California women’s suffrage in ''Redefining ‘The Political’: Socialist Women and Party Politics in California, 1900-1920'', ''in'' WE HAVE COME TO STAY, AMERICAN WOMEN AND POLITICAL PARTIES, 1886-1960 (Melanie Gustafson, Kristie Miller &amp; Elisabeth I. Perry eds., 1999). ''See also'' Sherry Katz, ''Frances Nacke Noel and &quot;Sister Movements&quot;: Socialism, Feminism, and Trade Unionism in Los Angeles, 1909-1916'', 67 CAL. HIST. 180, 181-89 (1988).<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Suffrage and Black Civil Rights Movement===<br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> On suffrage and and the black civil rights movement, see BLANCHE GLASSMAN HERSH, THE SLAVERY OF SEX: FEMINIST ABOLITIONISTS IN AMERICA (1978); JEAN FAGAN YELLIN, WOMEN &amp; SISTERS: THE ANTISLAVERY FEMINISTS IN AMERICAN CULTURE (1998). Louise Michele Newman suggests that despite its emergence from the abolitionist movement, feminism’s understanding of citizenship was racist at the root. LOUISE MICHELLE NEWMAN, WHITE WOMEN’S RIGHTS: THE RACIAL ORIGINS OF FEMINISM IN THE UNITED STATES (1999). In the latest biography of Stanton, Lori Ginzburg shows how her positions on race harmed the women’s movement at the time and practically to this day. She pins the main blame for the National Association’s use of racist arguments on Stanton, though others used them widely in the seventies and eighties. LORI GINZBURG, ELIZABETH CADY STANTON: AN AMERICAN LIFE 129-31 (2009). <br /> <br /> <br /> For black suffragists, winning the vote was only part of a larger struggle for racial justice. On black women’s involvement in suffrage movements, see ROSALYN TERBORG-PENN, AFRICAN AMERICAN WOMEN IN THE STRUGGLE FOR THE VOTE, 1850-1920 (1998); MARTHA S. JONES, ALL BOUND UP TOGETHER: THE WOMAN QUESTION IN AFRICAN AMERICAN PUBLIC CULTURE, 1830-1900 (2007).<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Suffrage and Temperance and Prohibition===<br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> The temperance and prohibition movements were particularly appealing to women because of the effect of excessive alcohol drinking on family and work life and were thought by many to be a more appropriate reform activity than the fight for suffrage. Susan Anthony and other suffrage leaders moved to ally with the Women’s Christian Temperance Union in the early 1890s, and events in California mirrored the national scene—as described in Chapter Six. ''See'' RUTH BORDIN, FRANCES WILLARD: A BIOGRAPHY (1986); RUTH BORDIN, WOMEN AND TEMPERANCE: THE QUEST FOR POWER AND LIBERTY, 1873-1900, at 7 (1981); MORTON KELLER, AFFAIRS OF STATE: PUBLIC LIFE IN LATE NINETEENTH CENTURY AMERICA 122-36 (1977) (describing the post-war quest for the good society, free of vice and intemperance); SUZANNE M. MARILLEY, WOMAN SUFFRAGE AND THE ORIGINS OF LIBERAL FEMINISM IN THE UNITED STATES 1820-1920, at 118-129 (1996). There is a rich literature on the arguments and campaigns of the two movements. ''See'' BARBARA LEE EPSTEIN, THE POLITICS OF DOMESTICITY: WOMEN, EVANGELISM, AND TEMPERANCE IN NINETEENTH CENTURY AMERICA 102 (1981) (discussing temperance crusaders' arguments about victimization of women by men who drank); JOSEPH R. GUSFELD, SYMBOLIC CRUSADE, STATUS POLITICS AND THE AMERICAN TEMPERANCE MOVEMENT 91-105 (1963) (including many references to suffrage); CAROL MATTINGLY, WELL-TEMPERED WOMEN: NINETEENTH CENTURY TEMPERANCE RHETORIC 144 (1998); CATHERINE GILBERT MURDOCK, DOMESTICATING DRINK: WOMEN, MEN AND ALCOHOL (1998); THOMAS R. PEGRAM, BATTLING DEMON RUM: THE STRUGGLE FOR A DRY AMERICA 1800-1933, at 73 (1998).</div>

Babcock https://wlh-wiki.law.stanford.edu/index.php/Suffrage_History 2010-12-21T00:47:02Z

<p>Babcock:&#32;/* Relationship with Other Movements and Causes */</p> <hr /> <div>This Note contains descriptions of important works regarding the women's suffrage movement, including its connection to other reform movements and causes.<br /> <br /> ==Legal Status of Women in Nineteenth Century==<br /> <br /> Women’s quest for full citizenship—to be voters, serve on juries, and enter the professions—has been of increasing interest to scholars in recent years. Feminists have challenged the use of legal discourses to maintain gendered social hierarchies and discrimination in all areas of life. ''See, e.g.'', SANDRA VAN BURKLEO, BELONGING TO THE WORLD: WOMEN'S RIGHTS AND AMERICAN CONSTITUTIONAL CULTURE (2001) (a comprehensive treatment of women’s changing legal status and legal feminist movements from the colonial period to the modern day); DEBORAH RHODE, JUSTICE AND GENDER: SEX DISCRIMINATION AND THE LAW (1989) (discussing the historical background to modern sex discrimination); JOAN HOFF, LAW, GENDER AND INJUSTICE: A LEGAL HISTORY OF U.S. WOMEN (1991) (covering over two hundred years of women’s legal history through the lens of radical feminism). Historian Linda Kerber examines the meaning of citizenship in light of women’s exclusion from obligations of citizenship, such as jury duty and military service. LINDA KERBER, NO CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHT TO BE LADIES: WOMEN AND THE OBLIGATIONS OF CITIZENSHIP (1998). <br /> <br /> <br /> In their respective writings, political scientists Judith Shklar and Gretchen Ritter focus on questions of citizenship, arguing that feminists’ struggle for legal rights has always been part of a broader quest for civic inclusion. JUDITH SHKLAR, IN AMERICAN CITIZENSHIP: THE QUEST FOR INCLUSION (1991); GRETCHEN RITTER, THE CONSTITUTION AS SOCIAL DESIGN: GENDER AND CIVIC MEMBERSHIP IN THE AMERICAN CONSTITUTIONAL ORDER (2006). Legal relations and gendered discourses of citizenship across U.S. history are discussed in Rogers Smith, ''One United People: Second-Class Female Citizenship and the American Quest for Community'', 1 YALE J.L. &amp; HUMAN. 229 (1989); Nancy Cott, Marriage and Women’s Citizenship in the United States, 1830-1934, 103 AM. HIST. REV. 1440 (1998); Linda Kerber, ''The Paradox of Women’s Citizenship in the Early Republic: The Case of Martin v. Massachusetts'', 97 AM. HIST. REV. 349 (1992); Linda Kerber, ''The Meanings of Citizenship'', 84 J. AM. HIST. 833 (1997). For scholarly writings focusing on women’s contested claims to citizenship in the charged political climate of the post-Civil War era, see LAURA EDWARDS, GENDERED STRIFE AND CONFUSION: THE POLITICAL CULTURE OF RECONSTRUCTION (1997) and Norma Basch, ''Reconstructing Female Citizenship'', ''in'' THE CONSTITUTION, LAW, AND AMERICAN LIFE (Donald Nieman ed., 1994). <br /> <br /> <br /> The study of women and the law in the nineteenth century has focused extensively on the evolving rights of married women. Norma Basch discusses the tensions between republican ideology and the notion of marital unity embodied in the doctrine of coverture, and the influence of feminist movements in the gradual erosion of coverture through married women’s property laws in the mid-nineteenth century. NORMA BASCH, IN THE EYES OF THE LAW: WOMEN, MARRIAGE, AND PROPERTY IN NINETEENTH-CENTURY NEW YORK (1982). Basch has also studied the changing law of divorce and its impact on women. NORMA BASCH, FRAMING AMERICAN DIVORCE: FROM THE REVOLUTIONARY GENERATION TO THE VICTORIANS (2001); Norma Basch, ''Invisible Women: The Legal Fiction of Marital Unity in Nineteenth-Century America'', 5 FEMINIST STUD. 346 (1979); Norma Basch, ''Relief in the Premises: Divorce as a Woman's Remedy in New York and Indiana'', 1815-1870, 8 LAW &amp; HIST. REV. 1 (1990); Norma Basch, ''The Emerging Legal History of Women in the United States: Property, Divorce, and the Constitution'', 12 SIGNS 97 (1986). For summaries of nineteenth-century women’s legal status within marriage and the family, see MICHAEL GROSSBERG, GOVERNING THE HEARTH: LAW AND FAMILY IN NINETEENTH CENTURY AMERICA (1985); ELIZABETH BOWLES WARBASSE, THE CHANGING LEGAL RIGHTS OF MARRIED WOMEN, 1800-1861 (1987); PEGGY RABKIN, FATHERS TO DAUGHTERS: THE LEGAL FOUNDATIONS OF FEMALE EMANCIPATION (1980); Reva Siegel, ''Home As Work: The First Woman’s Rights Claims Concerning Wives’ Household Labor, 1850-1880'', 103 YALE L.J. 1073 (1994); Reva Siegel, ''The Modernization of Marital Status Law: Adjudicating Wives' Rights to Earnings, 1860-1930'', 82 GEO. L.J. 2127 (1995); Carole Shammas, ''Reassessing the Married Women’s Property Acts'', 6 J. WOMEN’S HIST. 9 (1994). Ariela Dubler explores the historical impact of the normative framework of marriage on single women. Ariela Dubler, In the Shadow of Marriage: Single Women and the Legal Construction of the Family and the State, 112 YALE L.J. 1641 (2003).<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Seneca Falls==<br /> <br /> More than a hundred years after publication of its first volume, THE HISTORY OF WOMAN SUFFRAGE (published in its entirety in six volumes covering the years 1848-192) remains a major source on the nineteenth century efforts for women's rights and especially Seneca Falls. 1 HWS, at 70-71 describes the Seneca Falls convention and reproduces the Declaration of Sentiments and list of resolutions, along with discussion of the “spheres” arguments. The Seneca Falls meeting is analyzed in SALLY MCMILLEN, SENECA FALLS AND THE ORIGINS OF THE WOMEN’S RIGHTS MOVEMENT (2008); JUDITH WELLMAN, THE ROAD TO SENECA FALLS: ELIZABETH CADY STANTON AND THE FIRST WOMAN'S RIGHTS CONVENTION (2004); Ellen Carol DuBois, ''Seneca Falls Goes Public'', 21 THE PUB. HISTORIAN, 41-47 (1999). <br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;div id=historiography&gt;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> ==Historiography==<br /> <br /> The classic early works on suffrage are ELEANOR FLEXNER, CENTURY OF STRUGGLE: THE WOMAN’S RIGHTS MOVEMENT IN THE UNITED STATES (1959) (new enlarged edition with ELLEN FITZPATRICK (1996)) and AILEEN KRADITOR, THE IDEAS OF THE WOMAN SUFFRAGE MOVEMENT 1890-1920 (1965). Kraditor’s thesis was that American suffragism declined from its early years of “justice-based” arguments to a politics of expediency that used the traditional rhetoric of separate spheres and appeals to racism and nativism. This “declension” argument has provided the backdrop for numerous scholarly writings. During the two decades after Flexner’s and Kraditor’s pathbreaking studies, the suffrage movement fell into disfavor as a subject of academic inquiry; many women’s historians saw it variously as a limited, repetitive, boring, racist, and elitist movement. <br /> <br /> <br /> Notable exceptions include WILLIAM O’NEILL, EVERYONE WAS BRAVE: THE RISE AND FALL OF FEMINISM IN AMERICA (1975); GERDA LERNER, THE MAJORITY FINDS ITS PAST: PLACING WOMEN IN HISTORY (1979); DUBOIS, FEMINISM AND SUFFRAGE: THE EMERGENCE OF AN INDEPENDENT WOMAN’S MOVEMENT IN AMERICA, 1848-1869 (1978) (exploring the significance of the emerging woman’s rights movement in the 1860s and its ties to abolitionism). DuBois’ article, ''The Radicalism of the Woman Suffrage Movement: Notes Toward the Reconstruction of Nineteenth Century Feminism'', ''in'' WOMEN, LAW AND THE CONSTITUTION (Kermit Hall ed., 1987) was especially enlightening to me in understanding Clara Foltz’s movement activities. DuBois is the main proponent of the argument that the split in the women’s movement after the Civil War did not significantly weaken the suffrage movement but propelled it into political independence. Some of her best essays are collected with new chapters on historiography in WOMAN SUFFRAGE AND WOMEN’S RIGHTS (1998). In HARRIOT STANTON BLATCH AND THE WINNING OF WOMAN SUFFRAGE (1997), Dubois brings her understanding of the movement history to bear on its final stages.<br /> <br /> <br /> The 1990s saw a renaissance in suffrage studies, with women’s historians, political scientists, sociologists, and legal scholars using new sources and multidisciplinary approaches to analyze the historical and political significance of the women’s suffrage movement, regional differences in the suffrage campaign, suffragists’ ties with other political and social movements, the participation of women of color, and suffragists’ complex relationships to issues of class and race. SUZANNE MARILLEY, WOMAN SUFFRAGE AND THE ORIGINS OF LIBERAL FEMINISM IN THE UNITED STATES, 1820-1920 (1996) revises the Kraditor thesis, arguing that although the movement’s strategic and rhetorical tactics may have changed over time, feminists never lost their fundamental liberal commitment to equal rights. Essay collections from this period include: ONE WOMAN, ONE VOTE: REDISCOVERING THE WOMAN SUFFRAGE MOVEMENT (Marjorie Spruill Wheeler ed., 1995) (featuring nineteen essays from prominent scholars on the impact of women’s suffrage movements from the early national period to the post suffrage era); AFRICAN AMERICAN WOMEN AND THE VOTE, 1837-1965 (Ann D. Gordon &amp; Bettye Collier-Thomas eds., 1997) (discussing black women in the suffrage movement); VISIBLE WOMEN: NEW ESSAYS ON AMERICAN ACTIVISM (Nancy A. Hewitt &amp; Suzanne Lebsock eds., 1993) (including essays on suffrage, notably Lebsock’s, Woman Suffrage and White Supremacy: A Virginia Case Study). A useful collection of primary source documents is KATHRYN KISH SKLAR, WOMEN’S RIGHTS EMERGES WITHIN THE ANTI-SLAVERY MOVEMENT, 1830-1870: A BRIEF HISTORY WITH DOCUMENTS (2000); AMERICAN FEMINISM: KEY SOURCE DOCUMENTS, 1848-1920 (Janet Beer, Anne-Marie Ford, &amp; Katherine Joslin eds., 2003). Ann D. Gordon’s comprehensive collection of papers, with outstanding organization and ordering, is in the THE SELECTED PAPERS OF ELIZABETH CADY STANTON AND SUSAN B. ANTHONY, VOLS. 1-5 (1997-2006) (a sixth volume is projected). Patricia G. Holland joined Gordon in editing the papers for online presentation from 45 microfilm reels. <br /> <br /> <br /> The attempts by women to use the Civil War Amendments to secure their own rights is described in Ellen DuBois, ''Taking the Law into Our Own Hands: Bradwell, Minor, &amp; Suffrage Militance in the 1870s'','' in'' VISIBLE WOMEN and DuBois, ''Outgrowing the Compact of the Fathers: Equal Rights, Woman Suffrage, and the United States Constitution, 1820-1878'', 74 J. AM. HIST. 836 (1987). In recent years, legal scholars have been interested in the widespread use of the tactic named “the new departure.” ''See'' Jack Balkin, ''How Social Movements Change the Constitution: The Case of the New Departure'', 39 SUFFOLK U. L. REV. 27 (2005); Jules Lobel, ''Losers, Fools &amp; Prophets: Justice as Struggle'', 80 CORNELL L. REV. 1331, 1364-75 (1995); Adam Winkler, ''A Revolution Too Soon: Woman Suffragists and the Living Constitution'', 76 N.Y.U.L. REV. 1456 (2001).<br /> <br /> <br /> In recent years, there has also been new interest in the western women’s movement and growing recognition of its significance. GAYLE GULLETT, BECOMING CITIZENS, THE EMERGENCE AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE CALIFORNIA WOMEN’S MOVEMENT, 1880-1911 (2000) [hereafter GULLETT, BECOMING CITIZENS] has been especially useful to me because it examines many events in which Foltz was involved and is well-researched and written. Another important work on suffrage campaigns in the western states is REBECCA MEAD, HOW THE VOTE WAS WON: WOMAN SUFFRAGE IN THE WESTERN UNITED STATES 1868-1914 (2004). Mead argues that the Western suffrage campaigns profoundly shaped the national suffrage movement by developing tactics that were later used by activists in eastern states. She also shows how the suffragists mobilized cross-class coalitions, mass media, and direct action tactics to create an ambitious modern campaign. Foltz is mentioned many times. I summarize the western suffrage history in Babcock, ''First Woman,'' at nn. 6-54. Beverly Beeton, WOMEN VOTE IN THE WEST: THE WOMAN SUFFRAGE MOVEMENT, 1869-1896 (1986) addresses the question of why women suffrage came to the West before other parts of the country. A similar question is considered from a sociological perspective in Holly J. McCammon &amp; Karen E. Campbell, ''Winning the Vote in the West: The Political Successes of the Women's Suffrage Movements, 1866-1919'', 15 GENDER &amp; SOC’Y 55 (2001). See also Rebecca Edwards, ''Pioneers at the Polls: Woman Suffrage in the West'', ''in'' VOTES FOR WOMEN: THE STRUGGLE FOR SUFFRAGE REVISITED (Jean H. Baker ed., 2002); T.A. Larson, Dolls, Vassals &amp; Drudges – Pioneer Women in the West, 3 W. HIST. Q. 5 (1972) (discussing the winning of suffrage in Wyoming, Utah, and Washington); 3 HWS, at 767-88; G. THOMAS EDWARDS, SOWING GOOD SEEDS: THE NORTHWEST SUFFRAGE CAMPAIGNS OF SUSAN B. ANTHONY (1990).<br /> <br /> <br /> On the 1896 California suffrage campaign, the indispensable article is Susan Schreiber Edelman, ''“A Red Hot Suffrage Campaign:” The Woman Suffrage Cause in California, 1896'', CAL. SUP. CT. HIST. SOC’Y YEARBOOK (2d volume 1995). On the successful 1911 California campaign, see MAE SILVER AND SUE CAZALY, THE SIXTH STAR: IMAGES AND MEMORABILIA OF CALIFORNIA WOMEN’S POLITICAL HISTORY 1868-1915 (2000) and Ronald Schaffer, ''The Problem of Consciousness in the Woman’s Suffrage Movement: A California Perspective'', 45 PAC. HIST. REV., Nov. 1976, at 469-93, reprinted in 19 HISTORY OF WOMEN IN THE UNITED STATES 367, 382-91 (Nancy F. Cott ed., 1994) (discussing the tactics developed to win suffrage after the 1896 defeat and using biographical data to illustrate the range of views and experiences among the suffragists). A contemporary account can be found in SELINA SOLOMONS, HOW WE WON THE VOTE IN CALIFORNIA: A TRUE STORY OF THE CAMPAIGN OF 1911 (1912). Foltz is specifically mentioned at pp. 38 and 66; the Votes for Women Club is mentioned throughout. See On-Line Bibliographic Note: Victory in California-1911, at WLH Website for many other sources.<br /> <br /> <br /> One of the most interesting aspects of women’s legal status in the nineteenth century is that they were able to have considerable political influence long before they had the vote. Recent years have seen a surge of interest in this phenomenon. REBECCA EDWARDS, ANGELS IN THE MACHINERY: GENDER IN AMERICAN PARTY POLITICS FROM THE CIVIL WAR TO THE PROGRESSIVE ERA (1997); JO FREEMAN, WE WILL BE HEARD: WOMEN’S STRUGGLES FOR POLITICAL POWER IN THE UNITED STATES (2008); FREEMAN, A ROOM AT A TIME: HOW WOMEN ENTERED PARTY POLITICS (2000); WE HAVE COME TO STAY: AMERICAN WOMEN AND POLITICAL PARTIES, 1880-1960 (Melanie Gustafson, Kristie Miller &amp; Elisabeth I. Perry eds., 1999); MELANIE GUSTAFSON, WOMEN AND THE REPUBLICAN PARTY 1854-1924 ( 2001); ROBERT J. DINKEN, BEFORE EQUAL SUFFRAGE, WOMEN IN PARTISAN POLITICS FROM COLONIAL TIMES TO 1920 (1995). ''See also'' ALANA S. JEYDEL, POLITICAL WOMEN: THE WOMEN'S MOVEMENT, POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS, THE BATTLE FOR WOMEN'S SUFFRAGE AND THE ERA (2004).<br /> <br /> ==Relationship with Other Movements and Causes==<br /> <br /> The women's suffrage movement was connected with many other causes and reforms. In the most basic sense, such reforms were seen as those women would seek through the use of the franchise. But there were philosphical and strategic bonds as well between suffrage and other social reform movements including, of course, the broader women's rights movement, the black civil rights movement, and the temperance and prohibition movements. See also, Note; The Women's Movement, Free Love and Spiritualism (Chapter One) and Suffrage and Public Defense (Chapter Seven).<br /> <br /> ===Suffrage and Other Women's Rights===<br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> On the connection between reform movements and women’s rights, MARY JO BUHLE, WOMEN AND AMERICAN SOCIALISM, 1870-1920 (1981) is a classic work. On the interconnection of suffragism with earlier nineteenth century social reform movements (other than abolitionism), see KEITH MELDER, BEGINNINGS OF SISTERHOOD: THE AMERICAN WOMAN’S RIGHTS MOVEMENT, 1800-1850 (1997). REBECCA EDWARDS, ANGELS IN THE MACHINERY: GENDER IN AMERICAN PARTY POLITICS FROM THE CIVIL WAR TO THE PROGRESSIVE ERA (1997) explains the involvement of women in many reform movements and in party politics long before they had the vote. Edwards also connects women’s suffrage with other populist reforms in the west--which she suggests was a staging ground for national reform--in ''Pioneers at the Polls: Woman Suffrage in the West'', ''in'' VOTES FOR WOMEN: THE STRUGGLE FOR SUFFRAGE REVISITED 90, 90-91 (Jean H. Baker ed., 2002).'' See also'' PEGGY PASCOE, RELATIONS OF RESCUE: THE SEARCH FOR FEMALE MORAL AUTHORITY IN THE AMERICAN WEST, 1874-1939 (1990) (highlighting women’s part in reforms devoted to rescuing other women). MEREDITH TAX, THE RISING OF THE WOMEN: FEMINIST SOLIDARITY AND CLASS CONFLICT 1880-1917 (1981) delineates the connection of the suffragists with various labor movements and with socialism. Sherry J. Katz discusses the impact of socialism on California women’s suffrage in ''Redefining ‘The Political’: Socialist Women and Party Politics in California, 1900-1920'', ''in'' WE HAVE COME TO STAY, AMERICAN WOMEN AND POLITICAL PARTIES, 1886-1960 (Melanie Gustafson, Kristie Miller &amp; Elisabeth I. Perry eds., 1999). ''See also'' Sherry Katz, ''Frances Nacke Noel and &quot;Sister Movements&quot;: Socialism, Feminism, and Trade Unionism in Los Angeles, 1909-1916'', 67 CAL. HIST. 180, 181-89 (1988).<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Suffrage and Black Civil Rights Movement===<br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> On suffrage and and the black civil rights movement, see BLANCHE GLASSMAN HERSH, THE SLAVERY OF SEX: FEMINIST ABOLITIONISTS IN AMERICA (1978); JEAN FAGAN YELLIN, WOMEN &amp; SISTERS: THE ANTISLAVERY FEMINISTS IN AMERICAN CULTURE (1998). Louise Michele Newman suggests that despite its emergence from the abolitionist movement, feminism’s understanding of citizenship was racist at the root. LOUISE MICHELLE NEWMAN, WHITE WOMEN’S RIGHTS: THE RACIAL ORIGINS OF FEMINISM IN THE UNITED STATES (1999). In the latest biography of Stanton, Lori Ginzburg shows how her positions on race harmed the women’s movement at the time and practically to this day. She pins the main blame for the National Association’s use of racist arguments on Stanton, though others used them widely in the seventies and eighties. LORI GINZBURG, ELIZABETH CADY STANTON: AN AMERICAN LIFE 129-31 (2009). <br /> <br /> <br /> For black suffragists, winning the vote was only part of a larger struggle for racial justice. On black women’s involvement in suffrage movements, see ROSALYN TERBORG-PENN, AFRICAN AMERICAN WOMEN IN THE STRUGGLE FOR THE VOTE, 1850-1920 (1998); MARTHA S. JONES, ALL BOUND UP TOGETHER: THE WOMAN QUESTION IN AFRICAN AMERICAN PUBLIC CULTURE, 1830-1900 (2007).<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Suffrage and Temperance and Prohibition===<br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> The temperance and prohibition movements were particularly appealing to women because of the effect of excessive alcohol drinking on family and work life and were thought by many to be a more appropriate reform activity than the fight for suffrage. Susan Anthony and other suffrage leaders moved to ally with the Women’s Christian Temperance Union in the early 1890s, and events in California mirrored the national scene—as described in Chapter Six. ''See'' RUTH BORDIN, FRANCES WILLARD: A BIOGRAPHY (1986); RUTH BORDIN, WOMEN AND TEMPERANCE: THE QUEST FOR POWER AND LIBERTY, 1873-1900, at 7 (1981); MORTON KELLER, AFFAIRS OF STATE: PUBLIC LIFE IN LATE NINETEENTH CENTURY AMERICA 122-36 (1977) (describing the post-war quest for the good society, free of vice and intemperance); SUZANNE M. MARILLEY, WOMAN SUFFRAGE AND THE ORIGINS OF LIBERAL FEMINISM IN THE UNITED STATES 1820-1920, at 118-129 (1996). There is a rich literature on the arguments and campaigns of the two movements. ''See'' BARBARA LEE EPSTEIN, THE POLITICS OF DOMESTICITY: WOMEN, EVANGELISM, AND TEMPERANCE IN NINETEENTH CENTURY AMERICA 102 (1981) (discussing temperance crusaders' arguments about victimization of women by men who drank); JOSEPH R. GUSFELD, SYMBOLIC CRUSADE, STATUS POLITICS AND THE AMERICAN TEMPERANCE MOVEMENT 91-105 (1963) (including many references to suffrage); CAROL MATTINGLY, WELL-TEMPERED WOMEN: NINETEENTH CENTURY TEMPERANCE RHETORIC 144 (1998); CATHERINE GILBERT MURDOCK, DOMESTICATING DRINK: WOMEN, MEN AND ALCOHOL (1998); THOMAS R. PEGRAM, BATTLING DEMON RUM: THE STRUGGLE FOR A DRY AMERICA 1800-1933, at 73 (1998).</div>

Babcock https://wlh-wiki.law.stanford.edu/index.php/Indexes_and_Bibliographic_Notes 2010-12-19T18:29:45Z

<p>Babcock:&#32;/* List of On-Line Bibliographic Sources */</p> <hr /> <div>==Indexes, Bibliographic Notes and Supplementary Text==<br /> <br /> There are two indexes here: the first is to subjects and page numbers in WOMAN LAWYER: THE TRIALS OF CLARA FOLTZ (the book index). This index also appears on the website of the Stanford University Press. The second index is to the [[Bibliographic Notes and Supplementary text]] (the supplement index). The supplement is a companion to WOMAN LAWYER, with additional source material for the facts and interpretations in the text and endnotes. <br /> <br /> Following the two indexes, are the supplementary notes, arranged in the order of the book chapters. Some of these are traditional bibliographic notes listing essential references with a few words of critical explanation. Also included are first person essays and descriptions of people and events that influenced Clara Foltz, but whose stories would extend the book unduly. For instance, the Note on Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing,(see notes for chapter two) describes in detail the content of the San Diego Bee over a ten day period during Foltz’s editorship. <br /> <br /> A biography written over many years has more sources than can be cited even in this format – especially in a burgeoning new field like women’s legal history. I have tried to cite the main works that influenced my thinking, which may not be exactly the same as all the main works. In a larger sense, virtually everything I have read concerning women’s rights and nineteenth century history is in here somewhere even though not mentioned explicitly. To those whose work deserves more recognition than I have given it here, my sincerest apologies.<br /> <br /> == List of On-Line Bibliographic Sources==<br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; Introductory &lt;/font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> #[[About and By Clara Foltz: Biographical Material and Her Writings]]<br /> #[[Archival and Investigative Materials]]<br /> #[[Timelines]]<br /> ##[[Timelines#Life Events|Life Events]] <br /> ##[[Timelines#Passage of Constitutional Clauses|Passage of Constitutional Clauses]] <br /> ##[[Timelines#Public Defender Campaign|Public Defender Campaign]]<br /> #[[Women’s History]]<br /> ##[[Women’s History#Legal Status of Women in Nineteenth Century|Legal Status of Women in the Nineteenth Century]]<br /> ##[[Women’s History#“Feminism” and Women’s Rights: Nomenclature|&quot;Feminism&quot; and Women’s Rights: Nomenclature]]<br /> ##[[Women’s History#Women’s Biography|Women's Biography]]<br /> #[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies]]<br /> ##[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Myra Bradwell|Myra Bradwell]]<br /> ##[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Lavinia Goodell|Lavinia Goodell]]<br /> ##[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Mary Greene|Mary Greene]]<br /> ##[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Belva Lockwood|Belva Lockwood]]<br /> ##[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Arabella (Belle) Mansfield|Arabella (Belle) Mansfield]]<br /> ##[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Marilla Ricker|Marilla Ricker]]<br /> ##[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Lelia Robinson|Lelia Robinson]]<br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; Chapter One &lt;/font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> #[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa]]<br /> ##[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Parents|Parents]]<br /> ##[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Siblings: Milton and John|Siblings]]<br /> ##[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Charles Morris Shortridge|Charles Morris Shortridge]]<br /> ###[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Timeline and Excerpts|Timeline and Excerpts]]<br /> ##[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Senator Samuel Morgan Shortridge (brother)|Senator Samuel Morgan Shortridge (brother)]]<br /> ##[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Clara Foltz’s Children|Foltz’s Children]]<br /> ###[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Trella Evelyn Foltz|Trella Evelyn Foltz]]<br /> ###[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Samuel Courtland Foltz|Samuel Courtland Foltz]]<br /> ###[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#David Milton Foltz|David Milton Foltz]]<br /> ###[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Bertha May Foltz Newman|Bertha May Foltz Newman]]<br /> ###[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Virginia Foltz Catron|Virginia Foltz Catron]]<br /> ####[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Investigative material|Investigative material]]<br /> ####[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Newspaper Interviews of Virgina|Newspaper Interviews of Virgina]]<br /> ##[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Mt. Pleasant and Howe’s Academy|Mt. Pleasant and Howe’s Academy]]<br /> #[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies]]<br /> ##[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Lillie Devereux Blake|Lillie Devereux Blake]]<br /> ##[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Clara Colby|Clara Colby]]<br /> ##[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Abigail Duniway|Abigail Duniway]]<br /> ##[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Sarah Knox Goodrich|Sarah Knox Goodrich]]<br /> ##[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Laura Gordon|Laura Gordon]]<br /> ##[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Grove L. Johnson|Grove L. Johnson]]<br /> #[[The Workingmen’s Party of California (WPC)]]<br /> ##[[The Workingmen’s Party of California (WPC)#Rise and Composition of the WPC|Rise and Composition of the WPC]]<br /> ##[[The Workingmen’s Party of California (WPC)#WPC and the Anti-Chinese Movement|WPC and the Anti-Chinese Movement ]]<br /> ##[[The Workingmen’s Party of California (WPC)#Relation with the Workingmen’s Party of the United States (WPUS)|Relation with the Workingmen’s Party of the United States (WPUS)]]<br /> #[[California Constitutional History]]<br /> ##[[California Constitutional History#Convention of 1879|Convention of 1879]]<br /> ##[[California Constitutional History#Passage of the Anti-Discrimination Clauses|Passage of the Anti-Discrimination Clauses]]<br /> ##[[California Constitutional History#Prominent Pro-Woman Delegates at the 1879 Convention|Prominent Pro-Woman Delegates at the 1879 Convention]]<br /> ###[[California Constitutional History#James J. Ayers|James J. Ayers]]<br /> ###[[California Constitutional History#Eli T. Blackmer|Eli T. Blackmer]]<br /> ###[[California Constitutional History#Charles Ringgold|Charles Ringgold]]<br /> ###[[California Constitutional History#David Terry|David Terry]]<br /> ###[[California Constitutional History#Alphonse Vacquerel|Alphonse Vacquerel]]<br /> ##[[California Constitutional History#Prominent Opponents|Prominent Opponents]]<br /> ###[[California Constitutional History#Joseph Hoge|Joseph Hoge]]<br /> ###[[California Constitutional History#Samuel Wilson|Samuel Wilson]]<br /> ###[[California Constitutional History#Thomas Bishop|Thomas Bishop]]<br /> ###[[California Constitutional History#Delos Lake|Delos Lake]]<br /> <br /> The Women's Movement, Free Love and Spiritualsim<br /> <br /> Women and Divorce <br /> <br /> &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; Chapter Two &lt;/font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> #[[Women as Public Lecturers]] <br /> #[[Women and Jury Service]]<br /> ##[[Women and Jury Service#The Washington Territory Experience|The Washington Territory Experience]]<br /> #[[San Francisco Social Life and Clara Foltz's Circle]]<br /> #[[San Diego in the Real Estate Boom]]<br /> #[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing]]<br /> ##[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#A Bee Sampler|A Bee Sampler]]<br /> ###[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#The Boom|The Boom]]<br /> ###[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#Outside News|Outside News]]<br /> ###[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#Local Excitement|Local Excitement]]<br /> ###[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#Regular Items|Regular Items]]<br /> ###[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#Civic Events|Civic Events]]<br /> ###[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#Society and Fashion|Society and Fashion]]<br /> ###[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#Last Days at the Bee|Last Days at the Bee]]<br /> #[[Bellamy Nationalism]]<br /> ##[[Bellamy Nationalism#Charlotte Perkins Gilman|Charlotte Perkins Gilman]]<br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; Chapter Three &lt;/font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> #[[Law Practice in the West]]<br /> ##[[Law Practice in the West#General Works|General works]]<br /> ##[[Law Practice in the West#Biographical Works|Biographical works]]<br /> ###[[Law Practice in the West#Oscar Shuck's Work|Oscar Shuck's Work]]<br /> ##[[Law Practice in the West#Clara Foltz’s Practice|Clara Foltz’s Practice]]<br /> ##[[Law Practice in the West#Women and Criminal Law Practice|Women and Criminal Law Practice]]<br /> ###[[Law Practice in the West#Lelia Robinson|Lelia Robinson]]<br /> ###[[Law Practice in the West#Women Defenders: The Negative Image|Women Defenders: The Negative Image]]<br /> ###[[Law Practice in the West#Women Defenders and Women Jurors|Women Defenders and Women Jurors]]<br /> ###[[Law Practice in the West#Laura Gordon and the Sproule Case|Laura Gordon and the Sproule Case]]<br /> ###[[Law Practice in the West#Why Women Became Defenders|Why Women Became Defenders]]<br /> ###[[Law Practice in the West#The Contributions of Women to Criminal Defense|The Contributions of Women to Criminal Defense]]<br /> #[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics]]<br /> ##[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics#General Sources|General Sources]]<br /> ###[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics#Coxey's Army, The Pullman Strike, and the Haymarket Tragedy|Coxey's Army, The Pullman Strike, and the Haymarket Tragedy]]<br /> ###[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics#Bellamy Nationalism and Populism|Bellamy Nationalism and Populism]]<br /> ###[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics#Women's Pre-Suffrage Participation in Politics|Women's Pre-Suffrage Participation in Politics]]<br /> ###[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics#1894 Election in California|1894 Election in California]]<br /> ##[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics#Mary Elizabeth Lease (also known as Mary Ellen)|Mary Elizabeth Lease]]<br /> ##[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics#Stephen White|Stephen White]]<br /> ##[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics#Anna Ferry Smith|Anna Ferry Smith]]<br /> #[[Foltz as Reform Lobbyist in the 1890s]] <br /> ##[[Foltz as Reform Lobbyist in the 1890s#Parole Legislation|Parole Legislation]] <br /> ##[[Foltz as Reform Lobbyist in the 1890s#Women's Rights Measures|Women's Rights Measures]] <br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; Chapter Four &lt;/font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> #[[The New Woman]]<br /> #[[Trella Toland and Her Autograph Book]] <br /> ##[[Trella Toland and Her Autograph Book#Writers and Journalists|Writers and Journalists]]<br /> ##[[Trella Toland and Her Autograph Book#Actors|Actors]]<br /> ##[[Trella Toland and Her Autograph Book#Theater People|Theater People]]<br /> ##[[Trella Toland and Her Autograph Book#Trella's Family: William Toland, Sam Shortridge, and Virginia Toland|Trella's Family: William Toland, Sam Shortridge, and Virginia Toland]]<br /> ##[[Trella Toland and Her Autograph Book#Isaac Trumbo|Isaac Trumbo]]<br /> #[[The New York Legal Scene]]<br /> ##[[The New York Legal Scene#Women’s Legal Education Society (WLES) and Law Class|Women’s Legal Education Society (WLES) and Law Class]]<br /> ##[[The New York Legal Scene#The New Corporate Practice|The New Corporate Practice]]<br /> ##[[The New York Legal Scene#Criminal Practice|Criminal practice]]<br /> #[[The Oil Boom and Foltz’s Companies]]<br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; Chapter Five &lt;/font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> #[[Murder Defendants and Equal Justice]]<br /> ##[[Murder Defendants and Equal Justice#Women as Criminal Defendants|Women as Criminal Defendants]]<br /> ###[[Murder Defendants and Equal Justice#The Death Penalty|The Death Penalty]]<br /> ###[[Murder Defendants and Equal Justice#Maria Barbella|Maria Barbella]]<br /> ###[[Murder Defendants and Equal Justice#Laura Fair|Laura Fair]]<br /> ###[[Murder Defendants and Equal Justice#Florence Maybrick|Florence Maybrick]]<br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; Chapter Six &lt;/font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> #[[Suffrage History]]<br /> ##[[Suffrage History#Legal Status of Women in Nineteenth Century|Legal Status of Women in Nineteenth Century]]<br /> ##[[Suffrage History#Seneca Falls|Seneca Falls]]<br /> ##[[Suffrage History#Historiography|Historiography]]<br /> ##[[Suffrage History#Relationship with Other Movements and Causes|Relationship to Other Movements and Causes]]<br /> ###[[Suffrage History#Suffrage and Other Women's Rights|Suffrage and Other Women's Rights]]<br /> ###[[Suffrage History#Suffrage and Black Civil Rights Movement|Suffrage and Black Civil Rights Movement]]<br /> ###[[Suffrage History#Suffrage and Temperance and Prohibition|Suffrage and Temperance and Prohibition]]<br /> #[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention]]<br /> ##[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention#General Sources|General Sources]]<br /> ##[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention#Matilda Gage, President|Matilda Gage, President]]<br /> ##[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention#Reaction to Foltz’s Remarks|Reaction to Foltz’s Remarks]]<br /> ##[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention#Other Notable Attendants|Other Notable Attendants]]<br /> ###[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention#Theosophy and Madame Blavatsky|Theosophy and Madame Blavatsky]]<br /> ###[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention#William Aldrich and Josephine Cables|William Aldrich and Josephine Cables]]<br /> ###[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention#Elliott and Emily Coues|Elliott and Emily Coues]]<br /> ###[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention#Charlotte Smith|Charlotte Smith]]<br /> #[[The World's Fair]]<br /> ##[[The World's Fair#General Works|General Works]]<br /> ##[[The World's Fair#African Americans at the Fair|African Americans at the Fair]]<br /> #[[Women at the World's Fair]]<br /> ##[[Women at the World's Fair#General Works|General Works]]<br /> ##[[Women at the World's Fair#Bertha Palmer and the Isabella Club|Bertha Palmer and the Isabella Club]]<br /> ##[[Women at the World's Fair#Clara Foltz, Laura Gordon, and Clara Colby|Clara Foltz, Laura Gordon, and Clara Colby]]<br /> ##[[Women at the World's Fair#The Women's Congresses|The Women's Congresses]]<br /> ##[[Women at the World's Fair#Participation in the Other Auxiliary Congresses|Participation in the Other Auxiliary Congresses]]<br /> #[[Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns]]<br /> ##[[Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns#New York|New York]]<br /> ###[[Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns#General Description|General Description]]<br /> ###[[Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns#New York Constitutional Convention|New York Constitutional Convention]]<br /> ####[[Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns#Explaining Choate's Change in Position|Explaining Choate's Change in Position]]<br /> ####[[Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns#Interview with Stanleyetta Titus on Winning the Vote at the Convention|Interview with Stanleyetta Titus on Winning the Vote at the Convention]]<br /> ##[[Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns#California|California]]<br /> ###[[Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns#General Description|General Description]]<br /> ###[[Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns#Foltz and Other Women Suffragists|Foltz and Other Women Suffragists]]<br /> #[[Victory in California -- 1911]]<br /> ##[[Victory in California -- 1911#The California Suffrage Campaign Generally|The California Suffrage Campaign Generally]]<br /> ##[[Victory in California -- 1911#The 1911 Campaign|The 1911 Campaign]]<br /> ##[[Victory in California -- 1911#Coffin and Edson|Coffin and Edson]]<br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; Chapter Seven &lt;/font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> #[[Progressivism, Suffrage, and Public Defense]]<br /> ##[[Progressivism, Suffrage, and Public Defense#General Works on Progressivism|General Works on Progressivism]]<br /> ##[[Progressivism, Suffrage, and Public Defense#California Progressives|California Progressives]]<br /> ##[[Progressivism, Suffrage, and Public Defense#Progressivism and Suffrage|Progressivism and Suffrage]]<br /> ###[[Progressivism, Suffrage, and Public Defense#Suffrage and Public Defense|Suffrage and Public Defense]]<br /> #[[The Early History of Public Defense]]<br /> ##[[The Early History of Public Defense#General Works on Public Defense|General Works on Public Defense]]<br /> ##[[The Early History of Public Defense#Relation of Legal Societies to Public Defense|Relation of Legal Societies to Public Defense]]<br /> #[[Foltz the Founder of Public Defense]]<br /> #[[Foltz's Arguments for Public Defense]]<br /> ##[[Foltz's Arguments for Public Defense#Prosecutorial Misconduct|Prosecutorial Misconduct]]<br /> ###[[Foltz's Arguments for Public Defense#People v. Wells|People v. Wells]]<br /> ##[[Foltz's Arguments for Public Defense#The Presumption of Innocence|The Presumption of Innocence]]<br /> ##[[Foltz's Arguments for Public Defense#Burdening the Right|Burdening the Right]]<br /> ###[[Foltz's Arguments for Public Defense#Aaron Burr. Greene v. Briggs|Aaron Burr. Greene v. Briggs]]<br /> ###[[Foltz's Arguments for Public Defense#United States v. Burr|United States v. Burr]]<br /> ###[[Foltz's Arguments for Public Defense#Carpenter v. County of Dane|Carpenter v. County of Dane]]<br /> ##[[Foltz's Arguments for Public Defense#Woman Suffrage and Public Defense|Woman Suffrage and Public Defense]]<br /> #[[The Right to Counsel and the Appointed Counsel System]]<br /> #[[New York Politics and Foltz’s Public Defender Bill]]<br /> ##[[New York Politics and Foltz’s Public Defender Bill#Tammany Hall|Tammany Hall]]<br /> ##[[New York Politics and Foltz’s Public Defender Bill#Thomas Grady|Thomas Grady]]<br /> ##[[New York Politics and Foltz’s Public Defender Bill#Late Nineteenth Century New York Politics|Late Nineteenth Century New York Politics]]<br /> ##[[New York Politics and Foltz’s Public Defender Bill#Thomas C. Platt and the 1897 Mayoral Election|Thomas C. Platt and the 1897 Mayoral Election]]<br /> ##[[New York Politics and Foltz’s Public Defender Bill#Women in the Anti-Tammany Efforts|Women in the Anti-Tammany Efforts]]<br /> ##[[New York Politics and Foltz’s Public Defender Bill#Biographical Works|Biographical Works]]<br /> #[[Comparison of Public Defender Statutes]]<br /> ##[[Comparison of Public Defender Statutes#1885 Statute|1885 Statute]]<br /> ##[[Comparison of Public Defender Statutes#1897 Statute|1897 Statute]]<br /> ###[[Comparison of Public Defender Statutes#Text of the 1897 Statute|Text of the 1897 Statute]]<br /> ###[[Comparison of Public Defender Statutes#Comparison to Public Defender Statutes Actually Enacted|Comparison to Public Defender Statutes Actually Enacted]]<br /> ###[[Comparison of Public Defender Statutes#Foltz's Bill Introduced in Multiple States|Foltz's Bill Introduced in Multiple States]]<br /> ##[[Comparison of Public Defender Statutes#The 1912 Los Angeles Charter Provision and the 1921 California Statute|The 1912 Los Angeles Charter Provision and the 1921 Statute]]<br /> ###[[Comparison of Public Defender Statutes#Wisconsin Statute Tracks the California Statute|Wisconsin Statute Tracks the California Statute]]<br /> #[[Comparison of Progressive Defender with Foltzian Model]]<br /> ##[[Comparison of Progressive Defender with Foltzian Model#Progressivism and Public Defense|Progressivism and Public Defense]]<br /> ##[[Comparison of Progressive Defender with Foltzian Model#The Progressive and the Foltzian Defenders|The Progressive and the Foltzian Defenders]]<br /> ###[[Comparison of Progressive Defender with Foltzian Model#Example of Progressive-Type Representation|Example of Progressive-Type Representation]]<br /> ###[[Comparison of Progressive Defender with Foltzian Model#The Foltzian Model|The Foltzian Model]]<br /> ##[[Comparison of Progressive Defender with Foltzian Model#Cost of the Public Defender|Cost of the Public Defender]]<br /> ##[[Comparison of Progressive Defender with Foltzian Model#Competing Visions in New York: Mayer Goldman’s Public Defender and the Legal Aid Societies|Competing Visions in New York: Mayer Goldman’s Public Defender and the Legal Aid Societies]]<br /> ##[[Comparison of Progressive Defender with Foltzian Model#History of the Legal Aid Society|History of the Legal Aid Society]]<br /> ###[[Comparison of Progressive Defender with Foltzian Model#The Voluntary Defenders|The Voluntary Defenders]]</div>

Babcock https://wlh-wiki.law.stanford.edu/index.php/Indexes_and_Bibliographic_Notes 2010-12-19T18:28:19Z

<p>Babcock:&#32;/* List of On-Line Bibliographic Sources */</p> <hr /> <div>==Indexes, Bibliographic Notes and Supplementary Text==<br /> <br /> There are two indexes here: the first is to subjects and page numbers in WOMAN LAWYER: THE TRIALS OF CLARA FOLTZ (the book index). This index also appears on the website of the Stanford University Press. The second index is to the [[Bibliographic Notes and Supplementary text]] (the supplement index). The supplement is a companion to WOMAN LAWYER, with additional source material for the facts and interpretations in the text and endnotes. <br /> <br /> Following the two indexes, are the supplementary notes, arranged in the order of the book chapters. Some of these are traditional bibliographic notes listing essential references with a few words of critical explanation. Also included are first person essays and descriptions of people and events that influenced Clara Foltz, but whose stories would extend the book unduly. For instance, the Note on Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing,(see notes for chapter two) describes in detail the content of the San Diego Bee over a ten day period during Foltz’s editorship. <br /> <br /> A biography written over many years has more sources than can be cited even in this format – especially in a burgeoning new field like women’s legal history. I have tried to cite the main works that influenced my thinking, which may not be exactly the same as all the main works. In a larger sense, virtually everything I have read concerning women’s rights and nineteenth century history is in here somewhere even though not mentioned explicitly. To those whose work deserves more recognition than I have given it here, my sincerest apologies.<br /> <br /> == List of On-Line Bibliographic Sources==<br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; Introductory &lt;/font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> #[[About and By Clara Foltz: Biographical Material and Her Writings]]<br /> #[[Archival and Investigative Materials]]<br /> #[[Timelines]]<br /> ##[[Timelines#Life Events|Life Events]] <br /> ##[[Timelines#Passage of Constitutional Clauses|Passage of Constitutional Clauses]] <br /> ##[[Timelines#Public Defender Campaign|Public Defender Campaign]]<br /> #[[Women’s History]]<br /> ##[[Women’s History#Legal Status of Women in Nineteenth Century|Legal Status of Women in the Nineteenth Century]]<br /> ##[[Women’s History#“Feminism” and Women’s Rights: Nomenclature|&quot;Feminism&quot; and Women’s Rights: Nomenclature]]<br /> ##[[Women’s History#Women’s Biography|Women's Biography]]<br /> #[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies]]<br /> ##[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Myra Bradwell|Myra Bradwell]]<br /> ##[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Lavinia Goodell|Lavinia Goodell]]<br /> ##[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Mary Greene|Mary Greene]]<br /> ##[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Belva Lockwood|Belva Lockwood]]<br /> ##[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Arabella (Belle) Mansfield|Arabella (Belle) Mansfield]]<br /> ##[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Marilla Ricker|Marilla Ricker]]<br /> ##[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Lelia Robinson|Lelia Robinson]]<br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; Chapter One &lt;/font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> #[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa]]<br /> ##[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Parents|Parents]]<br /> ##[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Siblings: Milton and John|Siblings]]<br /> ##[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Charles Morris Shortridge|Charles Morris Shortridge]]<br /> ###[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Timeline and Excerpts|Timeline and Excerpts]]<br /> ##[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Senator Samuel Morgan Shortridge (brother)|Senator Samuel Morgan Shortridge (brother)]]<br /> ##[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Clara Foltz’s Children|Foltz’s Children]]<br /> ###[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Trella Evelyn Foltz|Trella Evelyn Foltz]]<br /> ###[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Samuel Courtland Foltz|Samuel Courtland Foltz]]<br /> ###[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#David Milton Foltz|David Milton Foltz]]<br /> ###[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Bertha May Foltz Newman|Bertha May Foltz Newman]]<br /> ###[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Virginia Foltz Catron|Virginia Foltz Catron]]<br /> ####[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Investigative material|Investigative material]]<br /> ####[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Newspaper Interviews of Virgina|Newspaper Interviews of Virgina]]<br /> ##[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Mt. Pleasant and Howe’s Academy|Mt. Pleasant and Howe’s Academy]]<br /> #[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies]]<br /> ##[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Lillie Devereux Blake|Lillie Devereux Blake]]<br /> ##[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Clara Colby|Clara Colby]]<br /> ##[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Abigail Duniway|Abigail Duniway]]<br /> ##[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Sarah Knox Goodrich|Sarah Knox Goodrich]]<br /> ##[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Laura Gordon|Laura Gordon]]<br /> ##[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Grove L. Johnson|Grove L. Johnson]]<br /> #[[The Workingmen’s Party of California (WPC)]]<br /> ##[[The Workingmen’s Party of California (WPC)#Rise and Composition of the WPC|Rise and Composition of the WPC]]<br /> ##[[The Workingmen’s Party of California (WPC)#WPC and the Anti-Chinese Movement|WPC and the Anti-Chinese Movement ]]<br /> ##[[The Workingmen’s Party of California (WPC)#Relation with the Workingmen’s Party of the United States (WPUS)|Relation with the Workingmen’s Party of the United States (WPUS)]]<br /> #[[California Constitutional History]]<br /> ##[[California Constitutional History#Convention of 1879|Convention of 1879]]<br /> ##[[California Constitutional History#Passage of the Anti-Discrimination Clauses|Passage of the Anti-Discrimination Clauses]]<br /> ##[[California Constitutional History#Prominent Pro-Woman Delegates at the 1879 Convention|Prominent Pro-Woman Delegates at the 1879 Convention]]<br /> ###[[California Constitutional History#James J. Ayers|James J. Ayers]]<br /> ###[[California Constitutional History#Eli T. Blackmer|Eli T. Blackmer]]<br /> ###[[California Constitutional History#Charles Ringgold|Charles Ringgold]]<br /> ###[[California Constitutional History#David Terry|David Terry]]<br /> ###[[California Constitutional History#Alphonse Vacquerel|Alphonse Vacquerel]]<br /> ##[[California Constitutional History#Prominent Opponents|Prominent Opponents]]<br /> ###[[California Constitutional History#Joseph Hoge|Joseph Hoge]]<br /> ###[[California Constitutional History#Samuel Wilson|Samuel Wilson]]<br /> ###[[California Constitutional History#Thomas Bishop|Thomas Bishop]]<br /> ###[[California Constitutional History#Delos Lake|Delos Lake]]<br /> <br /> The Women's Movement, Free Love and Spiritualsim<br /> [[Women and Divorce]]<br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; Chapter Two &lt;/font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> #[[Women as Public Lecturers]] <br /> #[[Women and Jury Service]]<br /> ##[[Women and Jury Service#The Washington Territory Experience|The Washington Territory Experience]]<br /> #[[San Francisco Social Life and Clara Foltz's Circle]]<br /> #[[San Diego in the Real Estate Boom]]<br /> #[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing]]<br /> ##[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#A Bee Sampler|A Bee Sampler]]<br /> ###[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#The Boom|The Boom]]<br /> ###[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#Outside News|Outside News]]<br /> ###[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#Local Excitement|Local Excitement]]<br /> ###[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#Regular Items|Regular Items]]<br /> ###[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#Civic Events|Civic Events]]<br /> ###[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#Society and Fashion|Society and Fashion]]<br /> ###[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#Last Days at the Bee|Last Days at the Bee]]<br /> #[[Bellamy Nationalism]]<br /> ##[[Bellamy Nationalism#Charlotte Perkins Gilman|Charlotte Perkins Gilman]]<br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; Chapter Three &lt;/font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> #[[Law Practice in the West]]<br /> ##[[Law Practice in the West#General Works|General works]]<br /> ##[[Law Practice in the West#Biographical Works|Biographical works]]<br /> ###[[Law Practice in the West#Oscar Shuck's Work|Oscar Shuck's Work]]<br /> ##[[Law Practice in the West#Clara Foltz’s Practice|Clara Foltz’s Practice]]<br /> ##[[Law Practice in the West#Women and Criminal Law Practice|Women and Criminal Law Practice]]<br /> ###[[Law Practice in the West#Lelia Robinson|Lelia Robinson]]<br /> ###[[Law Practice in the West#Women Defenders: The Negative Image|Women Defenders: The Negative Image]]<br /> ###[[Law Practice in the West#Women Defenders and Women Jurors|Women Defenders and Women Jurors]]<br /> ###[[Law Practice in the West#Laura Gordon and the Sproule Case|Laura Gordon and the Sproule Case]]<br /> ###[[Law Practice in the West#Why Women Became Defenders|Why Women Became Defenders]]<br /> ###[[Law Practice in the West#The Contributions of Women to Criminal Defense|The Contributions of Women to Criminal Defense]]<br /> #[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics]]<br /> ##[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics#General Sources|General Sources]]<br /> ###[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics#Coxey's Army, The Pullman Strike, and the Haymarket Tragedy|Coxey's Army, The Pullman Strike, and the Haymarket Tragedy]]<br /> ###[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics#Bellamy Nationalism and Populism|Bellamy Nationalism and Populism]]<br /> ###[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics#Women's Pre-Suffrage Participation in Politics|Women's Pre-Suffrage Participation in Politics]]<br /> ###[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics#1894 Election in California|1894 Election in California]]<br /> ##[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics#Mary Elizabeth Lease (also known as Mary Ellen)|Mary Elizabeth Lease]]<br /> ##[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics#Stephen White|Stephen White]]<br /> ##[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics#Anna Ferry Smith|Anna Ferry Smith]]<br /> #[[Foltz as Reform Lobbyist in the 1890s]] <br /> ##[[Foltz as Reform Lobbyist in the 1890s#Parole Legislation|Parole Legislation]] <br /> ##[[Foltz as Reform Lobbyist in the 1890s#Women's Rights Measures|Women's Rights Measures]] <br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; Chapter Four &lt;/font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> #[[The New Woman]]<br /> #[[Trella Toland and Her Autograph Book]] <br /> ##[[Trella Toland and Her Autograph Book#Writers and Journalists|Writers and Journalists]]<br /> ##[[Trella Toland and Her Autograph Book#Actors|Actors]]<br /> ##[[Trella Toland and Her Autograph Book#Theater People|Theater People]]<br /> ##[[Trella Toland and Her Autograph Book#Trella's Family: William Toland, Sam Shortridge, and Virginia Toland|Trella's Family: William Toland, Sam Shortridge, and Virginia Toland]]<br /> ##[[Trella Toland and Her Autograph Book#Isaac Trumbo|Isaac Trumbo]]<br /> #[[The New York Legal Scene]]<br /> ##[[The New York Legal Scene#Women’s Legal Education Society (WLES) and Law Class|Women’s Legal Education Society (WLES) and Law Class]]<br /> ##[[The New York Legal Scene#The New Corporate Practice|The New Corporate Practice]]<br /> ##[[The New York Legal Scene#Criminal Practice|Criminal practice]]<br /> #[[The Oil Boom and Foltz’s Companies]]<br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; Chapter Five &lt;/font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> #[[Murder Defendants and Equal Justice]]<br /> ##[[Murder Defendants and Equal Justice#Women as Criminal Defendants|Women as Criminal Defendants]]<br /> ###[[Murder Defendants and Equal Justice#The Death Penalty|The Death Penalty]]<br /> ###[[Murder Defendants and Equal Justice#Maria Barbella|Maria Barbella]]<br /> ###[[Murder Defendants and Equal Justice#Laura Fair|Laura Fair]]<br /> ###[[Murder Defendants and Equal Justice#Florence Maybrick|Florence Maybrick]]<br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; Chapter Six &lt;/font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> #[[Suffrage History]]<br /> ##[[Suffrage History#Legal Status of Women in Nineteenth Century|Legal Status of Women in Nineteenth Century]]<br /> ##[[Suffrage History#Seneca Falls|Seneca Falls]]<br /> ##[[Suffrage History#Historiography|Historiography]]<br /> ##[[Suffrage History#Relationship with Other Movements and Causes|Relationship to Other Movements and Causes]]<br /> ###[[Suffrage History#Suffrage and Other Women's Rights|Suffrage and Other Women's Rights]]<br /> ###[[Suffrage History#Suffrage and Black Civil Rights Movement|Suffrage and Black Civil Rights Movement]]<br /> ###[[Suffrage History#Suffrage and Temperance and Prohibition|Suffrage and Temperance and Prohibition]]<br /> #[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention]]<br /> ##[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention#General Sources|General Sources]]<br /> ##[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention#Matilda Gage, President|Matilda Gage, President]]<br /> ##[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention#Reaction to Foltz’s Remarks|Reaction to Foltz’s Remarks]]<br /> ##[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention#Other Notable Attendants|Other Notable Attendants]]<br /> ###[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention#Theosophy and Madame Blavatsky|Theosophy and Madame Blavatsky]]<br /> ###[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention#William Aldrich and Josephine Cables|William Aldrich and Josephine Cables]]<br /> ###[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention#Elliott and Emily Coues|Elliott and Emily Coues]]<br /> ###[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention#Charlotte Smith|Charlotte Smith]]<br /> #[[The World's Fair]]<br /> ##[[The World's Fair#General Works|General Works]]<br /> ##[[The World's Fair#African Americans at the Fair|African Americans at the Fair]]<br /> #[[Women at the World's Fair]]<br /> ##[[Women at the World's Fair#General Works|General Works]]<br /> ##[[Women at the World's Fair#Bertha Palmer and the Isabella Club|Bertha Palmer and the Isabella Club]]<br /> ##[[Women at the World's Fair#Clara Foltz, Laura Gordon, and Clara Colby|Clara Foltz, Laura Gordon, and Clara Colby]]<br /> ##[[Women at the World's Fair#The Women's Congresses|The Women's Congresses]]<br /> ##[[Women at the World's Fair#Participation in the Other Auxiliary Congresses|Participation in the Other Auxiliary Congresses]]<br /> #[[Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns]]<br /> ##[[Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns#New York|New York]]<br /> ###[[Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns#General Description|General Description]]<br /> ###[[Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns#New York Constitutional Convention|New York Constitutional Convention]]<br /> ####[[Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns#Explaining Choate's Change in Position|Explaining Choate's Change in Position]]<br /> ####[[Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns#Interview with Stanleyetta Titus on Winning the Vote at the Convention|Interview with Stanleyetta Titus on Winning the Vote at the Convention]]<br /> ##[[Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns#California|California]]<br /> ###[[Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns#General Description|General Description]]<br /> ###[[Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns#Foltz and Other Women Suffragists|Foltz and Other Women Suffragists]]<br /> #[[Victory in California -- 1911]]<br /> ##[[Victory in California -- 1911#The California Suffrage Campaign Generally|The California Suffrage Campaign Generally]]<br /> ##[[Victory in California -- 1911#The 1911 Campaign|The 1911 Campaign]]<br /> ##[[Victory in California -- 1911#Coffin and Edson|Coffin and Edson]]<br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; Chapter Seven &lt;/font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> #[[Progressivism, Suffrage, and Public Defense]]<br /> ##[[Progressivism, Suffrage, and Public Defense#General Works on Progressivism|General Works on Progressivism]]<br /> ##[[Progressivism, Suffrage, and Public Defense#California Progressives|California Progressives]]<br /> ##[[Progressivism, Suffrage, and Public Defense#Progressivism and Suffrage|Progressivism and Suffrage]]<br /> ###[[Progressivism, Suffrage, and Public Defense#Suffrage and Public Defense|Suffrage and Public Defense]]<br /> #[[The Early History of Public Defense]]<br /> ##[[The Early History of Public Defense#General Works on Public Defense|General Works on Public Defense]]<br /> ##[[The Early History of Public Defense#Relation of Legal Societies to Public Defense|Relation of Legal Societies to Public Defense]]<br /> #[[Foltz the Founder of Public Defense]]<br /> #[[Foltz's Arguments for Public Defense]]<br /> ##[[Foltz's Arguments for Public Defense#Prosecutorial Misconduct|Prosecutorial Misconduct]]<br /> ###[[Foltz's Arguments for Public Defense#People v. Wells|People v. Wells]]<br /> ##[[Foltz's Arguments for Public Defense#The Presumption of Innocence|The Presumption of Innocence]]<br /> ##[[Foltz's Arguments for Public Defense#Burdening the Right|Burdening the Right]]<br /> ###[[Foltz's Arguments for Public Defense#Aaron Burr. Greene v. Briggs|Aaron Burr. Greene v. Briggs]]<br /> ###[[Foltz's Arguments for Public Defense#United States v. Burr|United States v. Burr]]<br /> ###[[Foltz's Arguments for Public Defense#Carpenter v. County of Dane|Carpenter v. County of Dane]]<br /> ##[[Foltz's Arguments for Public Defense#Woman Suffrage and Public Defense|Woman Suffrage and Public Defense]]<br /> #[[The Right to Counsel and the Appointed Counsel System]]<br /> #[[New York Politics and Foltz’s Public Defender Bill]]<br /> ##[[New York Politics and Foltz’s Public Defender Bill#Tammany Hall|Tammany Hall]]<br /> ##[[New York Politics and Foltz’s Public Defender Bill#Thomas Grady|Thomas Grady]]<br /> ##[[New York Politics and Foltz’s Public Defender Bill#Late Nineteenth Century New York Politics|Late Nineteenth Century New York Politics]]<br /> ##[[New York Politics and Foltz’s Public Defender Bill#Thomas C. Platt and the 1897 Mayoral Election|Thomas C. Platt and the 1897 Mayoral Election]]<br /> ##[[New York Politics and Foltz’s Public Defender Bill#Women in the Anti-Tammany Efforts|Women in the Anti-Tammany Efforts]]<br /> ##[[New York Politics and Foltz’s Public Defender Bill#Biographical Works|Biographical Works]]<br /> #[[Comparison of Public Defender Statutes]]<br /> ##[[Comparison of Public Defender Statutes#1885 Statute|1885 Statute]]<br /> ##[[Comparison of Public Defender Statutes#1897 Statute|1897 Statute]]<br /> ###[[Comparison of Public Defender Statutes#Text of the 1897 Statute|Text of the 1897 Statute]]<br /> ###[[Comparison of Public Defender Statutes#Comparison to Public Defender Statutes Actually Enacted|Comparison to Public Defender Statutes Actually Enacted]]<br /> ###[[Comparison of Public Defender Statutes#Foltz's Bill Introduced in Multiple States|Foltz's Bill Introduced in Multiple States]]<br /> ##[[Comparison of Public Defender Statutes#The 1912 Los Angeles Charter Provision and the 1921 California Statute|The 1912 Los Angeles Charter Provision and the 1921 Statute]]<br /> ###[[Comparison of Public Defender Statutes#Wisconsin Statute Tracks the California Statute|Wisconsin Statute Tracks the California Statute]]<br /> #[[Comparison of Progressive Defender with Foltzian Model]]<br /> ##[[Comparison of Progressive Defender with Foltzian Model#Progressivism and Public Defense|Progressivism and Public Defense]]<br /> ##[[Comparison of Progressive Defender with Foltzian Model#The Progressive and the Foltzian Defenders|The Progressive and the Foltzian Defenders]]<br /> ###[[Comparison of Progressive Defender with Foltzian Model#Example of Progressive-Type Representation|Example of Progressive-Type Representation]]<br /> ###[[Comparison of Progressive Defender with Foltzian Model#The Foltzian Model|The Foltzian Model]]<br /> ##[[Comparison of Progressive Defender with Foltzian Model#Cost of the Public Defender|Cost of the Public Defender]]<br /> ##[[Comparison of Progressive Defender with Foltzian Model#Competing Visions in New York: Mayer Goldman’s Public Defender and the Legal Aid Societies|Competing Visions in New York: Mayer Goldman’s Public Defender and the Legal Aid Societies]]<br /> ##[[Comparison of Progressive Defender with Foltzian Model#History of the Legal Aid Society|History of the Legal Aid Society]]<br /> ###[[Comparison of Progressive Defender with Foltzian Model#The Voluntary Defenders|The Voluntary Defenders]]</div>

Babcock https://wlh-wiki.law.stanford.edu/index.php/Indexes_and_Bibliographic_Notes 2010-12-19T18:14:13Z

<p>Babcock:&#32;/* Indexes, Bibliographic Notes and Supplementary Text */</p> <hr /> <div>==Indexes, Bibliographic Notes and Supplementary Text==<br /> <br /> There are two indexes here: the first is to subjects and page numbers in WOMAN LAWYER: THE TRIALS OF CLARA FOLTZ (the book index). This index also appears on the website of the Stanford University Press. The second index is to the [[Bibliographic Notes and Supplementary text]] (the supplement index). The supplement is a companion to WOMAN LAWYER, with additional source material for the facts and interpretations in the text and endnotes. <br /> <br /> Following the two indexes, are the supplementary notes, arranged in the order of the book chapters. Some of these are traditional bibliographic notes listing essential references with a few words of critical explanation. Also included are first person essays and descriptions of people and events that influenced Clara Foltz, but whose stories would extend the book unduly. For instance, the Note on Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing,(see notes for chapter two) describes in detail the content of the San Diego Bee over a ten day period during Foltz’s editorship. <br /> <br /> A biography written over many years has more sources than can be cited even in this format – especially in a burgeoning new field like women’s legal history. I have tried to cite the main works that influenced my thinking, which may not be exactly the same as all the main works. In a larger sense, virtually everything I have read concerning women’s rights and nineteenth century history is in here somewhere even though not mentioned explicitly. To those whose work deserves more recognition than I have given it here, my sincerest apologies.<br /> <br /> == List of On-Line Bibliographic Sources==<br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; Introductory &lt;/font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> #[[About and By Clara Foltz: Biographical Material and Her Writings]]<br /> #[[Archival and Investigative Materials]]<br /> #[[Timelines]]<br /> ##[[Timelines#Life Events|Life Events]] <br /> ##[[Timelines#Passage of Constitutional Clauses|Passage of Constitutional Clauses]] <br /> ##[[Timelines#Public Defender Campaign|Public Defender Campaign]]<br /> #[[Women’s History]]<br /> ##[[Women’s History#Legal Status of Women in Nineteenth Century|Legal Status of Women in the Nineteenth Century]]<br /> ##[[Women’s History#“Feminism” and Women’s Rights: Nomenclature|&quot;Feminism&quot; and Women’s Rights: Nomenclature]]<br /> ##[[Women’s History#Women’s Biography|Women's Biography]]<br /> #[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies]]<br /> ##[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Myra Bradwell|Myra Bradwell]]<br /> ##[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Lavinia Goodell|Lavinia Goodell]]<br /> ##[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Mary Greene|Mary Greene]]<br /> ##[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Belva Lockwood|Belva Lockwood]]<br /> ##[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Arabella (Belle) Mansfield|Arabella (Belle) Mansfield]]<br /> ##[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Marilla Ricker|Marilla Ricker]]<br /> ##[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Lelia Robinson|Lelia Robinson]]<br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; Chapter One &lt;/font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> #[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa]]<br /> ##[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Parents|Parents]]<br /> ##[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Siblings: Milton and John|Siblings]]<br /> ##[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Charles Morris Shortridge|Charles Morris Shortridge]]<br /> ###[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Timeline and Excerpts|Timeline and Excerpts]]<br /> ##[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Senator Samuel Morgan Shortridge (brother)|Senator Samuel Morgan Shortridge (brother)]]<br /> ##[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Clara Foltz’s Children|Foltz’s Children]]<br /> ###[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Trella Evelyn Foltz|Trella Evelyn Foltz]]<br /> ###[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Samuel Courtland Foltz|Samuel Courtland Foltz]]<br /> ###[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#David Milton Foltz|David Milton Foltz]]<br /> ###[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Bertha May Foltz Newman|Bertha May Foltz Newman]]<br /> ###[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Virginia Foltz Catron|Virginia Foltz Catron]]<br /> ####[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Investigative material|Investigative material]]<br /> ####[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Newspaper Interviews of Virgina|Newspaper Interviews of Virgina]]<br /> ##[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Mt. Pleasant and Howe’s Academy|Mt. Pleasant and Howe’s Academy]]<br /> #[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies]]<br /> ##[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Lillie Devereux Blake|Lillie Devereux Blake]]<br /> ##[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Clara Colby|Clara Colby]]<br /> ##[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Abigail Duniway|Abigail Duniway]]<br /> ##[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Sarah Knox Goodrich|Sarah Knox Goodrich]]<br /> ##[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Laura Gordon|Laura Gordon]]<br /> ##[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Grove L. Johnson|Grove L. Johnson]]<br /> #[[The Workingmen’s Party of California (WPC)]]<br /> ##[[The Workingmen’s Party of California (WPC)#Rise and Composition of the WPC|Rise and Composition of the WPC]]<br /> ##[[The Workingmen’s Party of California (WPC)#WPC and the Anti-Chinese Movement|WPC and the Anti-Chinese Movement ]]<br /> ##[[The Workingmen’s Party of California (WPC)#Relation with the Workingmen’s Party of the United States (WPUS)|Relation with the Workingmen’s Party of the United States (WPUS)]]<br /> #[[California Constitutional History]]<br /> ##[[California Constitutional History#Convention of 1879|Convention of 1879]]<br /> ##[[California Constitutional History#Passage of the Anti-Discrimination Clauses|Passage of the Anti-Discrimination Clauses]]<br /> ##[[California Constitutional History#Prominent Pro-Woman Delegates at the 1879 Convention|Prominent Pro-Woman Delegates at the 1879 Convention]]<br /> ###[[California Constitutional History#James J. Ayers|James J. Ayers]]<br /> ###[[California Constitutional History#Eli T. Blackmer|Eli T. Blackmer]]<br /> ###[[California Constitutional History#Charles Ringgold|Charles Ringgold]]<br /> ###[[California Constitutional History#David Terry|David Terry]]<br /> ###[[California Constitutional History#Alphonse Vacquerel|Alphonse Vacquerel]]<br /> ##[[California Constitutional History#Prominent Opponents|Prominent Opponents]]<br /> ###[[California Constitutional History#Joseph Hoge|Joseph Hoge]]<br /> ###[[California Constitutional History#Samuel Wilson|Samuel Wilson]]<br /> ###[[California Constitutional History#Thomas Bishop|Thomas Bishop]]<br /> ###[[California Constitutional History#Delos Lake|Delos Lake]]<br /> #[[Women and Divorce]]<br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; Chapter Two &lt;/font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> #[[Women as Public Lecturers]] <br /> #[[Women and Jury Service]]<br /> ##[[Women and Jury Service#The Washington Territory Experience|The Washington Territory Experience]]<br /> #[[San Francisco Social Life and Clara Foltz's Circle]]<br /> #[[San Diego in the Real Estate Boom]]<br /> #[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing]]<br /> ##[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#A Bee Sampler|A Bee Sampler]]<br /> ###[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#The Boom|The Boom]]<br /> ###[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#Outside News|Outside News]]<br /> ###[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#Local Excitement|Local Excitement]]<br /> ###[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#Regular Items|Regular Items]]<br /> ###[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#Civic Events|Civic Events]]<br /> ###[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#Society and Fashion|Society and Fashion]]<br /> ###[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#Last Days at the Bee|Last Days at the Bee]]<br /> #[[Bellamy Nationalism]]<br /> ##[[Bellamy Nationalism#Charlotte Perkins Gilman|Charlotte Perkins Gilman]]<br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; Chapter Three &lt;/font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> #[[Law Practice in the West]]<br /> ##[[Law Practice in the West#General Works|General works]]<br /> ##[[Law Practice in the West#Biographical Works|Biographical works]]<br /> ###[[Law Practice in the West#Oscar Shuck's Work|Oscar Shuck's Work]]<br /> ##[[Law Practice in the West#Clara Foltz’s Practice|Clara Foltz’s Practice]]<br /> ##[[Law Practice in the West#Women and Criminal Law Practice|Women and Criminal Law Practice]]<br /> ###[[Law Practice in the West#Lelia Robinson|Lelia Robinson]]<br /> ###[[Law Practice in the West#Women Defenders: The Negative Image|Women Defenders: The Negative Image]]<br /> ###[[Law Practice in the West#Women Defenders and Women Jurors|Women Defenders and Women Jurors]]<br /> ###[[Law Practice in the West#Laura Gordon and the Sproule Case|Laura Gordon and the Sproule Case]]<br /> ###[[Law Practice in the West#Why Women Became Defenders|Why Women Became Defenders]]<br /> ###[[Law Practice in the West#The Contributions of Women to Criminal Defense|The Contributions of Women to Criminal Defense]]<br /> #[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics]]<br /> ##[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics#General Sources|General Sources]]<br /> ###[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics#Coxey's Army, The Pullman Strike, and the Haymarket Tragedy|Coxey's Army, The Pullman Strike, and the Haymarket Tragedy]]<br /> ###[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics#Bellamy Nationalism and Populism|Bellamy Nationalism and Populism]]<br /> ###[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics#Women's Pre-Suffrage Participation in Politics|Women's Pre-Suffrage Participation in Politics]]<br /> ###[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics#1894 Election in California|1894 Election in California]]<br /> ##[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics#Mary Elizabeth Lease (also known as Mary Ellen)|Mary Elizabeth Lease]]<br /> ##[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics#Stephen White|Stephen White]]<br /> ##[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics#Anna Ferry Smith|Anna Ferry Smith]]<br /> #[[Foltz as Reform Lobbyist in the 1890s]] <br /> ##[[Foltz as Reform Lobbyist in the 1890s#Parole Legislation|Parole Legislation]] <br /> ##[[Foltz as Reform Lobbyist in the 1890s#Women's Rights Measures|Women's Rights Measures]] <br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; Chapter Four &lt;/font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> #[[The New Woman]]<br /> #[[Trella Toland and Her Autograph Book]] <br /> ##[[Trella Toland and Her Autograph Book#Writers and Journalists|Writers and Journalists]]<br /> ##[[Trella Toland and Her Autograph Book#Actors|Actors]]<br /> ##[[Trella Toland and Her Autograph Book#Theater People|Theater People]]<br /> ##[[Trella Toland and Her Autograph Book#Trella's Family: William Toland, Sam Shortridge, and Virginia Toland|Trella's Family: William Toland, Sam Shortridge, and Virginia Toland]]<br /> ##[[Trella Toland and Her Autograph Book#Isaac Trumbo|Isaac Trumbo]]<br /> #[[The New York Legal Scene]]<br /> ##[[The New York Legal Scene#Women’s Legal Education Society (WLES) and Law Class|Women’s Legal Education Society (WLES) and Law Class]]<br /> ##[[The New York Legal Scene#The New Corporate Practice|The New Corporate Practice]]<br /> ##[[The New York Legal Scene#Criminal Practice|Criminal practice]]<br /> #[[The Oil Boom and Foltz’s Companies]]<br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; Chapter Five &lt;/font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> #[[Murder Defendants and Equal Justice]]<br /> ##[[Murder Defendants and Equal Justice#Women as Criminal Defendants|Women as Criminal Defendants]]<br /> ###[[Murder Defendants and Equal Justice#The Death Penalty|The Death Penalty]]<br /> ###[[Murder Defendants and Equal Justice#Maria Barbella|Maria Barbella]]<br /> ###[[Murder Defendants and Equal Justice#Laura Fair|Laura Fair]]<br /> ###[[Murder Defendants and Equal Justice#Florence Maybrick|Florence Maybrick]]<br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; Chapter Six &lt;/font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> #[[Suffrage History]]<br /> ##[[Suffrage History#Legal Status of Women in Nineteenth Century|Legal Status of Women in Nineteenth Century]]<br /> ##[[Suffrage History#Seneca Falls|Seneca Falls]]<br /> ##[[Suffrage History#Historiography|Historiography]]<br /> ##[[Suffrage History#Relationship with Other Movements and Causes|Relationship to Other Movements and Causes]]<br /> ###[[Suffrage History#Suffrage and Other Women's Rights|Suffrage and Other Women's Rights]]<br /> ###[[Suffrage History#Suffrage and Black Civil Rights Movement|Suffrage and Black Civil Rights Movement]]<br /> ###[[Suffrage History#Suffrage and Temperance and Prohibition|Suffrage and Temperance and Prohibition]]<br /> #[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention]]<br /> ##[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention#General Sources|General Sources]]<br /> ##[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention#Matilda Gage, President|Matilda Gage, President]]<br /> ##[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention#Reaction to Foltz’s Remarks|Reaction to Foltz’s Remarks]]<br /> ##[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention#Other Notable Attendants|Other Notable Attendants]]<br /> ###[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention#Theosophy and Madame Blavatsky|Theosophy and Madame Blavatsky]]<br /> ###[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention#William Aldrich and Josephine Cables|William Aldrich and Josephine Cables]]<br /> ###[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention#Elliott and Emily Coues|Elliott and Emily Coues]]<br /> ###[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention#Charlotte Smith|Charlotte Smith]]<br /> #[[The World's Fair]]<br /> ##[[The World's Fair#General Works|General Works]]<br /> ##[[The World's Fair#African Americans at the Fair|African Americans at the Fair]]<br /> #[[Women at the World's Fair]]<br /> ##[[Women at the World's Fair#General Works|General Works]]<br /> ##[[Women at the World's Fair#Bertha Palmer and the Isabella Club|Bertha Palmer and the Isabella Club]]<br /> ##[[Women at the World's Fair#Clara Foltz, Laura Gordon, and Clara Colby|Clara Foltz, Laura Gordon, and Clara Colby]]<br /> ##[[Women at the World's Fair#The Women's Congresses|The Women's Congresses]]<br /> ##[[Women at the World's Fair#Participation in the Other Auxiliary Congresses|Participation in the Other Auxiliary Congresses]]<br /> #[[Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns]]<br /> ##[[Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns#New York|New York]]<br /> ###[[Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns#General Description|General Description]]<br /> ###[[Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns#New York Constitutional Convention|New York Constitutional Convention]]<br /> ####[[Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns#Explaining Choate's Change in Position|Explaining Choate's Change in Position]]<br /> ####[[Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns#Interview with Stanleyetta Titus on Winning the Vote at the Convention|Interview with Stanleyetta Titus on Winning the Vote at the Convention]]<br /> ##[[Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns#California|California]]<br /> ###[[Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns#General Description|General Description]]<br /> ###[[Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns#Foltz and Other Women Suffragists|Foltz and Other Women Suffragists]]<br /> #[[Victory in California -- 1911]]<br /> ##[[Victory in California -- 1911#The California Suffrage Campaign Generally|The California Suffrage Campaign Generally]]<br /> ##[[Victory in California -- 1911#The 1911 Campaign|The 1911 Campaign]]<br /> ##[[Victory in California -- 1911#Coffin and Edson|Coffin and Edson]]<br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; Chapter Seven &lt;/font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> #[[Progressivism, Suffrage, and Public Defense]]<br /> ##[[Progressivism, Suffrage, and Public Defense#General Works on Progressivism|General Works on Progressivism]]<br /> ##[[Progressivism, Suffrage, and Public Defense#California Progressives|California Progressives]]<br /> ##[[Progressivism, Suffrage, and Public Defense#Progressivism and Suffrage|Progressivism and Suffrage]]<br /> ###[[Progressivism, Suffrage, and Public Defense#Suffrage and Public Defense|Suffrage and Public Defense]]<br /> #[[The Early History of Public Defense]]<br /> ##[[The Early History of Public Defense#General Works on Public Defense|General Works on Public Defense]]<br /> ##[[The Early History of Public Defense#Relation of Legal Societies to Public Defense|Relation of Legal Societies to Public Defense]]<br /> #[[Foltz the Founder of Public Defense]]<br /> #[[Foltz's Arguments for Public Defense]]<br /> ##[[Foltz's Arguments for Public Defense#Prosecutorial Misconduct|Prosecutorial Misconduct]]<br /> ###[[Foltz's Arguments for Public Defense#People v. Wells|People v. Wells]]<br /> ##[[Foltz's Arguments for Public Defense#The Presumption of Innocence|The Presumption of Innocence]]<br /> ##[[Foltz's Arguments for Public Defense#Burdening the Right|Burdening the Right]]<br /> ###[[Foltz's Arguments for Public Defense#Aaron Burr. Greene v. Briggs|Aaron Burr. Greene v. Briggs]]<br /> ###[[Foltz's Arguments for Public Defense#United States v. Burr|United States v. Burr]]<br /> ###[[Foltz's Arguments for Public Defense#Carpenter v. County of Dane|Carpenter v. County of Dane]]<br /> ##[[Foltz's Arguments for Public Defense#Woman Suffrage and Public Defense|Woman Suffrage and Public Defense]]<br /> #[[The Right to Counsel and the Appointed Counsel System]]<br /> #[[New York Politics and Foltz’s Public Defender Bill]]<br /> ##[[New York Politics and Foltz’s Public Defender Bill#Tammany Hall|Tammany Hall]]<br /> ##[[New York Politics and Foltz’s Public Defender Bill#Thomas Grady|Thomas Grady]]<br /> ##[[New York Politics and Foltz’s Public Defender Bill#Late Nineteenth Century New York Politics|Late Nineteenth Century New York Politics]]<br /> ##[[New York Politics and Foltz’s Public Defender Bill#Thomas C. Platt and the 1897 Mayoral Election|Thomas C. Platt and the 1897 Mayoral Election]]<br /> ##[[New York Politics and Foltz’s Public Defender Bill#Women in the Anti-Tammany Efforts|Women in the Anti-Tammany Efforts]]<br /> ##[[New York Politics and Foltz’s Public Defender Bill#Biographical Works|Biographical Works]]<br /> #[[Comparison of Public Defender Statutes]]<br /> ##[[Comparison of Public Defender Statutes#1885 Statute|1885 Statute]]<br /> ##[[Comparison of Public Defender Statutes#1897 Statute|1897 Statute]]<br /> ###[[Comparison of Public Defender Statutes#Text of the 1897 Statute|Text of the 1897 Statute]]<br /> ###[[Comparison of Public Defender Statutes#Comparison to Public Defender Statutes Actually Enacted|Comparison to Public Defender Statutes Actually Enacted]]<br /> ###[[Comparison of Public Defender Statutes#Foltz's Bill Introduced in Multiple States|Foltz's Bill Introduced in Multiple States]]<br /> ##[[Comparison of Public Defender Statutes#The 1912 Los Angeles Charter Provision and the 1921 California Statute|The 1912 Los Angeles Charter Provision and the 1921 Statute]]<br /> ###[[Comparison of Public Defender Statutes#Wisconsin Statute Tracks the California Statute|Wisconsin Statute Tracks the California Statute]]<br /> #[[Comparison of Progressive Defender with Foltzian Model]]<br /> ##[[Comparison of Progressive Defender with Foltzian Model#Progressivism and Public Defense|Progressivism and Public Defense]]<br /> ##[[Comparison of Progressive Defender with Foltzian Model#The Progressive and the Foltzian Defenders|The Progressive and the Foltzian Defenders]]<br /> ###[[Comparison of Progressive Defender with Foltzian Model#Example of Progressive-Type Representation|Example of Progressive-Type Representation]]<br /> ###[[Comparison of Progressive Defender with Foltzian Model#The Foltzian Model|The Foltzian Model]]<br /> ##[[Comparison of Progressive Defender with Foltzian Model#Cost of the Public Defender|Cost of the Public Defender]]<br /> ##[[Comparison of Progressive Defender with Foltzian Model#Competing Visions in New York: Mayer Goldman’s Public Defender and the Legal Aid Societies|Competing Visions in New York: Mayer Goldman’s Public Defender and the Legal Aid Societies]]<br /> ##[[Comparison of Progressive Defender with Foltzian Model#History of the Legal Aid Society|History of the Legal Aid Society]]<br /> ###[[Comparison of Progressive Defender with Foltzian Model#The Voluntary Defenders|The Voluntary Defenders]]</div>

Babcock https://wlh-wiki.law.stanford.edu/index.php/Bibliographic_Notes_and_Supplementary_Text 2010-12-17T18:10:05Z

<p>Babcock:&#32;</p> <hr /> <div>Addams, Jane, WLH Website, Women at the World’s Fair, ([http://www.law.stanford.edu/library/womenslegalhistory/babcock-wiki/index.php/The_Women%27s_Congresses The Women’s Congresses])<br /> <br /> Aldrich, Josephine Cables, WLH Website, The Woman’s National Liberal Union Convention, (Notable Attendants)<br /> <br /> Aldrich, William, WLH Website, The Woman’s National Liberal Union Convention, (Notable Attendants)<br /> <br /> American Woman Suffrage Association, WLH Website, Suffrage History<br /> <br /> Anthony, Susan B., WLH Website, Suffrage History<br /> <br /> **arrest for attempt to vote, (New Departure), WLH Website, Suffrage History (Historiography)<br /> *California, suffrage campaign in, WLH Website, Post Fair Suffrage Campaigns, (California)<br /> *at Chicago World’s Fair, WLH Website, Women at the World’s Fair<br /> *New York State, WLH Website, Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns, (New York)<br /> *Woman Suffrage Associations WLH Website, Suffrage History<br /> *Woodhull, and WLH Website, The Women’s Movement, Free Love and Spiritualism <br /> <br /> *Ayers, James Joseph, WLH Website, California Constitutional History, (Prominent Pro-Woman Delegates at the 1879 Convention). <br /> <br /> *Baker, Edward Dickinson, WLH Website, Law Practice in the West, (Biographical works) <br /> <br /> *Ballou, Addie, WLH Website, Foltz as Reform Lobbyist in the 1890s <br /> <br /> *Beecher, Henry Ward, WLH Website, Suffrage History (The Women’s Movement, Free Love, and Spiritualism)<br /> <br /> *Bellamy Edward and Bellamy Nationalism, WLH Website, Bellamy Nationalism; WLH Website, Nineteenth Century Politics (Bellamy Nationalism and Populism) <br /> **public defense and, WLH Website, Comparison of Progressive Defender and Foltzian Model<br /> **Theosophy and, WLH Website, Women’s National Liberal Union, (Theosophy and Madame Blavatsky)<br /> <br /> *Bernhardt, Sarah, WLH Website, Trella Toland and Her Autograph Book<br /> <br /> *Besant, Annie, WLH Website, The Woman’s National Liberal Union Convention, (Theosophy and Madame Blavatsky)<br /> <br /> *Bishop, Thomas B., WLH Website, California Constitutional History, (Prominent Opponents) <br /> <br /> *Bittenbender, Ada, WLH Website, Woman Lawyers History<br /> <br /> *Blackmer, Eli, WLH Website, California Constitutional History, (Prominent Pro-Woman Delegates at the 1879 Convention) <br /> <br /> *Blake, Lillie Devereux, WLH Website, Foltz’s Friends and Allies<br /> <br /> *Blavatsky, Madame (Helena), WLH Website, The Woman’s National Liberal Union Convention, (Theosophy and Madame Blavatsky)<br /> <br /> *Board of Lady Managers, Chicago World’s Columbian Exposition (1893), WLH Website, Women at the World’s Fair<br /> <br /> *Bonney, Charles, WLH Website, The World’s Fair<br /> <br /> *Bradwell, Myra, WLH Website, Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies<br /> <br /> *Burton, Maria A. Ruiz, WLH Website, San Diego in the Real Estate Boom<br /> <br /> *California<br /> **woman suffrage campaigns<br /> ***1893–1896, WLH Website, Post Fair Suffrage Campaigns (California)<br /> ***1911 constitutional amendment, success of, WLH Website, Victory in California, 1911 <br /> ***new generation of suffragists, WLH Website, Victory in California 1911, (Lillian Coffin and Katherine Edson)<br /> <br /> *Campbellite or Christian Church (Disciples of Christ), WLH Website, Family and Mt. Pleasant, (Elia Shortridge) <br /> <br /> *Caples, James, WLH Website, California Constitutional History<br /> <br /> *cases and clients, WLH Website, Law Practice in the West, (Clara Foltz’s Practice); WLH Website, The New York Legal Scene <br /> **Bazette, Madame (Julia Bolles), WLH Website, Women and Divorce<br /> <br /> *Chicago Legal News, Myra Bradwell, editor, WLH Website, Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies, (Bradwell) <br /> <br /> *Chicago World’s Fair (World’s Columbian Exposition) (1893), WLH Website, The World’s Fair; WLH Website, Women at the World’s Fair<br /> **Congress of Jurisprudence and Law Reform: Foltz’s Public Defender Speech at, WLH Website, Foltz’s Arguments for Public Defense <br /> **Congress of Representative Women, WLH Website, Women at the World’s Fair, (The Women’s Congresses)<br /> **Mansfield, Arabella, and, WLH Website, Woman Lawyers History and Individual Biographies<br /> **Queen Isabella Association<br /> ***suffrage movement, influence on, WLH Website, Women at the World’s Fair; WLH Website, Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns <br /> ***Woman’s Building, success of, WLH Website, Women at the World’s Fair <br /> *children of Clara Foltz, WLH Website, Family, (Foltz’s children)<br /> **Trella Foltz Toland (White), WLH Website, Trella Toland and Her Autograph Book<br /> *Chinese immigrants in California<br /> **anti-chinese movement at California constitutional convention of 1879 and, WLH Website, California Constitutional History, (WPC and the Anti-Chinese Movement)<br /> **Choate, Joseph, WLH Website, Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns, (New York)<br /> *Christian or Campbellite Church (Disciples of Christ),<br /> WLH Website, Family, (Elias Shortridge)<br /> <br /> Clara Foltz Gold Mining Company, WLH Website, Trella Foltz and Her Autograph Book, (Isaac Trumbo)<br /> <br /> Clerye, Voltaireine de, WLH Website, The Woman’s National Liberal Union Convention <br /> <br /> Coffin, Lillian, WLH Website, Victory in California: Lillian Coffin and Katherine Edson <br /> <br /> Congress of Jurisprudence and Law Reform, WLH Website, Woman at the World’s Fair (Participation in the Auxiliary Congresses); WLH Website, Foltz’s Arguments for Public Defense<br /> <br /> Constitution, U.S. <br /> free counsel, constitutional right to, WLH Website, Foltz’s Arguments for Public Defense (Burdening the Right)<br /> <br /> Constitutional convention of 1879, California, WLH Website, California Constitutional History<br /> <br /> proposal and passage of women’s anti-discrimination clauses, WLH Website, California Constitutional History, (Passage of the Anti-Discrimination Clauses)<br /> <br /> corporate law practice, Foltz’s efforts to enter, WLH Website, The New York Legal Scene, (Corporate Practice)<br /> <br /> criminal justice system, WLH Website, Foltz as Reform Lobbyist in the 1890s; WLH Website, Foltz the Founder of Public Defense<br /> <br /> Foltz’s specialization in criminal cases of poor, WLH Website, Law Practice in the West, Clara Foltz’s Practice <br /> <br /> parole system in California, Foltz’s involvement with, WLH Website, Foltz as Reform Lobbyist in the 1890s<br /> <br /> Cummins, Ella Sterling, WLH Website, San Francisco Social Life and <br /> Clara Foltz’s Circle <br /> <br /> Davenport, Homer, WLH Website, Trella Toland and Her Autograph Book<br /> <br /> Davis, Richard Harding, WLH Website, Trella Toland and Her Autograph Book<br /> de Clerye, Voltaireine, WLH Website, The Woman’s National Liberal Union Convention<br /> <br /> Democrats<br /> platform of in late nineteenth century, WLH Website, <br /> Late Nineteenth Century Politics<br /> <br /> unpopularity in 1894, WLH Website, Late Nineteenth Century Politics (1894 Election in California)<br /> <br /> Dickinson, Anna, WLH Website, Women as Public Lecturers<br /> Divorce, WLH Website, Women and Divorce<br /> Duniway, Abigail, WLH Website, Foltz’s Friends and Allies (Abigail Duniway)<br /> “Duties of District Attorneys in Prosecutions” (Foltz, Criminal Law Magazine, 1896), WLH Website, Foltz’s Arguments for Public Defense, (Prosecutorial Misconduct)<br /> <br /> editorial career of Clara Foltz, WLH Website, About and by Clara Foltz, (Biographical Material and her Writings)<br /> <br /> Edson, Katherine, WLH Website, Victory in California, (Lillian Coffin and Katherine Edson)<br /> <br /> executors of estates, women as, WLH Website, Foltz as Reform Lobbyist in the 1890s<br /> Fair, Laura, WLH Website Murder Defendants and Equal Justice<br /> <br /> Field, Kate, WLH Website, Women as Public Lecturers<br /> <br /> Fitch, Tom, WLH Website, San Diego in the Real Estate Boom <br /> Foltz, Clara, née Shortridge, WLH Website, Timelines, (Life Events) <br /> birth, family, and early life, WLH Website, Family and Mt. Pleasant <br /> Foltz Defender Bill, WLH Website New York Politics and Foltz’s Defender Bill; WLH Website, Comparison of Public Defender Statutes<br /> <br /> free love, suffragists associated with, WLH Website, Suffrage History, (The Women’s Movement, Free Love, and Spiritualism) <br /> <br /> free thought movement, WLH Website, The Woman’s National Liberal <br /> Union Convention<br /> <br /> Friend, Emmanuel, WLH Website, Murder Defendants and Equal Justice (Barbella)<br /> <br /> Gage, Matilda, née Joslyn, WLH Website, The Woman’s National Liberal Union Convention, (Matilda Gage)<br /> <br /> Gideon v. Wainwright (1963), WLH Website, The Right to Counsel and the Appointed Counsel System<br /> <br /> Gilman, Charlotte Perkins, WLH Website, Bellamy Nationalism, <br /> (Charlotte Perkins Gilman)<br /> <br /> gold mining company of Clara Foltz, WLH Website, Trella Toland and Her Autograph Book, (Isaac Trumbo)<br /> <br /> Goodell, Lavinia, WLH Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies, (Lavinia Goodell) <br /> <br /> Gordon, Laura, WLH Website, Foltz’s Friends and Allies, (Laura Gordon)<br /> criminal defense and career of, WLH Website, Law Practice in the West, <br /> (Women and Criminal Law Practice) <br /> <br /> Grady, Tom, WLH Website, New York Politics and Foltz’s Public Defender Bill<br /> <br /> Gunn, Charles “C. E.,”<br /> Cogswell case and, WLH Website, Law Practice in the West, (Clara Foltz’s Practice)<br /> <br /> Harper, Ida, WLH Website, Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns<br /> Haymarket bombing, Chicago (1886), WLH Website, Late Nineteenth Century Politics<br /> <br /> Hazel Kirke, WLH Website, Trella Foltz and Her Autograph Book<br /> Hjuls (coffee shop, San Francisco), WLH Website, San Francisco Social Life and Clara Foltz’s Circle<br /> <br /> Hoge, Joseph, WLH Website, California Constitutional History, <br /> (Prominent Opponents)<br /> <br /> Howe, Samuel L., and Howe’s Academy, WLH Website: Mt. Pleasant and Howe’s Academy<br /> <br /> Howe and Hummel, WLH Website, The New York Legal Scene, (Criminal Practice)<br /> <br /> Johnson, Grove L., WLH Website, Foltz’s Friends and Allies<br /> <br /> Johnson, Hiram, WLH Website, <br /> Progressivism, Suffrage, and Public Defense<br /> <br /> Jordan, Elizabeth (Kate), WLH Website, The New Woman<br /> Juries, WLH Website, Women and Jury Service<br /> Kearney, Denis, and Kearneyites, WLH Website, The Workingmen’s Party of California<br /> <br /> Knox, Sarah (later Knox-Goodrich), WLH Website, Foltz’s Friends and Allies (Sarah Knox-Goodrich)<br /> <br /> Lady Managers, Chicago World’s Columbian Exposition (1893), WLH Website, Women at the World’s Fair<br /> <br /> Lake, Delos, WLH Website, California Constitutional History, <br /> Prominent Opponents<br /> <br /> lawyer, Foltz as, WLH Website Law Practice in the West, (Clara Foltz’s Practice)<br /> <br /> corporate practice, efforts to enter, WLH Website, The New York Legal Scene, (Corporate Practice) <br /> <br /> public lecture on shysters, WLH Website, Women as Public Lecturers<br /> <br /> lawyers, women as, WLH Website, Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies <br /> New York City, resistance to women lawyers in, WLH Website, The New York Legal Scene <br /> <br /> public defense and, WLH Website, Progressivism, Suffrage, and Public Defense; WLH Website, Foltz’s Arguments for Public Defense, (Woman Suffrage and Public Defense)<br /> <br /> Lease, Mary Elizabeth (also called Mary Ellen), WLH Website, Late Nineteenth Century Politics, (Mary Elizabeth Lease)<br /> <br /> Legal Aid Society<br /> relation to public defense, WLH Website, Early History of Public Defense<br /> lobbyist, Foltz as, WLH Website, Foltz as Reform Lobbyist in the 1890s<br /> Lockwood, Belva, Website, Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies (Belva Lockwood); WLH Website, Women at the World’s Fair, (Participation in Other Auxiliary Congresses)<br /> <br /> Los Angeles, Foltz in<br /> public defender office, creation of, WLH Website, Comparison of Public Defender Statutes<br /> <br /> Marriage, WLH Website, Women’s History (Legal Status of Women in the Nineteenth Century<br /> <br /> Montgomery Block, San Francisco, WLH Website, San Francisco Social Life and Clara Foltz’s Circle<br /> <br /> Morris, Madge (later Wagner), WLH Website, San Francisco Social Life and Clara Foltz’s Circle; WLH Website, Women at the World’s Fair<br /> <br /> Mount Pleasant, Iowa, WLH Website, Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa<br /> Murray, George Wellwood, WLH Website, The New York Legal Scene,<br /> (Corporate Practice)<br /> <br /> National American Woman Suffrage Association, WLH Website, Suffrage History<br /> National Woman Suffrage Association, WLH Website, Suffrage History<br /> New American Woman, The, WLH Website, About and By Clara Foltz: Biographical Material and Her Writings<br /> <br /> “New Departure” strategy, WLH Website, Suffrage History<br /> New Woman movement, WLH Website, The New Woman<br /> New York City, Foltz in<br /> corporate practice, efforts to enter, WLH Website, The New York Legal Scene, (Corporate Practice)<br /> <br /> New Woman movement in, WLH Website, The New Woman<br /> prosecutorial and defense corruption in, WLH Website, The New York Legal Scene, (Criminal Practice)<br /> <br /> resistance to women lawyers in NY, WLH Website, The New York Legal Scene<br /> <br /> social life in, WLH Website, Trella Toland and Her Autograph Book<br /> Women’s Law Class at NYU and WLES, WLH Website, The New York Legal Scene, (Women’s Legal Education Society (WLES) and Law Class)<br /> <br /> New York State<br /> public defender statute campaign in, WLH Website, New York Politics and the Foltz Defender Bill<br /> <br /> woman suffrage campaign in, WLH Website, Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns, (New York)<br /> <br /> Niblo’s Garden, WLH Website, Trella Toland and Her Autograph Book. <br /> notaries public, women as, WLH Website, Foltz as Reform Lobbyist in the 1890s<br /> <br /> oil boom in California, WLH Website, The Oil Boom and Foltz’s Companies<br /> opposition to women’s rights<br /> Beecher scandal and, WLH Website, Suffrage History, (The Women’s Movement, Free Love, and Spiritualism)<br /> <br /> female remonstrants or anti-suffragists, WLH Website, Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns (New York)<br /> <br /> free love, association of suffrage with, <br /> WLH Website, Suffrage History, (The Women’s Movement, Free Love, and Spiritualism)<br /> <br /> Palmer, Mrs. Potter (Bertha), WLH Website, Women at the World’s Fair<br /> <br /> pardon cases, WLH Website, Foltz as Reform Lobbyist in the 1890s<br /> parole system in California, Foltz’s involvement with, WLH Website, Foltz as Reform Lobbyist in the 1890s<br /> <br /> penal reform, WLH Website, Foltz as Reform Lobbyist in the 1890s<br /> <br /> Platt, Thomas, 273, 313–15, WLH Website, New York Politics and Foltz’s Public Defender Bill<br /> <br /> poor, women’s representation of<br /> criminal cases of poor, Foltz’s specialization in, WLH Website, Law Practice in the West (Clara Foltz’s Practice). <br /> <br /> Populist movement (People’s Party), WLH Website, Late Nineteenth Century Politics<br /> <br /> presidential elections, WLH Website, Late Nineteenth Century Politics<br /> prison reform, WLH Website, Foltz as Reform Lobbyist in the 1890s<br /> <br /> Progressive movement, WLH Website, Progressivism, Suffrage and Public Defense<br /> Prosecution<br /> <br /> New York City, corruption in criminal justice system, WLH Website, The New York Legal Scene (Criminal Practice)<br /> <br /> public defense, prosecutorial misconduct leading to need for, WLH Website, Foltz’s Arguments for Public Defense (Prosecutorial Misconduct)<br /> <br /> public defense, WLH Website, Foltz the Founder of Public Defense <br /> at Chicago World’s Fair, speech on, WLH Website, Foltz’s Arguments for Public Defense<br /> <br /> court-appointed counsel prior to, WLH Website, The Right to Counsel and the Appointed Counsel System<br /> <br /> Los Angeles, first public defender’s office established in, WLH Website, Comparison of Public Defender Statutes (The 1912 Los Angeles Charter Provision and the 1921 Statute<br /> <br /> New York State campaign, WLH Website New York Politics and Foltz’s Defender Bill<br /> <br /> Progressive concept of, WLH Website, Comparison of Progressive Defender with Foltzian Model <br /> <br /> public lecturer, Foltz as, WLH Website, Women as Public Lecturers<br /> publishing career of Clara Foltz, WLH Website, About and By Clara Foltz, (Biographical Material and Her Writings)<br /> <br /> Queen Isabella Association, WLH Website, Women at the World’s Fair<br /> race and racial issues pertaining to African-Americans<br /> <br /> Douglass, Frederick, at Chicago World’s Fair, WLH Website, Women at the World’s Fair, (Participation in Other Auxiliary Congresses)<br /> <br /> Liberation of women and black people, linkage of, WLH Website, Suffrage History, (Relationship with other Movements and Causes)<br /> <br /> religion<br /> Campbellite or Christian Church (Disciples of Christ), <br /> WLH Website, Family, (Elias Shortridge)<br /> <br /> “soul-sleep,” Elias Shortridge on, WLH Website, Family and Mt. Pleasant, (Elias Shortridge)<br /> <br /> Theosophy, WLH Website, The Woman’s National Liberal Union Convention, (Theosophy and Madame Blavatsky)<br /> <br /> women’s rights organizations and organized religion, WLH Website, The Woman’s National Liberal Union Convention<br /> <br /> Ricker, Marilla, WLH Website, Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies <br /> “The Rights of Persons Accused” (Foltz, Albany Law Journal, 1893), WLH Website, Foltz’s Arguments for Public Defense<br /> <br /> Robinson, Lelia, later Sawtelle, WLH Website, Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies<br /> <br /> Saldez, People v., (Laura Gordon’s case), WLH Website, Women and Criminal Law Practice<br /> <br /> San Diego Bee, WLH Website, Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing<br /> San Diego, Foltz in, WLH Website, San Diego in the Real Estate Boom 1887-1890<br /> Bellamy Nationalism, embrace of, WLH Website, Bellamy Nationalism <br /> San Francisco, Foltz in<br /> hotels and hotel life, WLH Website, San Francisco Social Life and Clara Foltz’s Circle <br /> <br /> social life and society, WLH Website, San Francisco Social Life and Clara Foltz’s Circle<br /> <br /> suffrage referendum of 1896, WLH Website, <br /> Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns, (California)<br /> <br /> sandlotters, WLH Website, The Workingmen’s Party of California, (WPC)<br /> <br /> Sargent, Ellen Clark, WLH Website, Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns (California)<br /> <br /> Seneca Falls, NY, women’s rights meeting (1848), WLH Website, <br /> Suffrage History, (Seneca Falls)<br /> <br /> Shortridge, Carrie, WLH Website, Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa (Parents, Siblings)<br /> <br /> “Should Women be Executed?” (Foltz, Albany Law Journal, 1896),<br /> WLH Website, Murder Defendants and Equal Justice; WLH Website, About and By Clara Foltz: Biographical Material and Her Writings<br /> <br /> Slayton Lyceum Bureau, WLH Website, Women as Public Lecturers <br /> Smith, Anna, WLH Website, Late Nineteenth Century Politics, (Anna Ferry Smith)<br /> social life and society, WLH Website, Foltz’s Friends and Allies; WLH Website, San Francisco Social Life and Clara Foltz’s Circle; WLH Website, The New Woman; WLH Website, Trella Toland and Her Autograph Book<br /> <br /> New York City<br /> legal study by society women in, WLH Website, <br /> The New York Legal Scene, (Women’s Legal Education Society (WLES) and Law Class)<br /> <br /> “new women” in, WLH Website, The New Woman; <br /> WLH Website, Trella Toland and Her Autograph Book<br /> <br /> in San Diego, WLH Website, San Diego in the Real Estate Boom<br /> in San Francisco, WLH Website, San Francisco<br /> Social Life and Clara Foltz’s Circle <br /> <br /> Spanish-American War, WLH Website, Late Nineteenth Century Politics<br /> Spiritualism, WLH Website, Suffrage History, <br /> (The Women’s Movement, Free Love, and Spiritualism)<br /> <br /> St. Louis, 1896 Republican national convention in, WLH Website, Late Nineteenth Century Politics<br /> <br /> Stanton, Elizabeth Cady, WLH Website, Suffrage History<br /> on equal justice for women, WLH Website, Murder Defendants and Equal Justice<br /> <br /> reformism of 19th century, connection of women’s movement to, WLH Website, Suffrage History (Relationship to Other Movements and Causes)<br /> <br /> Woman Suffrage Associations and, WLH Suffrage History (Historiography)<br /> <br /> Woodhull and, WLH Website, The Women’s Movement, Free Love and Spiritualism <br /> <br /> Stoddard, Lorimer, WLH Website, Trella Toland and Her Autograph Book<br /> Stone, Lucy, WLH Website, Suffrage History<br /> <br /> Stoneman, Kate, WLH Website, The New York Legal Scene<br /> Strong, William, WLH Website, New York Politics and Foltz’s Public Defender Bill<br /> study of law by women, WLH Website, Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies <br /> Women’s Law Class at NYU and WLES, WLH Website, The New York Legal Scene, (Women’s Legal Education Society (WLES) and Law Class)<br /> <br /> Sutro, Florence, WLH Website, The New York Legal Scene Women’s Legal Education Society (WLES) and Law Class <br /> <br /> Tammany Hall, WLH Website, New York Politics and Foltz Defender Bill<br /> tariff debate, Foltz on, WLH Website, Late Nineteenth Century Politics (Women’s Pre-Suffrage Participation in Politics)<br /> <br /> temperance/prohibition<br /> in Washington Territory, WLH Website, Women and Jury Service, The Washington Territory Experience<br /> <br /> Women’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU), WLH Website, Suffrage History, (Relationship to Other Movements and Causes) <br /> <br /> Terry, David, WLH Website, California Constitutional History (Prominent Pro-Woman Delegates at the 1879 Convention)<br /> <br /> theater<br /> Bertha Foltz Smalley, musical and acting career of, WLH Website, <br /> Family, (Foltz’s Children) <br /> <br /> Virginia Foltz’s singing career, WLH Website, Family (Foltz’s Children)<br /> Theosophy, WLH Website, The Woman’s National Liberal Union Convention, (Theosophy and Madame Blavatsky)<br /> <br /> Titus, Stanleyetta, WLH Website, The New York Legal Scene <br /> Toland, Trella Evelyn, née Foltz (daughter), WLH Website, Family (Foltz’s Children); WLH Website, Trella Toland and Her Autograph Book <br /> <br /> autograph book, WLH Website, Trella Toland and Her Autograph Book<br /> <br /> as “new woman” in New York, WLH Website, Trella Toland and Her Autograph Book <br /> <br /> Tracy, Benjamin Franklin, WLH Website, New York Politics and Foltz’s Defender Bill<br /> <br /> Trumbo, Isaac, WLH Website, Trella Toland and <br /> Her Autograph Book, (Isaac Trumbo)<br /> <br /> Vacquerel, Alphonse, WLH Website, California Constitutional History, (Prominent Pro-Woman Delegates)<br /> <br /> Votes for Women Club, WLH Website, Victory in California, 1911<br /> Wagner, Madge Morris, WLH Website, San Francisco Social Life and Clara Foltz’s Circle<br /> <br /> Wait, Frona, WLH Website, San Francisco Social Life <br /> and Clara Foltz’s Circle<br /> <br /> Washington Territory<br /> temperance movement and women’s rights in, WLH Website, Women and Jury Service (The Washington Territory Experience)<br /> <br /> Watson, Elizabeth Lowe, WLH Website, Victory in California—1911<br /> White, Stephen, WLH Website, Late Nineteenth Century Politics, (Stephen White)<br /> <br /> Wilson, Samuel, WLH Website, California Constitutional History, (Prominent Opponents) <br /> Woman’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU), WLH Website, Suffrage History, Relationship with other Movements and Causes<br /> <br /> Woman’s National Liberal Union (WNLU), WLH Website, The Woman’s National Liberal Union Convention<br /> <br /> women lawyers, WLH Website, Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies<br /> <br /> Women’s Legal Education Society and Law Class of New York University (NYU),<br /> WLH Website, The New York Legal Scene, (Women’s Legal Education Society (WLES) and Law Class)<br /> <br /> Women’s Pacific Coast Oil Company, WLH Website, The Oil Boom <br /> and Foltz’s Companies<br /> <br /> Women’s Progressive League (originally Political Equality League), WLH Website, Victory in California—1911<br /> <br /> women’s rights, WLH Website, Suffrage History<br /> Bellamy Nationalism and, WLH Website, Bellamy Nationalism;<br /> WLH Website, The Woman’s National Liberal Union Convention, (Theosophy and Madame Blavatsky)<br /> <br /> Chicago World’s Fair and, WLH Website, Women at the World’s Fair<br /> <br /> historical background, WLH Website, Suffrage History <br /> liberation of women and black people, linkage of, WLH Website, Suffrage History, (Relationship to Other Movements and Causes)<br /> <br /> marriage and, WLH Website, Legal Status of Women <br /> in the Nineteenth Century<br /> <br /> National and American Woman Suffrage Associations, schism and <br /> reunification of, WLH Website, Suffrage History, (Historiography)<br /> <br /> “New Departure” strategy, WLH Website, <br /> Suffrage History, (Historiography)<br /> <br /> New Woman movement, WLH Website, The New Woman<br /> notaries public, women as, WLH Website, Foltz as <br /> Reform Lobbyist in the 1890s<br /> <br /> organized religion, alliance with/opposition to, WLH Website, Woman’s National Liberal Union Convention<br /> <br /> political office prior to suffrage, women seeking, WLH Website, Late Nineteenth Century Politics (Women’s Pre-Suffrage Participation in Politics)<br /> <br /> public defense and, WLH Website, Progressivism, Suffrage and Public Defense; WLH Website, Foltz’s Arguments for Public Defense, (Woman Suffrage and Public Defense); WLH Website Comparison of Progressive Defender and Foltzian Model <br /> <br /> reformism of 19th century, connection to, WLH Website, Suffrage History, (Relationship with Other Movements and Causes); WLH Website, Progressivism, Suffrage, and Public Defense<br /> <br /> San Francisco, suffrage referendum of 1896 in, WLH Website, Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns, (California)<br /> <br /> Seneca Falls, NY, women’s rights meeting (1848), WLH Website, Suffrage History, (Seneca Falls)<br /> <br /> silver-gold standard debate and, WLH Website, <br /> Late Nineteenth Century Politics<br /> <br /> Spiritualism, association with, WLH Website, Suffrage History, (The Women’s Movement, Free Love, and Spiritualism)<br /> <br /> in Washington Territory, WLH Website, Women and Jury Service, (The Washington Territory Experience) <br /> <br /> WNLU (Woman’s National Liberal Union) and, WLH Website, The Woman’s National Liberal Union Convention<br /> <br /> Woodhull, Victoria, WLH Website, Suffrage History, (The Woman’s Movement, Free Love, and Spiritualism) <br /> <br /> working woman, Foltz’s self-identification as, WLH Website, Late Nineteenth Century Politics, (Anna Ferry Smith) <br /> <br /> Workingmen’s Party of California (WPC), WLH Website, The Workingmen’s Party of California, (WPC)<br /> <br /> Workingmen’s Party of the United States, WLH Website, The Workingmen’s Party of California (WPC), (Relation with the Workingmen’s Party of the United States)<br /> <br /> World’s Congress of Representative Women, WLH Website, Women at the World’s Fair, (The Women’s Congresses)<br /> <br /> writings of Clara Foltz, WLH Website, By and About Clara Foltz, (Biographical Materials and Her Writings) <br /> <br /> “Duties of District Attorneys in Prosecutions” (Criminal Law Magazine, 1896), <br /> WLH Website, Foltz’s Arguments for Public Defense, (Prosecutorial Misconduct) <br /> <br /> “Public Defenders” (American Law Review, 1897), WLH Website, Foltz the Founder of Public Defense; WLH Website, Foltz’s Arguments for Public Defense<br /> <br /> “The Rights of Persons Accused” (Albany Law Journal, 1893), WLH Website, Foltz the Founder of Public Defense; WLH Website, Foltz’s Arguments for Public Defense<br /> <br /> “Should Women be Executed?” (Albany Law Journal, 1896), <br /> WLH Website, Murder Defendants and Equal Justice</div>

Babcock https://wlh-wiki.law.stanford.edu/index.php/Bibliographic_Notes_and_Supplementary_Text 2010-12-17T18:06:55Z

<p>Babcock:&#32;</p> <hr /> <div>Addams, Jane, WLH Website, Women at the World’s Fair, ([[The Women’s Congresses]])<br /> <br /> Aldrich, Josephine Cables, WLH Website, The Woman’s National Liberal Union Convention, (Notable Attendants)<br /> <br /> Aldrich, William, WLH Website, The Woman’s National Liberal Union Convention, (Notable Attendants)<br /> <br /> American Woman Suffrage Association, WLH Website, Suffrage History<br /> <br /> Anthony, Susan B., WLH Website, Suffrage History &lt;br /&gt;<br /> <br /> *arrest for attempt to vote, (New Departure), WLH Website, Suffrage History (Historiography)<br /> *California, suffrage campaign in, WLH Website, Post Fair Suffrage Campaigns, (California)<br /> *at Chicago World’s Fair, WLH Website, Women at the World’s Fair<br /> *New York State, WLH Website, Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns, (New York)<br /> *Woman Suffrage Associations WLH Website, Suffrage History<br /> *Woodhull, and WLH Website, The Women’s Movement, Free Love and Spiritualism <br /> <br /> *Ayers, James Joseph, WLH Website, California Constitutional History, (Prominent Pro-Woman Delegates at the 1879 Convention). <br /> <br /> *Baker, Edward Dickinson, WLH Website, Law Practice in the West, (Biographical works) <br /> <br /> *Ballou, Addie, WLH Website, Foltz as Reform Lobbyist in the 1890s <br /> <br /> *Beecher, Henry Ward, WLH Website, Suffrage History (The Women’s Movement, Free Love, and Spiritualism)<br /> <br /> *Bellamy Edward and Bellamy Nationalism, WLH Website, Bellamy Nationalism; WLH Website, Nineteenth Century Politics (Bellamy Nationalism and Populism) <br /> **public defense and, WLH Website, Comparison of Progressive Defender and Foltzian Model<br /> **Theosophy and, WLH Website, Women’s National Liberal Union, (Theosophy and Madame Blavatsky)<br /> <br /> *Bernhardt, Sarah, WLH Website, Trella Toland and Her Autograph Book<br /> <br /> *Besant, Annie, WLH Website, The Woman’s National Liberal Union Convention, (Theosophy and Madame Blavatsky)<br /> <br /> *Bishop, Thomas B., WLH Website, California Constitutional History, (Prominent Opponents) <br /> <br /> *Bittenbender, Ada, WLH Website, Woman Lawyers History<br /> <br /> *Blackmer, Eli, WLH Website, California Constitutional History, (Prominent Pro-Woman Delegates at the 1879 Convention) <br /> <br /> *Blake, Lillie Devereux, WLH Website, Foltz’s Friends and Allies<br /> <br /> *Blavatsky, Madame (Helena), WLH Website, The Woman’s National Liberal Union Convention, (Theosophy and Madame Blavatsky)<br /> <br /> *Board of Lady Managers, Chicago World’s Columbian Exposition (1893), WLH Website, Women at the World’s Fair<br /> <br /> *Bonney, Charles, WLH Website, The World’s Fair<br /> <br /> *Bradwell, Myra, WLH Website, Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies<br /> <br /> *Burton, Maria A. Ruiz, WLH Website, San Diego in the Real Estate Boom<br /> <br /> *California<br /> **woman suffrage campaigns<br /> ***1893–1896, WLH Website, Post Fair Suffrage Campaigns (California)<br /> ***1911 constitutional amendment, success of, WLH Website, Victory in California, 1911 <br /> ***new generation of suffragists, WLH Website, Victory in California 1911, (Lillian Coffin and Katherine Edson)<br /> <br /> *Campbellite or Christian Church (Disciples of Christ), WLH Website, Family and Mt. Pleasant, (Elia Shortridge) <br /> <br /> *Caples, James, WLH Website, California Constitutional History<br /> <br /> *cases and clients, WLH Website, Law Practice in the West, (Clara Foltz’s Practice); WLH Website, The New York Legal Scene <br /> **Bazette, Madame (Julia Bolles), WLH Website, Women and Divorce<br /> <br /> *Chicago Legal News, Myra Bradwell, editor, WLH Website, Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies, (Bradwell) <br /> <br /> *Chicago World’s Fair (World’s Columbian Exposition) (1893), WLH Website, The World’s Fair; WLH Website, Women at the World’s Fair<br /> **Congress of Jurisprudence and Law Reform: Foltz’s Public Defender Speech at, WLH Website, Foltz’s Arguments for Public Defense <br /> **Congress of Representative Women, WLH Website, Women at the World’s Fair, (The Women’s Congresses)<br /> **Mansfield, Arabella, and, WLH Website, Woman Lawyers History and Individual Biographies<br /> **Queen Isabella Association<br /> ***suffrage movement, influence on, WLH Website, Women at the World’s Fair; WLH Website, Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns <br /> ***Woman’s Building, success of, WLH Website, Women at the World’s Fair <br /> *children of Clara Foltz, WLH Website, Family, (Foltz’s children)<br /> **Trella Foltz Toland (White), WLH Website, Trella Toland and Her Autograph Book<br /> *Chinese immigrants in California<br /> **anti-chinese movement at California constitutional convention of 1879 and, WLH Website, California Constitutional History, (WPC and the Anti-Chinese Movement)<br /> **Choate, Joseph, WLH Website, Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns, (New York)<br /> *Christian or Campbellite Church (Disciples of Christ),<br /> WLH Website, Family, (Elias Shortridge)<br /> <br /> Clara Foltz Gold Mining Company, WLH Website, Trella Foltz and Her Autograph Book, (Isaac Trumbo)<br /> <br /> Clerye, Voltaireine de, WLH Website, The Woman’s National Liberal Union Convention <br /> <br /> Coffin, Lillian, WLH Website, Victory in California: Lillian Coffin and Katherine Edson <br /> <br /> Congress of Jurisprudence and Law Reform, WLH Website, Woman at the World’s Fair (Participation in the Auxiliary Congresses); WLH Website, Foltz’s Arguments for Public Defense<br /> <br /> Constitution, U.S. <br /> free counsel, constitutional right to, WLH Website, Foltz’s Arguments for Public Defense (Burdening the Right)<br /> <br /> Constitutional convention of 1879, California, WLH Website, California Constitutional History<br /> <br /> proposal and passage of women’s anti-discrimination clauses, WLH Website, California Constitutional History, (Passage of the Anti-Discrimination Clauses)<br /> <br /> corporate law practice, Foltz’s efforts to enter, WLH Website, The New York Legal Scene, (Corporate Practice)<br /> <br /> criminal justice system, WLH Website, Foltz as Reform Lobbyist in the 1890s; WLH Website, Foltz the Founder of Public Defense<br /> <br /> Foltz’s specialization in criminal cases of poor, WLH Website, Law Practice in the West, Clara Foltz’s Practice <br /> <br /> parole system in California, Foltz’s involvement with, WLH Website, Foltz as Reform Lobbyist in the 1890s<br /> <br /> Cummins, Ella Sterling, WLH Website, San Francisco Social Life and <br /> Clara Foltz’s Circle <br /> <br /> Davenport, Homer, WLH Website, Trella Toland and Her Autograph Book<br /> <br /> Davis, Richard Harding, WLH Website, Trella Toland and Her Autograph Book<br /> de Clerye, Voltaireine, WLH Website, The Woman’s National Liberal Union Convention<br /> <br /> Democrats<br /> platform of in late nineteenth century, WLH Website, <br /> Late Nineteenth Century Politics<br /> <br /> unpopularity in 1894, WLH Website, Late Nineteenth Century Politics (1894 Election in California)<br /> <br /> Dickinson, Anna, WLH Website, Women as Public Lecturers<br /> Divorce, WLH Website, Women and Divorce<br /> Duniway, Abigail, WLH Website, Foltz’s Friends and Allies (Abigail Duniway)<br /> “Duties of District Attorneys in Prosecutions” (Foltz, Criminal Law Magazine, 1896), WLH Website, Foltz’s Arguments for Public Defense, (Prosecutorial Misconduct)<br /> <br /> editorial career of Clara Foltz, WLH Website, About and by Clara Foltz, (Biographical Material and her Writings)<br /> <br /> Edson, Katherine, WLH Website, Victory in California, (Lillian Coffin and Katherine Edson)<br /> <br /> executors of estates, women as, WLH Website, Foltz as Reform Lobbyist in the 1890s<br /> Fair, Laura, WLH Website Murder Defendants and Equal Justice<br /> <br /> Field, Kate, WLH Website, Women as Public Lecturers<br /> <br /> Fitch, Tom, WLH Website, San Diego in the Real Estate Boom <br /> Foltz, Clara, née Shortridge, WLH Website, Timelines, (Life Events) <br /> birth, family, and early life, WLH Website, Family and Mt. Pleasant <br /> Foltz Defender Bill, WLH Website New York Politics and Foltz’s Defender Bill; WLH Website, Comparison of Public Defender Statutes<br /> <br /> free love, suffragists associated with, WLH Website, Suffrage History, (The Women’s Movement, Free Love, and Spiritualism) <br /> <br /> free thought movement, WLH Website, The Woman’s National Liberal <br /> Union Convention<br /> <br /> Friend, Emmanuel, WLH Website, Murder Defendants and Equal Justice (Barbella)<br /> <br /> Gage, Matilda, née Joslyn, WLH Website, The Woman’s National Liberal Union Convention, (Matilda Gage)<br /> <br /> Gideon v. Wainwright (1963), WLH Website, The Right to Counsel and the Appointed Counsel System<br /> <br /> Gilman, Charlotte Perkins, WLH Website, Bellamy Nationalism, <br /> (Charlotte Perkins Gilman)<br /> <br /> gold mining company of Clara Foltz, WLH Website, Trella Toland and Her Autograph Book, (Isaac Trumbo)<br /> <br /> Goodell, Lavinia, WLH Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies, (Lavinia Goodell) <br /> <br /> Gordon, Laura, WLH Website, Foltz’s Friends and Allies, (Laura Gordon)<br /> criminal defense and career of, WLH Website, Law Practice in the West, <br /> (Women and Criminal Law Practice) <br /> <br /> Grady, Tom, WLH Website, New York Politics and Foltz’s Public Defender Bill<br /> <br /> Gunn, Charles “C. E.,”<br /> Cogswell case and, WLH Website, Law Practice in the West, (Clara Foltz’s Practice)<br /> <br /> Harper, Ida, WLH Website, Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns<br /> Haymarket bombing, Chicago (1886), WLH Website, Late Nineteenth Century Politics<br /> <br /> Hazel Kirke, WLH Website, Trella Foltz and Her Autograph Book<br /> Hjuls (coffee shop, San Francisco), WLH Website, San Francisco Social Life and Clara Foltz’s Circle<br /> <br /> Hoge, Joseph, WLH Website, California Constitutional History, <br /> (Prominent Opponents)<br /> <br /> Howe, Samuel L., and Howe’s Academy, WLH Website: Mt. Pleasant and Howe’s Academy<br /> <br /> Howe and Hummel, WLH Website, The New York Legal Scene, (Criminal Practice)<br /> <br /> Johnson, Grove L., WLH Website, Foltz’s Friends and Allies<br /> <br /> Johnson, Hiram, WLH Website, <br /> Progressivism, Suffrage, and Public Defense<br /> <br /> Jordan, Elizabeth (Kate), WLH Website, The New Woman<br /> Juries, WLH Website, Women and Jury Service<br /> Kearney, Denis, and Kearneyites, WLH Website, The Workingmen’s Party of California<br /> <br /> Knox, Sarah (later Knox-Goodrich), WLH Website, Foltz’s Friends and Allies (Sarah Knox-Goodrich)<br /> <br /> Lady Managers, Chicago World’s Columbian Exposition (1893), WLH Website, Women at the World’s Fair<br /> <br /> Lake, Delos, WLH Website, California Constitutional History, <br /> Prominent Opponents<br /> <br /> lawyer, Foltz as, WLH Website Law Practice in the West, (Clara Foltz’s Practice)<br /> <br /> corporate practice, efforts to enter, WLH Website, The New York Legal Scene, (Corporate Practice) <br /> <br /> public lecture on shysters, WLH Website, Women as Public Lecturers<br /> <br /> lawyers, women as, WLH Website, Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies <br /> New York City, resistance to women lawyers in, WLH Website, The New York Legal Scene <br /> <br /> public defense and, WLH Website, Progressivism, Suffrage, and Public Defense; WLH Website, Foltz’s Arguments for Public Defense, (Woman Suffrage and Public Defense)<br /> <br /> Lease, Mary Elizabeth (also called Mary Ellen), WLH Website, Late Nineteenth Century Politics, (Mary Elizabeth Lease)<br /> <br /> Legal Aid Society<br /> relation to public defense, WLH Website, Early History of Public Defense<br /> lobbyist, Foltz as, WLH Website, Foltz as Reform Lobbyist in the 1890s<br /> Lockwood, Belva, Website, Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies (Belva Lockwood); WLH Website, Women at the World’s Fair, (Participation in Other Auxiliary Congresses)<br /> <br /> Los Angeles, Foltz in<br /> public defender office, creation of, WLH Website, Comparison of Public Defender Statutes<br /> <br /> Marriage, WLH Website, Women’s History (Legal Status of Women in the Nineteenth Century<br /> <br /> Montgomery Block, San Francisco, WLH Website, San Francisco Social Life and Clara Foltz’s Circle<br /> <br /> Morris, Madge (later Wagner), WLH Website, San Francisco Social Life and Clara Foltz’s Circle; WLH Website, Women at the World’s Fair<br /> <br /> Mount Pleasant, Iowa, WLH Website, Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa<br /> Murray, George Wellwood, WLH Website, The New York Legal Scene,<br /> (Corporate Practice)<br /> <br /> National American Woman Suffrage Association, WLH Website, Suffrage History<br /> National Woman Suffrage Association, WLH Website, Suffrage History<br /> New American Woman, The, WLH Website, About and By Clara Foltz: Biographical Material and Her Writings<br /> <br /> “New Departure” strategy, WLH Website, Suffrage History<br /> New Woman movement, WLH Website, The New Woman<br /> New York City, Foltz in<br /> corporate practice, efforts to enter, WLH Website, The New York Legal Scene, (Corporate Practice)<br /> <br /> New Woman movement in, WLH Website, The New Woman<br /> prosecutorial and defense corruption in, WLH Website, The New York Legal Scene, (Criminal Practice)<br /> <br /> resistance to women lawyers in NY, WLH Website, The New York Legal Scene<br /> <br /> social life in, WLH Website, Trella Toland and Her Autograph Book<br /> Women’s Law Class at NYU and WLES, WLH Website, The New York Legal Scene, (Women’s Legal Education Society (WLES) and Law Class)<br /> <br /> New York State<br /> public defender statute campaign in, WLH Website, New York Politics and the Foltz Defender Bill<br /> <br /> woman suffrage campaign in, WLH Website, Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns, (New York)<br /> <br /> Niblo’s Garden, WLH Website, Trella Toland and Her Autograph Book. <br /> notaries public, women as, WLH Website, Foltz as Reform Lobbyist in the 1890s<br /> <br /> oil boom in California, WLH Website, The Oil Boom and Foltz’s Companies<br /> opposition to women’s rights<br /> Beecher scandal and, WLH Website, Suffrage History, (The Women’s Movement, Free Love, and Spiritualism)<br /> <br /> female remonstrants or anti-suffragists, WLH Website, Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns (New York)<br /> <br /> free love, association of suffrage with, <br /> WLH Website, Suffrage History, (The Women’s Movement, Free Love, and Spiritualism)<br /> <br /> Palmer, Mrs. Potter (Bertha), WLH Website, Women at the World’s Fair<br /> <br /> pardon cases, WLH Website, Foltz as Reform Lobbyist in the 1890s<br /> parole system in California, Foltz’s involvement with, WLH Website, Foltz as Reform Lobbyist in the 1890s<br /> <br /> penal reform, WLH Website, Foltz as Reform Lobbyist in the 1890s<br /> <br /> Platt, Thomas, 273, 313–15, WLH Website, New York Politics and Foltz’s Public Defender Bill<br /> <br /> poor, women’s representation of<br /> criminal cases of poor, Foltz’s specialization in, WLH Website, Law Practice in the West (Clara Foltz’s Practice). <br /> <br /> Populist movement (People’s Party), WLH Website, Late Nineteenth Century Politics<br /> <br /> presidential elections, WLH Website, Late Nineteenth Century Politics<br /> prison reform, WLH Website, Foltz as Reform Lobbyist in the 1890s<br /> <br /> Progressive movement, WLH Website, Progressivism, Suffrage and Public Defense<br /> Prosecution<br /> <br /> New York City, corruption in criminal justice system, WLH Website, The New York Legal Scene (Criminal Practice)<br /> <br /> public defense, prosecutorial misconduct leading to need for, WLH Website, Foltz’s Arguments for Public Defense (Prosecutorial Misconduct)<br /> <br /> public defense, WLH Website, Foltz the Founder of Public Defense <br /> at Chicago World’s Fair, speech on, WLH Website, Foltz’s Arguments for Public Defense<br /> <br /> court-appointed counsel prior to, WLH Website, The Right to Counsel and the Appointed Counsel System<br /> <br /> Los Angeles, first public defender’s office established in, WLH Website, Comparison of Public Defender Statutes (The 1912 Los Angeles Charter Provision and the 1921 Statute<br /> <br /> New York State campaign, WLH Website New York Politics and Foltz’s Defender Bill<br /> <br /> Progressive concept of, WLH Website, Comparison of Progressive Defender with Foltzian Model <br /> <br /> public lecturer, Foltz as, WLH Website, Women as Public Lecturers<br /> publishing career of Clara Foltz, WLH Website, About and By Clara Foltz, (Biographical Material and Her Writings)<br /> <br /> Queen Isabella Association, WLH Website, Women at the World’s Fair<br /> race and racial issues pertaining to African-Americans<br /> <br /> Douglass, Frederick, at Chicago World’s Fair, WLH Website, Women at the World’s Fair, (Participation in Other Auxiliary Congresses)<br /> <br /> Liberation of women and black people, linkage of, WLH Website, Suffrage History, (Relationship with other Movements and Causes)<br /> <br /> religion<br /> Campbellite or Christian Church (Disciples of Christ), <br /> WLH Website, Family, (Elias Shortridge)<br /> <br /> “soul-sleep,” Elias Shortridge on, WLH Website, Family and Mt. Pleasant, (Elias Shortridge)<br /> <br /> Theosophy, WLH Website, The Woman’s National Liberal Union Convention, (Theosophy and Madame Blavatsky)<br /> <br /> women’s rights organizations and organized religion, WLH Website, The Woman’s National Liberal Union Convention<br /> <br /> Ricker, Marilla, WLH Website, Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies <br /> “The Rights of Persons Accused” (Foltz, Albany Law Journal, 1893), WLH Website, Foltz’s Arguments for Public Defense<br /> <br /> Robinson, Lelia, later Sawtelle, WLH Website, Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies<br /> <br /> Saldez, People v., (Laura Gordon’s case), WLH Website, Women and Criminal Law Practice<br /> <br /> San Diego Bee, WLH Website, Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing<br /> San Diego, Foltz in, WLH Website, San Diego in the Real Estate Boom 1887-1890<br /> Bellamy Nationalism, embrace of, WLH Website, Bellamy Nationalism <br /> San Francisco, Foltz in<br /> hotels and hotel life, WLH Website, San Francisco Social Life and Clara Foltz’s Circle <br /> <br /> social life and society, WLH Website, San Francisco Social Life and Clara Foltz’s Circle<br /> <br /> suffrage referendum of 1896, WLH Website, <br /> Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns, (California)<br /> <br /> sandlotters, WLH Website, The Workingmen’s Party of California, (WPC)<br /> <br /> Sargent, Ellen Clark, WLH Website, Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns (California)<br /> <br /> Seneca Falls, NY, women’s rights meeting (1848), WLH Website, <br /> Suffrage History, (Seneca Falls)<br /> <br /> Shortridge, Carrie, WLH Website, Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa (Parents, Siblings)<br /> <br /> “Should Women be Executed?” (Foltz, Albany Law Journal, 1896),<br /> WLH Website, Murder Defendants and Equal Justice; WLH Website, About and By Clara Foltz: Biographical Material and Her Writings<br /> <br /> Slayton Lyceum Bureau, WLH Website, Women as Public Lecturers <br /> Smith, Anna, WLH Website, Late Nineteenth Century Politics, (Anna Ferry Smith)<br /> social life and society, WLH Website, Foltz’s Friends and Allies; WLH Website, San Francisco Social Life and Clara Foltz’s Circle; WLH Website, The New Woman; WLH Website, Trella Toland and Her Autograph Book<br /> <br /> New York City<br /> legal study by society women in, WLH Website, <br /> The New York Legal Scene, (Women’s Legal Education Society (WLES) and Law Class)<br /> <br /> “new women” in, WLH Website, The New Woman; <br /> WLH Website, Trella Toland and Her Autograph Book<br /> <br /> in San Diego, WLH Website, San Diego in the Real Estate Boom<br /> in San Francisco, WLH Website, San Francisco<br /> Social Life and Clara Foltz’s Circle <br /> <br /> Spanish-American War, WLH Website, Late Nineteenth Century Politics<br /> Spiritualism, WLH Website, Suffrage History, <br /> (The Women’s Movement, Free Love, and Spiritualism)<br /> <br /> St. Louis, 1896 Republican national convention in, WLH Website, Late Nineteenth Century Politics<br /> <br /> Stanton, Elizabeth Cady, WLH Website, Suffrage History<br /> on equal justice for women, WLH Website, Murder Defendants and Equal Justice<br /> <br /> reformism of 19th century, connection of women’s movement to, WLH Website, Suffrage History (Relationship to Other Movements and Causes)<br /> <br /> Woman Suffrage Associations and, WLH Suffrage History (Historiography)<br /> <br /> Woodhull and, WLH Website, The Women’s Movement, Free Love and Spiritualism <br /> <br /> Stoddard, Lorimer, WLH Website, Trella Toland and Her Autograph Book<br /> Stone, Lucy, WLH Website, Suffrage History<br /> <br /> Stoneman, Kate, WLH Website, The New York Legal Scene<br /> Strong, William, WLH Website, New York Politics and Foltz’s Public Defender Bill<br /> study of law by women, WLH Website, Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies <br /> Women’s Law Class at NYU and WLES, WLH Website, The New York Legal Scene, (Women’s Legal Education Society (WLES) and Law Class)<br /> <br /> Sutro, Florence, WLH Website, The New York Legal Scene Women’s Legal Education Society (WLES) and Law Class <br /> <br /> Tammany Hall, WLH Website, New York Politics and Foltz Defender Bill<br /> tariff debate, Foltz on, WLH Website, Late Nineteenth Century Politics (Women’s Pre-Suffrage Participation in Politics)<br /> <br /> temperance/prohibition<br /> in Washington Territory, WLH Website, Women and Jury Service, The Washington Territory Experience<br /> <br /> Women’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU), WLH Website, Suffrage History, (Relationship to Other Movements and Causes) <br /> <br /> Terry, David, WLH Website, California Constitutional History (Prominent Pro-Woman Delegates at the 1879 Convention)<br /> <br /> theater<br /> Bertha Foltz Smalley, musical and acting career of, WLH Website, <br /> Family, (Foltz’s Children) <br /> <br /> Virginia Foltz’s singing career, WLH Website, Family (Foltz’s Children)<br /> Theosophy, WLH Website, The Woman’s National Liberal Union Convention, (Theosophy and Madame Blavatsky)<br /> <br /> Titus, Stanleyetta, WLH Website, The New York Legal Scene <br /> Toland, Trella Evelyn, née Foltz (daughter), WLH Website, Family (Foltz’s Children); WLH Website, Trella Toland and Her Autograph Book <br /> <br /> autograph book, WLH Website, Trella Toland and Her Autograph Book<br /> <br /> as “new woman” in New York, WLH Website, Trella Toland and Her Autograph Book <br /> <br /> Tracy, Benjamin Franklin, WLH Website, New York Politics and Foltz’s Defender Bill<br /> <br /> Trumbo, Isaac, WLH Website, Trella Toland and <br /> Her Autograph Book, (Isaac Trumbo)<br /> <br /> Vacquerel, Alphonse, WLH Website, California Constitutional History, (Prominent Pro-Woman Delegates)<br /> <br /> Votes for Women Club, WLH Website, Victory in California, 1911<br /> Wagner, Madge Morris, WLH Website, San Francisco Social Life and Clara Foltz’s Circle<br /> <br /> Wait, Frona, WLH Website, San Francisco Social Life <br /> and Clara Foltz’s Circle<br /> <br /> Washington Territory<br /> temperance movement and women’s rights in, WLH Website, Women and Jury Service (The Washington Territory Experience)<br /> <br /> Watson, Elizabeth Lowe, WLH Website, Victory in California—1911<br /> White, Stephen, WLH Website, Late Nineteenth Century Politics, (Stephen White)<br /> <br /> Wilson, Samuel, WLH Website, California Constitutional History, (Prominent Opponents) <br /> Woman’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU), WLH Website, Suffrage History, Relationship with other Movements and Causes<br /> <br /> Woman’s National Liberal Union (WNLU), WLH Website, The Woman’s National Liberal Union Convention<br /> <br /> women lawyers, WLH Website, Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies<br /> <br /> Women’s Legal Education Society and Law Class of New York University (NYU),<br /> WLH Website, The New York Legal Scene, (Women’s Legal Education Society (WLES) and Law Class)<br /> <br /> Women’s Pacific Coast Oil Company, WLH Website, The Oil Boom <br /> and Foltz’s Companies<br /> <br /> Women’s Progressive League (originally Political Equality League), WLH Website, Victory in California—1911<br /> <br /> women’s rights, WLH Website, Suffrage History<br /> Bellamy Nationalism and, WLH Website, Bellamy Nationalism;<br /> WLH Website, The Woman’s National Liberal Union Convention, (Theosophy and Madame Blavatsky)<br /> <br /> Chicago World’s Fair and, WLH Website, Women at the World’s Fair<br /> <br /> historical background, WLH Website, Suffrage History <br /> liberation of women and black people, linkage of, WLH Website, Suffrage History, (Relationship to Other Movements and Causes)<br /> <br /> marriage and, WLH Website, Legal Status of Women <br /> in the Nineteenth Century<br /> <br /> National and American Woman Suffrage Associations, schism and <br /> reunification of, WLH Website, Suffrage History, (Historiography)<br /> <br /> “New Departure” strategy, WLH Website, <br /> Suffrage History, (Historiography)<br /> <br /> New Woman movement, WLH Website, The New Woman<br /> notaries public, women as, WLH Website, Foltz as <br /> Reform Lobbyist in the 1890s<br /> <br /> organized religion, alliance with/opposition to, WLH Website, Woman’s National Liberal Union Convention<br /> <br /> political office prior to suffrage, women seeking, WLH Website, Late Nineteenth Century Politics (Women’s Pre-Suffrage Participation in Politics)<br /> <br /> public defense and, WLH Website, Progressivism, Suffrage and Public Defense; WLH Website, Foltz’s Arguments for Public Defense, (Woman Suffrage and Public Defense); WLH Website Comparison of Progressive Defender and Foltzian Model <br /> <br /> reformism of 19th century, connection to, WLH Website, Suffrage History, (Relationship with Other Movements and Causes); WLH Website, Progressivism, Suffrage, and Public Defense<br /> <br /> San Francisco, suffrage referendum of 1896 in, WLH Website, Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns, (California)<br /> <br /> Seneca Falls, NY, women’s rights meeting (1848), WLH Website, Suffrage History, (Seneca Falls)<br /> <br /> silver-gold standard debate and, WLH Website, <br /> Late Nineteenth Century Politics<br /> <br /> Spiritualism, association with, WLH Website, Suffrage History, (The Women’s Movement, Free Love, and Spiritualism)<br /> <br /> in Washington Territory, WLH Website, Women and Jury Service, (The Washington Territory Experience) <br /> <br /> WNLU (Woman’s National Liberal Union) and, WLH Website, The Woman’s National Liberal Union Convention<br /> <br /> Woodhull, Victoria, WLH Website, Suffrage History, (The Woman’s Movement, Free Love, and Spiritualism) <br /> <br /> working woman, Foltz’s self-identification as, WLH Website, Late Nineteenth Century Politics, (Anna Ferry Smith) <br /> <br /> Workingmen’s Party of California (WPC), WLH Website, The Workingmen’s Party of California, (WPC)<br /> <br /> Workingmen’s Party of the United States, WLH Website, The Workingmen’s Party of California (WPC), (Relation with the Workingmen’s Party of the United States)<br /> <br /> World’s Congress of Representative Women, WLH Website, Women at the World’s Fair, (The Women’s Congresses)<br /> <br /> writings of Clara Foltz, WLH Website, By and About Clara Foltz, (Biographical Materials and Her Writings) <br /> <br /> “Duties of District Attorneys in Prosecutions” (Criminal Law Magazine, 1896), <br /> WLH Website, Foltz’s Arguments for Public Defense, (Prosecutorial Misconduct) <br /> <br /> “Public Defenders” (American Law Review, 1897), WLH Website, Foltz the Founder of Public Defense; WLH Website, Foltz’s Arguments for Public Defense<br /> <br /> “The Rights of Persons Accused” (Albany Law Journal, 1893), WLH Website, Foltz the Founder of Public Defense; WLH Website, Foltz’s Arguments for Public Defense<br /> <br /> “Should Women be Executed?” (Albany Law Journal, 1896), <br /> WLH Website, Murder Defendants and Equal Justice</div>

Babcock https://wlh-wiki.law.stanford.edu/index.php/Bibliographic_Notes_and_Supplementary_Text 2010-12-17T18:06:16Z

<p>Babcock:&#32;</p> <hr /> <div>Addams, Jane, WLH Website, Women at the World’s Fair, ([[The Women’s Congresses]])<br /> <br /> Aldrich, Josephine Cables, WLH Website, The Woman’s National Liberal Union Convention, (Notable Attendants)<br /> <br /> Aldrich, William, WLH Website, The Woman’s National Liberal Union Convention, (Notable Attendants)<br /> <br /> American Woman Suffrage Association, WLH Website, Suffrage History<br /> <br /> Anthony, Susan B., WLH Website, Suffrage History <br /> <br /> ***arrest for attempt to vote, (New Departure), WLH Website, Suffrage History (Historiography)<br /> **California, suffrage campaign in, WLH Website, Post Fair Suffrage Campaigns, (California)<br /> **at Chicago World’s Fair, WLH Website, Women at the World’s Fair<br /> **New York State, WLH Website, Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns, (New York)<br /> **Woman Suffrage Associations WLH Website, Suffrage History<br /> **Woodhull, and WLH Website, The Women’s Movement, Free Love and Spiritualism <br /> <br /> *Ayers, James Joseph, WLH Website, California Constitutional History, (Prominent Pro-Woman Delegates at the 1879 Convention). <br /> <br /> *Baker, Edward Dickinson, WLH Website, Law Practice in the West, (Biographical works) <br /> <br /> *Ballou, Addie, WLH Website, Foltz as Reform Lobbyist in the 1890s <br /> <br /> *Beecher, Henry Ward, WLH Website, Suffrage History (The Women’s Movement, Free Love, and Spiritualism)<br /> <br /> *Bellamy Edward and Bellamy Nationalism, WLH Website, Bellamy Nationalism; WLH Website, Nineteenth Century Politics (Bellamy Nationalism and Populism) <br /> **public defense and, WLH Website, Comparison of Progressive Defender and Foltzian Model<br /> **Theosophy and, WLH Website, Women’s National Liberal Union, (Theosophy and Madame Blavatsky)<br /> <br /> *Bernhardt, Sarah, WLH Website, Trella Toland and Her Autograph Book<br /> <br /> *Besant, Annie, WLH Website, The Woman’s National Liberal Union Convention, (Theosophy and Madame Blavatsky)<br /> <br /> *Bishop, Thomas B., WLH Website, California Constitutional History, (Prominent Opponents) <br /> <br /> *Bittenbender, Ada, WLH Website, Woman Lawyers History<br /> <br /> *Blackmer, Eli, WLH Website, California Constitutional History, (Prominent Pro-Woman Delegates at the 1879 Convention) <br /> <br /> *Blake, Lillie Devereux, WLH Website, Foltz’s Friends and Allies<br /> <br /> *Blavatsky, Madame (Helena), WLH Website, The Woman’s National Liberal Union Convention, (Theosophy and Madame Blavatsky)<br /> <br /> *Board of Lady Managers, Chicago World’s Columbian Exposition (1893), WLH Website, Women at the World’s Fair<br /> <br /> *Bonney, Charles, WLH Website, The World’s Fair<br /> <br /> *Bradwell, Myra, WLH Website, Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies<br /> <br /> *Burton, Maria A. Ruiz, WLH Website, San Diego in the Real Estate Boom<br /> <br /> *California<br /> **woman suffrage campaigns<br /> ***1893–1896, WLH Website, Post Fair Suffrage Campaigns (California)<br /> ***1911 constitutional amendment, success of, WLH Website, Victory in California, 1911 <br /> ***new generation of suffragists, WLH Website, Victory in California 1911, (Lillian Coffin and Katherine Edson)<br /> <br /> *Campbellite or Christian Church (Disciples of Christ), WLH Website, Family and Mt. Pleasant, (Elia Shortridge) <br /> <br /> *Caples, James, WLH Website, California Constitutional History<br /> <br /> *cases and clients, WLH Website, Law Practice in the West, (Clara Foltz’s Practice); WLH Website, The New York Legal Scene <br /> **Bazette, Madame (Julia Bolles), WLH Website, Women and Divorce<br /> <br /> *Chicago Legal News, Myra Bradwell, editor, WLH Website, Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies, (Bradwell) <br /> <br /> *Chicago World’s Fair (World’s Columbian Exposition) (1893), WLH Website, The World’s Fair; WLH Website, Women at the World’s Fair<br /> **Congress of Jurisprudence and Law Reform: Foltz’s Public Defender Speech at, WLH Website, Foltz’s Arguments for Public Defense <br /> **Congress of Representative Women, WLH Website, Women at the World’s Fair, (The Women’s Congresses)<br /> **Mansfield, Arabella, and, WLH Website, Woman Lawyers History and Individual Biographies<br /> **Queen Isabella Association<br /> ***suffrage movement, influence on, WLH Website, Women at the World’s Fair; WLH Website, Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns <br /> ***Woman’s Building, success of, WLH Website, Women at the World’s Fair <br /> *children of Clara Foltz, WLH Website, Family, (Foltz’s children)<br /> **Trella Foltz Toland (White), WLH Website, Trella Toland and Her Autograph Book<br /> *Chinese immigrants in California<br /> **anti-chinese movement at California constitutional convention of 1879 and, WLH Website, California Constitutional History, (WPC and the Anti-Chinese Movement)<br /> **Choate, Joseph, WLH Website, Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns, (New York)<br /> *Christian or Campbellite Church (Disciples of Christ),<br /> WLH Website, Family, (Elias Shortridge)<br /> <br /> Clara Foltz Gold Mining Company, WLH Website, Trella Foltz and Her Autograph Book, (Isaac Trumbo)<br /> <br /> Clerye, Voltaireine de, WLH Website, The Woman’s National Liberal Union Convention <br /> <br /> Coffin, Lillian, WLH Website, Victory in California: Lillian Coffin and Katherine Edson <br /> <br /> Congress of Jurisprudence and Law Reform, WLH Website, Woman at the World’s Fair (Participation in the Auxiliary Congresses); WLH Website, Foltz’s Arguments for Public Defense<br /> <br /> Constitution, U.S. <br /> free counsel, constitutional right to, WLH Website, Foltz’s Arguments for Public Defense (Burdening the Right)<br /> <br /> Constitutional convention of 1879, California, WLH Website, California Constitutional History<br /> <br /> proposal and passage of women’s anti-discrimination clauses, WLH Website, California Constitutional History, (Passage of the Anti-Discrimination Clauses)<br /> <br /> corporate law practice, Foltz’s efforts to enter, WLH Website, The New York Legal Scene, (Corporate Practice)<br /> <br /> criminal justice system, WLH Website, Foltz as Reform Lobbyist in the 1890s; WLH Website, Foltz the Founder of Public Defense<br /> <br /> Foltz’s specialization in criminal cases of poor, WLH Website, Law Practice in the West, Clara Foltz’s Practice <br /> <br /> parole system in California, Foltz’s involvement with, WLH Website, Foltz as Reform Lobbyist in the 1890s<br /> <br /> Cummins, Ella Sterling, WLH Website, San Francisco Social Life and <br /> Clara Foltz’s Circle <br /> <br /> Davenport, Homer, WLH Website, Trella Toland and Her Autograph Book<br /> <br /> Davis, Richard Harding, WLH Website, Trella Toland and Her Autograph Book<br /> de Clerye, Voltaireine, WLH Website, The Woman’s National Liberal Union Convention<br /> <br /> Democrats<br /> platform of in late nineteenth century, WLH Website, <br /> Late Nineteenth Century Politics<br /> <br /> unpopularity in 1894, WLH Website, Late Nineteenth Century Politics (1894 Election in California)<br /> <br /> Dickinson, Anna, WLH Website, Women as Public Lecturers<br /> Divorce, WLH Website, Women and Divorce<br /> Duniway, Abigail, WLH Website, Foltz’s Friends and Allies (Abigail Duniway)<br /> “Duties of District Attorneys in Prosecutions” (Foltz, Criminal Law Magazine, 1896), WLH Website, Foltz’s Arguments for Public Defense, (Prosecutorial Misconduct)<br /> <br /> editorial career of Clara Foltz, WLH Website, About and by Clara Foltz, (Biographical Material and her Writings)<br /> <br /> Edson, Katherine, WLH Website, Victory in California, (Lillian Coffin and Katherine Edson)<br /> <br /> executors of estates, women as, WLH Website, Foltz as Reform Lobbyist in the 1890s<br /> Fair, Laura, WLH Website Murder Defendants and Equal Justice<br /> <br /> Field, Kate, WLH Website, Women as Public Lecturers<br /> <br /> Fitch, Tom, WLH Website, San Diego in the Real Estate Boom <br /> Foltz, Clara, née Shortridge, WLH Website, Timelines, (Life Events) <br /> birth, family, and early life, WLH Website, Family and Mt. Pleasant <br /> Foltz Defender Bill, WLH Website New York Politics and Foltz’s Defender Bill; WLH Website, Comparison of Public Defender Statutes<br /> <br /> free love, suffragists associated with, WLH Website, Suffrage History, (The Women’s Movement, Free Love, and Spiritualism) <br /> <br /> free thought movement, WLH Website, The Woman’s National Liberal <br /> Union Convention<br /> <br /> Friend, Emmanuel, WLH Website, Murder Defendants and Equal Justice (Barbella)<br /> <br /> Gage, Matilda, née Joslyn, WLH Website, The Woman’s National Liberal Union Convention, (Matilda Gage)<br /> <br /> Gideon v. Wainwright (1963), WLH Website, The Right to Counsel and the Appointed Counsel System<br /> <br /> Gilman, Charlotte Perkins, WLH Website, Bellamy Nationalism, <br /> (Charlotte Perkins Gilman)<br /> <br /> gold mining company of Clara Foltz, WLH Website, Trella Toland and Her Autograph Book, (Isaac Trumbo)<br /> <br /> Goodell, Lavinia, WLH Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies, (Lavinia Goodell) <br /> <br /> Gordon, Laura, WLH Website, Foltz’s Friends and Allies, (Laura Gordon)<br /> criminal defense and career of, WLH Website, Law Practice in the West, <br /> (Women and Criminal Law Practice) <br /> <br /> Grady, Tom, WLH Website, New York Politics and Foltz’s Public Defender Bill<br /> <br /> Gunn, Charles “C. E.,”<br /> Cogswell case and, WLH Website, Law Practice in the West, (Clara Foltz’s Practice)<br /> <br /> Harper, Ida, WLH Website, Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns<br /> Haymarket bombing, Chicago (1886), WLH Website, Late Nineteenth Century Politics<br /> <br /> Hazel Kirke, WLH Website, Trella Foltz and Her Autograph Book<br /> Hjuls (coffee shop, San Francisco), WLH Website, San Francisco Social Life and Clara Foltz’s Circle<br /> <br /> Hoge, Joseph, WLH Website, California Constitutional History, <br /> (Prominent Opponents)<br /> <br /> Howe, Samuel L., and Howe’s Academy, WLH Website: Mt. Pleasant and Howe’s Academy<br /> <br /> Howe and Hummel, WLH Website, The New York Legal Scene, (Criminal Practice)<br /> <br /> Johnson, Grove L., WLH Website, Foltz’s Friends and Allies<br /> <br /> Johnson, Hiram, WLH Website, <br /> Progressivism, Suffrage, and Public Defense<br /> <br /> Jordan, Elizabeth (Kate), WLH Website, The New Woman<br /> Juries, WLH Website, Women and Jury Service<br /> Kearney, Denis, and Kearneyites, WLH Website, The Workingmen’s Party of California<br /> <br /> Knox, Sarah (later Knox-Goodrich), WLH Website, Foltz’s Friends and Allies (Sarah Knox-Goodrich)<br /> <br /> Lady Managers, Chicago World’s Columbian Exposition (1893), WLH Website, Women at the World’s Fair<br /> <br /> Lake, Delos, WLH Website, California Constitutional History, <br /> Prominent Opponents<br /> <br /> lawyer, Foltz as, WLH Website Law Practice in the West, (Clara Foltz’s Practice)<br /> <br /> corporate practice, efforts to enter, WLH Website, The New York Legal Scene, (Corporate Practice) <br /> <br /> public lecture on shysters, WLH Website, Women as Public Lecturers<br /> <br /> lawyers, women as, WLH Website, Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies <br /> New York City, resistance to women lawyers in, WLH Website, The New York Legal Scene <br /> <br /> public defense and, WLH Website, Progressivism, Suffrage, and Public Defense; WLH Website, Foltz’s Arguments for Public Defense, (Woman Suffrage and Public Defense)<br /> <br /> Lease, Mary Elizabeth (also called Mary Ellen), WLH Website, Late Nineteenth Century Politics, (Mary Elizabeth Lease)<br /> <br /> Legal Aid Society<br /> relation to public defense, WLH Website, Early History of Public Defense<br /> lobbyist, Foltz as, WLH Website, Foltz as Reform Lobbyist in the 1890s<br /> Lockwood, Belva, Website, Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies (Belva Lockwood); WLH Website, Women at the World’s Fair, (Participation in Other Auxiliary Congresses)<br /> <br /> Los Angeles, Foltz in<br /> public defender office, creation of, WLH Website, Comparison of Public Defender Statutes<br /> <br /> Marriage, WLH Website, Women’s History (Legal Status of Women in the Nineteenth Century<br /> <br /> Montgomery Block, San Francisco, WLH Website, San Francisco Social Life and Clara Foltz’s Circle<br /> <br /> Morris, Madge (later Wagner), WLH Website, San Francisco Social Life and Clara Foltz’s Circle; WLH Website, Women at the World’s Fair<br /> <br /> Mount Pleasant, Iowa, WLH Website, Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa<br /> Murray, George Wellwood, WLH Website, The New York Legal Scene,<br /> (Corporate Practice)<br /> <br /> National American Woman Suffrage Association, WLH Website, Suffrage History<br /> National Woman Suffrage Association, WLH Website, Suffrage History<br /> New American Woman, The, WLH Website, About and By Clara Foltz: Biographical Material and Her Writings<br /> <br /> “New Departure” strategy, WLH Website, Suffrage History<br /> New Woman movement, WLH Website, The New Woman<br /> New York City, Foltz in<br /> corporate practice, efforts to enter, WLH Website, The New York Legal Scene, (Corporate Practice)<br /> <br /> New Woman movement in, WLH Website, The New Woman<br /> prosecutorial and defense corruption in, WLH Website, The New York Legal Scene, (Criminal Practice)<br /> <br /> resistance to women lawyers in NY, WLH Website, The New York Legal Scene<br /> <br /> social life in, WLH Website, Trella Toland and Her Autograph Book<br /> Women’s Law Class at NYU and WLES, WLH Website, The New York Legal Scene, (Women’s Legal Education Society (WLES) and Law Class)<br /> <br /> New York State<br /> public defender statute campaign in, WLH Website, New York Politics and the Foltz Defender Bill<br /> <br /> woman suffrage campaign in, WLH Website, Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns, (New York)<br /> <br /> Niblo’s Garden, WLH Website, Trella Toland and Her Autograph Book. <br /> notaries public, women as, WLH Website, Foltz as Reform Lobbyist in the 1890s<br /> <br /> oil boom in California, WLH Website, The Oil Boom and Foltz’s Companies<br /> opposition to women’s rights<br /> Beecher scandal and, WLH Website, Suffrage History, (The Women’s Movement, Free Love, and Spiritualism)<br /> <br /> female remonstrants or anti-suffragists, WLH Website, Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns (New York)<br /> <br /> free love, association of suffrage with, <br /> WLH Website, Suffrage History, (The Women’s Movement, Free Love, and Spiritualism)<br /> <br /> Palmer, Mrs. Potter (Bertha), WLH Website, Women at the World’s Fair<br /> <br /> pardon cases, WLH Website, Foltz as Reform Lobbyist in the 1890s<br /> parole system in California, Foltz’s involvement with, WLH Website, Foltz as Reform Lobbyist in the 1890s<br /> <br /> penal reform, WLH Website, Foltz as Reform Lobbyist in the 1890s<br /> <br /> Platt, Thomas, 273, 313–15, WLH Website, New York Politics and Foltz’s Public Defender Bill<br /> <br /> poor, women’s representation of<br /> criminal cases of poor, Foltz’s specialization in, WLH Website, Law Practice in the West (Clara Foltz’s Practice). <br /> <br /> Populist movement (People’s Party), WLH Website, Late Nineteenth Century Politics<br /> <br /> presidential elections, WLH Website, Late Nineteenth Century Politics<br /> prison reform, WLH Website, Foltz as Reform Lobbyist in the 1890s<br /> <br /> Progressive movement, WLH Website, Progressivism, Suffrage and Public Defense<br /> Prosecution<br /> <br /> New York City, corruption in criminal justice system, WLH Website, The New York Legal Scene (Criminal Practice)<br /> <br /> public defense, prosecutorial misconduct leading to need for, WLH Website, Foltz’s Arguments for Public Defense (Prosecutorial Misconduct)<br /> <br /> public defense, WLH Website, Foltz the Founder of Public Defense <br /> at Chicago World’s Fair, speech on, WLH Website, Foltz’s Arguments for Public Defense<br /> <br /> court-appointed counsel prior to, WLH Website, The Right to Counsel and the Appointed Counsel System<br /> <br /> Los Angeles, first public defender’s office established in, WLH Website, Comparison of Public Defender Statutes (The 1912 Los Angeles Charter Provision and the 1921 Statute<br /> <br /> New York State campaign, WLH Website New York Politics and Foltz’s Defender Bill<br /> <br /> Progressive concept of, WLH Website, Comparison of Progressive Defender with Foltzian Model <br /> <br /> public lecturer, Foltz as, WLH Website, Women as Public Lecturers<br /> publishing career of Clara Foltz, WLH Website, About and By Clara Foltz, (Biographical Material and Her Writings)<br /> <br /> Queen Isabella Association, WLH Website, Women at the World’s Fair<br /> race and racial issues pertaining to African-Americans<br /> <br /> Douglass, Frederick, at Chicago World’s Fair, WLH Website, Women at the World’s Fair, (Participation in Other Auxiliary Congresses)<br /> <br /> Liberation of women and black people, linkage of, WLH Website, Suffrage History, (Relationship with other Movements and Causes)<br /> <br /> religion<br /> Campbellite or Christian Church (Disciples of Christ), <br /> WLH Website, Family, (Elias Shortridge)<br /> <br /> “soul-sleep,” Elias Shortridge on, WLH Website, Family and Mt. Pleasant, (Elias Shortridge)<br /> <br /> Theosophy, WLH Website, The Woman’s National Liberal Union Convention, (Theosophy and Madame Blavatsky)<br /> <br /> women’s rights organizations and organized religion, WLH Website, The Woman’s National Liberal Union Convention<br /> <br /> Ricker, Marilla, WLH Website, Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies <br /> “The Rights of Persons Accused” (Foltz, Albany Law Journal, 1893), WLH Website, Foltz’s Arguments for Public Defense<br /> <br /> Robinson, Lelia, later Sawtelle, WLH Website, Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies<br /> <br /> Saldez, People v., (Laura Gordon’s case), WLH Website, Women and Criminal Law Practice<br /> <br /> San Diego Bee, WLH Website, Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing<br /> San Diego, Foltz in, WLH Website, San Diego in the Real Estate Boom 1887-1890<br /> Bellamy Nationalism, embrace of, WLH Website, Bellamy Nationalism <br /> San Francisco, Foltz in<br /> hotels and hotel life, WLH Website, San Francisco Social Life and Clara Foltz’s Circle <br /> <br /> social life and society, WLH Website, San Francisco Social Life and Clara Foltz’s Circle<br /> <br /> suffrage referendum of 1896, WLH Website, <br /> Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns, (California)<br /> <br /> sandlotters, WLH Website, The Workingmen’s Party of California, (WPC)<br /> <br /> Sargent, Ellen Clark, WLH Website, Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns (California)<br /> <br /> Seneca Falls, NY, women’s rights meeting (1848), WLH Website, <br /> Suffrage History, (Seneca Falls)<br /> <br /> Shortridge, Carrie, WLH Website, Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa (Parents, Siblings)<br /> <br /> “Should Women be Executed?” (Foltz, Albany Law Journal, 1896),<br /> WLH Website, Murder Defendants and Equal Justice; WLH Website, About and By Clara Foltz: Biographical Material and Her Writings<br /> <br /> Slayton Lyceum Bureau, WLH Website, Women as Public Lecturers <br /> Smith, Anna, WLH Website, Late Nineteenth Century Politics, (Anna Ferry Smith)<br /> social life and society, WLH Website, Foltz’s Friends and Allies; WLH Website, San Francisco Social Life and Clara Foltz’s Circle; WLH Website, The New Woman; WLH Website, Trella Toland and Her Autograph Book<br /> <br /> New York City<br /> legal study by society women in, WLH Website, <br /> The New York Legal Scene, (Women’s Legal Education Society (WLES) and Law Class)<br /> <br /> “new women” in, WLH Website, The New Woman; <br /> WLH Website, Trella Toland and Her Autograph Book<br /> <br /> in San Diego, WLH Website, San Diego in the Real Estate Boom<br /> in San Francisco, WLH Website, San Francisco<br /> Social Life and Clara Foltz’s Circle <br /> <br /> Spanish-American War, WLH Website, Late Nineteenth Century Politics<br /> Spiritualism, WLH Website, Suffrage History, <br /> (The Women’s Movement, Free Love, and Spiritualism)<br /> <br /> St. Louis, 1896 Republican national convention in, WLH Website, Late Nineteenth Century Politics<br /> <br /> Stanton, Elizabeth Cady, WLH Website, Suffrage History<br /> on equal justice for women, WLH Website, Murder Defendants and Equal Justice<br /> <br /> reformism of 19th century, connection of women’s movement to, WLH Website, Suffrage History (Relationship to Other Movements and Causes)<br /> <br /> Woman Suffrage Associations and, WLH Suffrage History (Historiography)<br /> <br /> Woodhull and, WLH Website, The Women’s Movement, Free Love and Spiritualism <br /> <br /> Stoddard, Lorimer, WLH Website, Trella Toland and Her Autograph Book<br /> Stone, Lucy, WLH Website, Suffrage History<br /> <br /> Stoneman, Kate, WLH Website, The New York Legal Scene<br /> Strong, William, WLH Website, New York Politics and Foltz’s Public Defender Bill<br /> study of law by women, WLH Website, Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies <br /> Women’s Law Class at NYU and WLES, WLH Website, The New York Legal Scene, (Women’s Legal Education Society (WLES) and Law Class)<br /> <br /> Sutro, Florence, WLH Website, The New York Legal Scene Women’s Legal Education Society (WLES) and Law Class <br /> <br /> Tammany Hall, WLH Website, New York Politics and Foltz Defender Bill<br /> tariff debate, Foltz on, WLH Website, Late Nineteenth Century Politics (Women’s Pre-Suffrage Participation in Politics)<br /> <br /> temperance/prohibition<br /> in Washington Territory, WLH Website, Women and Jury Service, The Washington Territory Experience<br /> <br /> Women’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU), WLH Website, Suffrage History, (Relationship to Other Movements and Causes) <br /> <br /> Terry, David, WLH Website, California Constitutional History (Prominent Pro-Woman Delegates at the 1879 Convention)<br /> <br /> theater<br /> Bertha Foltz Smalley, musical and acting career of, WLH Website, <br /> Family, (Foltz’s Children) <br /> <br /> Virginia Foltz’s singing career, WLH Website, Family (Foltz’s Children)<br /> Theosophy, WLH Website, The Woman’s National Liberal Union Convention, (Theosophy and Madame Blavatsky)<br /> <br /> Titus, Stanleyetta, WLH Website, The New York Legal Scene <br /> Toland, Trella Evelyn, née Foltz (daughter), WLH Website, Family (Foltz’s Children); WLH Website, Trella Toland and Her Autograph Book <br /> <br /> autograph book, WLH Website, Trella Toland and Her Autograph Book<br /> <br /> as “new woman” in New York, WLH Website, Trella Toland and Her Autograph Book <br /> <br /> Tracy, Benjamin Franklin, WLH Website, New York Politics and Foltz’s Defender Bill<br /> <br /> Trumbo, Isaac, WLH Website, Trella Toland and <br /> Her Autograph Book, (Isaac Trumbo)<br /> <br /> Vacquerel, Alphonse, WLH Website, California Constitutional History, (Prominent Pro-Woman Delegates)<br /> <br /> Votes for Women Club, WLH Website, Victory in California, 1911<br /> Wagner, Madge Morris, WLH Website, San Francisco Social Life and Clara Foltz’s Circle<br /> <br /> Wait, Frona, WLH Website, San Francisco Social Life <br /> and Clara Foltz’s Circle<br /> <br /> Washington Territory<br /> temperance movement and women’s rights in, WLH Website, Women and Jury Service (The Washington Territory Experience)<br /> <br /> Watson, Elizabeth Lowe, WLH Website, Victory in California—1911<br /> White, Stephen, WLH Website, Late Nineteenth Century Politics, (Stephen White)<br /> <br /> Wilson, Samuel, WLH Website, California Constitutional History, (Prominent Opponents) <br /> Woman’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU), WLH Website, Suffrage History, Relationship with other Movements and Causes<br /> <br /> Woman’s National Liberal Union (WNLU), WLH Website, The Woman’s National Liberal Union Convention<br /> <br /> women lawyers, WLH Website, Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies<br /> <br /> Women’s Legal Education Society and Law Class of New York University (NYU),<br /> WLH Website, The New York Legal Scene, (Women’s Legal Education Society (WLES) and Law Class)<br /> <br /> Women’s Pacific Coast Oil Company, WLH Website, The Oil Boom <br /> and Foltz’s Companies<br /> <br /> Women’s Progressive League (originally Political Equality League), WLH Website, Victory in California—1911<br /> <br /> women’s rights, WLH Website, Suffrage History<br /> Bellamy Nationalism and, WLH Website, Bellamy Nationalism;<br /> WLH Website, The Woman’s National Liberal Union Convention, (Theosophy and Madame Blavatsky)<br /> <br /> Chicago World’s Fair and, WLH Website, Women at the World’s Fair<br /> <br /> historical background, WLH Website, Suffrage History <br /> liberation of women and black people, linkage of, WLH Website, Suffrage History, (Relationship to Other Movements and Causes)<br /> <br /> marriage and, WLH Website, Legal Status of Women <br /> in the Nineteenth Century<br /> <br /> National and American Woman Suffrage Associations, schism and <br /> reunification of, WLH Website, Suffrage History, (Historiography)<br /> <br /> “New Departure” strategy, WLH Website, <br /> Suffrage History, (Historiography)<br /> <br /> New Woman movement, WLH Website, The New Woman<br /> notaries public, women as, WLH Website, Foltz as <br /> Reform Lobbyist in the 1890s<br /> <br /> organized religion, alliance with/opposition to, WLH Website, Woman’s National Liberal Union Convention<br /> <br /> political office prior to suffrage, women seeking, WLH Website, Late Nineteenth Century Politics (Women’s Pre-Suffrage Participation in Politics)<br /> <br /> public defense and, WLH Website, Progressivism, Suffrage and Public Defense; WLH Website, Foltz’s Arguments for Public Defense, (Woman Suffrage and Public Defense); WLH Website Comparison of Progressive Defender and Foltzian Model <br /> <br /> reformism of 19th century, connection to, WLH Website, Suffrage History, (Relationship with Other Movements and Causes); WLH Website, Progressivism, Suffrage, and Public Defense<br /> <br /> San Francisco, suffrage referendum of 1896 in, WLH Website, Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns, (California)<br /> <br /> Seneca Falls, NY, women’s rights meeting (1848), WLH Website, Suffrage History, (Seneca Falls)<br /> <br /> silver-gold standard debate and, WLH Website, <br /> Late Nineteenth Century Politics<br /> <br /> Spiritualism, association with, WLH Website, Suffrage History, (The Women’s Movement, Free Love, and Spiritualism)<br /> <br /> in Washington Territory, WLH Website, Women and Jury Service, (The Washington Territory Experience) <br /> <br /> WNLU (Woman’s National Liberal Union) and, WLH Website, The Woman’s National Liberal Union Convention<br /> <br /> Woodhull, Victoria, WLH Website, Suffrage History, (The Woman’s Movement, Free Love, and Spiritualism) <br /> <br /> working woman, Foltz’s self-identification as, WLH Website, Late Nineteenth Century Politics, (Anna Ferry Smith) <br /> <br /> Workingmen’s Party of California (WPC), WLH Website, The Workingmen’s Party of California, (WPC)<br /> <br /> Workingmen’s Party of the United States, WLH Website, The Workingmen’s Party of California (WPC), (Relation with the Workingmen’s Party of the United States)<br /> <br /> World’s Congress of Representative Women, WLH Website, Women at the World’s Fair, (The Women’s Congresses)<br /> <br /> writings of Clara Foltz, WLH Website, By and About Clara Foltz, (Biographical Materials and Her Writings) <br /> <br /> “Duties of District Attorneys in Prosecutions” (Criminal Law Magazine, 1896), <br /> WLH Website, Foltz’s Arguments for Public Defense, (Prosecutorial Misconduct) <br /> <br /> “Public Defenders” (American Law Review, 1897), WLH Website, Foltz the Founder of Public Defense; WLH Website, Foltz’s Arguments for Public Defense<br /> <br /> “The Rights of Persons Accused” (Albany Law Journal, 1893), WLH Website, Foltz the Founder of Public Defense; WLH Website, Foltz’s Arguments for Public Defense<br /> <br /> “Should Women be Executed?” (Albany Law Journal, 1896), <br /> WLH Website, Murder Defendants and Equal Justice</div>

Babcock https://wlh-wiki.law.stanford.edu/index.php/Bibliographic_Notes_and_Supplementary_Text 2010-12-17T18:05:35Z

<p>Babcock:&#32;</p> <hr /> <div>Addams, Jane, WLH Website, Women at the World’s Fair, ([[The Women’s Congresses]])<br /> <br /> Aldrich, Josephine Cables, WLH Website, The Woman’s National Liberal Union Convention, (Notable Attendants)<br /> <br /> Aldrich, William, WLH Website, The Woman’s National Liberal Union Convention, (Notable Attendants)<br /> <br /> American Woman Suffrage Association, WLH Website, Suffrage History<br /> <br /> Anthony, Susan B., WLH Website, Suffrage History <br /> <br /> **arrest for attempt to vote, (New Departure), WLH Website, Suffrage History (Historiography)<br /> **California, suffrage campaign in, WLH Website, Post Fair Suffrage Campaigns, (California)<br /> **at Chicago World’s Fair, WLH Website, Women at the World’s Fair<br /> **New York State, WLH Website, Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns, (New York)<br /> **Woman Suffrage Associations WLH Website, Suffrage History<br /> **Woodhull, and WLH Website, The Women’s Movement, Free Love and Spiritualism <br /> <br /> *Ayers, James Joseph, WLH Website, California Constitutional History, (Prominent Pro-Woman Delegates at the 1879 Convention). <br /> <br /> *Baker, Edward Dickinson, WLH Website, Law Practice in the West, (Biographical works) <br /> <br /> *Ballou, Addie, WLH Website, Foltz as Reform Lobbyist in the 1890s <br /> <br /> *Beecher, Henry Ward, WLH Website, Suffrage History (The Women’s Movement, Free Love, and Spiritualism)<br /> <br /> *Bellamy Edward and Bellamy Nationalism, WLH Website, Bellamy Nationalism; WLH Website, Nineteenth Century Politics (Bellamy Nationalism and Populism) <br /> **public defense and, WLH Website, Comparison of Progressive Defender and Foltzian Model<br /> **Theosophy and, WLH Website, Women’s National Liberal Union, (Theosophy and Madame Blavatsky)<br /> <br /> *Bernhardt, Sarah, WLH Website, Trella Toland and Her Autograph Book<br /> <br /> *Besant, Annie, WLH Website, The Woman’s National Liberal Union Convention, (Theosophy and Madame Blavatsky)<br /> <br /> *Bishop, Thomas B., WLH Website, California Constitutional History, (Prominent Opponents) <br /> <br /> *Bittenbender, Ada, WLH Website, Woman Lawyers History<br /> <br /> *Blackmer, Eli, WLH Website, California Constitutional History, (Prominent Pro-Woman Delegates at the 1879 Convention) <br /> <br /> *Blake, Lillie Devereux, WLH Website, Foltz’s Friends and Allies<br /> <br /> *Blavatsky, Madame (Helena), WLH Website, The Woman’s National Liberal Union Convention, (Theosophy and Madame Blavatsky)<br /> <br /> *Board of Lady Managers, Chicago World’s Columbian Exposition (1893), WLH Website, Women at the World’s Fair<br /> <br /> *Bonney, Charles, WLH Website, The World’s Fair<br /> <br /> *Bradwell, Myra, WLH Website, Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies<br /> <br /> *Burton, Maria A. Ruiz, WLH Website, San Diego in the Real Estate Boom<br /> <br /> *California<br /> **woman suffrage campaigns<br /> ***1893–1896, WLH Website, Post Fair Suffrage Campaigns (California)<br /> ***1911 constitutional amendment, success of, WLH Website, Victory in California, 1911 <br /> ***new generation of suffragists, WLH Website, Victory in California 1911, (Lillian Coffin and Katherine Edson)<br /> <br /> *Campbellite or Christian Church (Disciples of Christ), WLH Website, Family and Mt. Pleasant, (Elia Shortridge) <br /> <br /> *Caples, James, WLH Website, California Constitutional History<br /> <br /> *cases and clients, WLH Website, Law Practice in the West, (Clara Foltz’s Practice); WLH Website, The New York Legal Scene <br /> **Bazette, Madame (Julia Bolles), WLH Website, Women and Divorce<br /> <br /> *Chicago Legal News, Myra Bradwell, editor, WLH Website, Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies, (Bradwell) <br /> <br /> *Chicago World’s Fair (World’s Columbian Exposition) (1893), WLH Website, The World’s Fair; WLH Website, Women at the World’s Fair<br /> **Congress of Jurisprudence and Law Reform: Foltz’s Public Defender Speech at, WLH Website, Foltz’s Arguments for Public Defense <br /> **Congress of Representative Women, WLH Website, Women at the World’s Fair, (The Women’s Congresses)<br /> **Mansfield, Arabella, and, WLH Website, Woman Lawyers History and Individual Biographies<br /> **Queen Isabella Association<br /> ***suffrage movement, influence on, WLH Website, Women at the World’s Fair; WLH Website, Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns <br /> ***Woman’s Building, success of, WLH Website, Women at the World’s Fair <br /> *children of Clara Foltz, WLH Website, Family, (Foltz’s children)<br /> **Trella Foltz Toland (White), WLH Website, Trella Toland and Her Autograph Book<br /> *Chinese immigrants in California<br /> **anti-chinese movement at California constitutional convention of 1879 and, WLH Website, California Constitutional History, (WPC and the Anti-Chinese Movement)<br /> **Choate, Joseph, WLH Website, Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns, (New York)<br /> *Christian or Campbellite Church (Disciples of Christ),<br /> WLH Website, Family, (Elias Shortridge)<br /> <br /> Clara Foltz Gold Mining Company, WLH Website, Trella Foltz and Her Autograph Book, (Isaac Trumbo)<br /> <br /> Clerye, Voltaireine de, WLH Website, The Woman’s National Liberal Union Convention <br /> <br /> Coffin, Lillian, WLH Website, Victory in California: Lillian Coffin and Katherine Edson <br /> <br /> Congress of Jurisprudence and Law Reform, WLH Website, Woman at the World’s Fair (Participation in the Auxiliary Congresses); WLH Website, Foltz’s Arguments for Public Defense<br /> <br /> Constitution, U.S. <br /> free counsel, constitutional right to, WLH Website, Foltz’s Arguments for Public Defense (Burdening the Right)<br /> <br /> Constitutional convention of 1879, California, WLH Website, California Constitutional History<br /> <br /> proposal and passage of women’s anti-discrimination clauses, WLH Website, California Constitutional History, (Passage of the Anti-Discrimination Clauses)<br /> <br /> corporate law practice, Foltz’s efforts to enter, WLH Website, The New York Legal Scene, (Corporate Practice)<br /> <br /> criminal justice system, WLH Website, Foltz as Reform Lobbyist in the 1890s; WLH Website, Foltz the Founder of Public Defense<br /> <br /> Foltz’s specialization in criminal cases of poor, WLH Website, Law Practice in the West, Clara Foltz’s Practice <br /> <br /> parole system in California, Foltz’s involvement with, WLH Website, Foltz as Reform Lobbyist in the 1890s<br /> <br /> Cummins, Ella Sterling, WLH Website, San Francisco Social Life and <br /> Clara Foltz’s Circle <br /> <br /> Davenport, Homer, WLH Website, Trella Toland and Her Autograph Book<br /> <br /> Davis, Richard Harding, WLH Website, Trella Toland and Her Autograph Book<br /> de Clerye, Voltaireine, WLH Website, The Woman’s National Liberal Union Convention<br /> <br /> Democrats<br /> platform of in late nineteenth century, WLH Website, <br /> Late Nineteenth Century Politics<br /> <br /> unpopularity in 1894, WLH Website, Late Nineteenth Century Politics (1894 Election in California)<br /> <br /> Dickinson, Anna, WLH Website, Women as Public Lecturers<br /> Divorce, WLH Website, Women and Divorce<br /> Duniway, Abigail, WLH Website, Foltz’s Friends and Allies (Abigail Duniway)<br /> “Duties of District Attorneys in Prosecutions” (Foltz, Criminal Law Magazine, 1896), WLH Website, Foltz’s Arguments for Public Defense, (Prosecutorial Misconduct)<br /> <br /> editorial career of Clara Foltz, WLH Website, About and by Clara Foltz, (Biographical Material and her Writings)<br /> <br /> Edson, Katherine, WLH Website, Victory in California, (Lillian Coffin and Katherine Edson)<br /> <br /> executors of estates, women as, WLH Website, Foltz as Reform Lobbyist in the 1890s<br /> Fair, Laura, WLH Website Murder Defendants and Equal Justice<br /> <br /> Field, Kate, WLH Website, Women as Public Lecturers<br /> <br /> Fitch, Tom, WLH Website, San Diego in the Real Estate Boom <br /> Foltz, Clara, née Shortridge, WLH Website, Timelines, (Life Events) <br /> birth, family, and early life, WLH Website, Family and Mt. Pleasant <br /> Foltz Defender Bill, WLH Website New York Politics and Foltz’s Defender Bill; WLH Website, Comparison of Public Defender Statutes<br /> <br /> free love, suffragists associated with, WLH Website, Suffrage History, (The Women’s Movement, Free Love, and Spiritualism) <br /> <br /> free thought movement, WLH Website, The Woman’s National Liberal <br /> Union Convention<br /> <br /> Friend, Emmanuel, WLH Website, Murder Defendants and Equal Justice (Barbella)<br /> <br /> Gage, Matilda, née Joslyn, WLH Website, The Woman’s National Liberal Union Convention, (Matilda Gage)<br /> <br /> Gideon v. Wainwright (1963), WLH Website, The Right to Counsel and the Appointed Counsel System<br /> <br /> Gilman, Charlotte Perkins, WLH Website, Bellamy Nationalism, <br /> (Charlotte Perkins Gilman)<br /> <br /> gold mining company of Clara Foltz, WLH Website, Trella Toland and Her Autograph Book, (Isaac Trumbo)<br /> <br /> Goodell, Lavinia, WLH Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies, (Lavinia Goodell) <br /> <br /> Gordon, Laura, WLH Website, Foltz’s Friends and Allies, (Laura Gordon)<br /> criminal defense and career of, WLH Website, Law Practice in the West, <br /> (Women and Criminal Law Practice) <br /> <br /> Grady, Tom, WLH Website, New York Politics and Foltz’s Public Defender Bill<br /> <br /> Gunn, Charles “C. E.,”<br /> Cogswell case and, WLH Website, Law Practice in the West, (Clara Foltz’s Practice)<br /> <br /> Harper, Ida, WLH Website, Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns<br /> Haymarket bombing, Chicago (1886), WLH Website, Late Nineteenth Century Politics<br /> <br /> Hazel Kirke, WLH Website, Trella Foltz and Her Autograph Book<br /> Hjuls (coffee shop, San Francisco), WLH Website, San Francisco Social Life and Clara Foltz’s Circle<br /> <br /> Hoge, Joseph, WLH Website, California Constitutional History, <br /> (Prominent Opponents)<br /> <br /> Howe, Samuel L., and Howe’s Academy, WLH Website: Mt. Pleasant and Howe’s Academy<br /> <br /> Howe and Hummel, WLH Website, The New York Legal Scene, (Criminal Practice)<br /> <br /> Johnson, Grove L., WLH Website, Foltz’s Friends and Allies<br /> <br /> Johnson, Hiram, WLH Website, <br /> Progressivism, Suffrage, and Public Defense<br /> <br /> Jordan, Elizabeth (Kate), WLH Website, The New Woman<br /> Juries, WLH Website, Women and Jury Service<br /> Kearney, Denis, and Kearneyites, WLH Website, The Workingmen’s Party of California<br /> <br /> Knox, Sarah (later Knox-Goodrich), WLH Website, Foltz’s Friends and Allies (Sarah Knox-Goodrich)<br /> <br /> Lady Managers, Chicago World’s Columbian Exposition (1893), WLH Website, Women at the World’s Fair<br /> <br /> Lake, Delos, WLH Website, California Constitutional History, <br /> Prominent Opponents<br /> <br /> lawyer, Foltz as, WLH Website Law Practice in the West, (Clara Foltz’s Practice)<br /> <br /> corporate practice, efforts to enter, WLH Website, The New York Legal Scene, (Corporate Practice) <br /> <br /> public lecture on shysters, WLH Website, Women as Public Lecturers<br /> <br /> lawyers, women as, WLH Website, Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies <br /> New York City, resistance to women lawyers in, WLH Website, The New York Legal Scene <br /> <br /> public defense and, WLH Website, Progressivism, Suffrage, and Public Defense; WLH Website, Foltz’s Arguments for Public Defense, (Woman Suffrage and Public Defense)<br /> <br /> Lease, Mary Elizabeth (also called Mary Ellen), WLH Website, Late Nineteenth Century Politics, (Mary Elizabeth Lease)<br /> <br /> Legal Aid Society<br /> relation to public defense, WLH Website, Early History of Public Defense<br /> lobbyist, Foltz as, WLH Website, Foltz as Reform Lobbyist in the 1890s<br /> Lockwood, Belva, Website, Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies (Belva Lockwood); WLH Website, Women at the World’s Fair, (Participation in Other Auxiliary Congresses)<br /> <br /> Los Angeles, Foltz in<br /> public defender office, creation of, WLH Website, Comparison of Public Defender Statutes<br /> <br /> Marriage, WLH Website, Women’s History (Legal Status of Women in the Nineteenth Century<br /> <br /> Montgomery Block, San Francisco, WLH Website, San Francisco Social Life and Clara Foltz’s Circle<br /> <br /> Morris, Madge (later Wagner), WLH Website, San Francisco Social Life and Clara Foltz’s Circle; WLH Website, Women at the World’s Fair<br /> <br /> Mount Pleasant, Iowa, WLH Website, Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa<br /> Murray, George Wellwood, WLH Website, The New York Legal Scene,<br /> (Corporate Practice)<br /> <br /> National American Woman Suffrage Association, WLH Website, Suffrage History<br /> National Woman Suffrage Association, WLH Website, Suffrage History<br /> New American Woman, The, WLH Website, About and By Clara Foltz: Biographical Material and Her Writings<br /> <br /> “New Departure” strategy, WLH Website, Suffrage History<br /> New Woman movement, WLH Website, The New Woman<br /> New York City, Foltz in<br /> corporate practice, efforts to enter, WLH Website, The New York Legal Scene, (Corporate Practice)<br /> <br /> New Woman movement in, WLH Website, The New Woman<br /> prosecutorial and defense corruption in, WLH Website, The New York Legal Scene, (Criminal Practice)<br /> <br /> resistance to women lawyers in NY, WLH Website, The New York Legal Scene<br /> <br /> social life in, WLH Website, Trella Toland and Her Autograph Book<br /> Women’s Law Class at NYU and WLES, WLH Website, The New York Legal Scene, (Women’s Legal Education Society (WLES) and Law Class)<br /> <br /> New York State<br /> public defender statute campaign in, WLH Website, New York Politics and the Foltz Defender Bill<br /> <br /> woman suffrage campaign in, WLH Website, Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns, (New York)<br /> <br /> Niblo’s Garden, WLH Website, Trella Toland and Her Autograph Book. <br /> notaries public, women as, WLH Website, Foltz as Reform Lobbyist in the 1890s<br /> <br /> oil boom in California, WLH Website, The Oil Boom and Foltz’s Companies<br /> opposition to women’s rights<br /> Beecher scandal and, WLH Website, Suffrage History, (The Women’s Movement, Free Love, and Spiritualism)<br /> <br /> female remonstrants or anti-suffragists, WLH Website, Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns (New York)<br /> <br /> free love, association of suffrage with, <br /> WLH Website, Suffrage History, (The Women’s Movement, Free Love, and Spiritualism)<br /> <br /> Palmer, Mrs. Potter (Bertha), WLH Website, Women at the World’s Fair<br /> <br /> pardon cases, WLH Website, Foltz as Reform Lobbyist in the 1890s<br /> parole system in California, Foltz’s involvement with, WLH Website, Foltz as Reform Lobbyist in the 1890s<br /> <br /> penal reform, WLH Website, Foltz as Reform Lobbyist in the 1890s<br /> <br /> Platt, Thomas, 273, 313–15, WLH Website, New York Politics and Foltz’s Public Defender Bill<br /> <br /> poor, women’s representation of<br /> criminal cases of poor, Foltz’s specialization in, WLH Website, Law Practice in the West (Clara Foltz’s Practice). <br /> <br /> Populist movement (People’s Party), WLH Website, Late Nineteenth Century Politics<br /> <br /> presidential elections, WLH Website, Late Nineteenth Century Politics<br /> prison reform, WLH Website, Foltz as Reform Lobbyist in the 1890s<br /> <br /> Progressive movement, WLH Website, Progressivism, Suffrage and Public Defense<br /> Prosecution<br /> <br /> New York City, corruption in criminal justice system, WLH Website, The New York Legal Scene (Criminal Practice)<br /> <br /> public defense, prosecutorial misconduct leading to need for, WLH Website, Foltz’s Arguments for Public Defense (Prosecutorial Misconduct)<br /> <br /> public defense, WLH Website, Foltz the Founder of Public Defense <br /> at Chicago World’s Fair, speech on, WLH Website, Foltz’s Arguments for Public Defense<br /> <br /> court-appointed counsel prior to, WLH Website, The Right to Counsel and the Appointed Counsel System<br /> <br /> Los Angeles, first public defender’s office established in, WLH Website, Comparison of Public Defender Statutes (The 1912 Los Angeles Charter Provision and the 1921 Statute<br /> <br /> New York State campaign, WLH Website New York Politics and Foltz’s Defender Bill<br /> <br /> Progressive concept of, WLH Website, Comparison of Progressive Defender with Foltzian Model <br /> <br /> public lecturer, Foltz as, WLH Website, Women as Public Lecturers<br /> publishing career of Clara Foltz, WLH Website, About and By Clara Foltz, (Biographical Material and Her Writings)<br /> <br /> Queen Isabella Association, WLH Website, Women at the World’s Fair<br /> race and racial issues pertaining to African-Americans<br /> <br /> Douglass, Frederick, at Chicago World’s Fair, WLH Website, Women at the World’s Fair, (Participation in Other Auxiliary Congresses)<br /> <br /> Liberation of women and black people, linkage of, WLH Website, Suffrage History, (Relationship with other Movements and Causes)<br /> <br /> religion<br /> Campbellite or Christian Church (Disciples of Christ), <br /> WLH Website, Family, (Elias Shortridge)<br /> <br /> “soul-sleep,” Elias Shortridge on, WLH Website, Family and Mt. Pleasant, (Elias Shortridge)<br /> <br /> Theosophy, WLH Website, The Woman’s National Liberal Union Convention, (Theosophy and Madame Blavatsky)<br /> <br /> women’s rights organizations and organized religion, WLH Website, The Woman’s National Liberal Union Convention<br /> <br /> Ricker, Marilla, WLH Website, Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies <br /> “The Rights of Persons Accused” (Foltz, Albany Law Journal, 1893), WLH Website, Foltz’s Arguments for Public Defense<br /> <br /> Robinson, Lelia, later Sawtelle, WLH Website, Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies<br /> <br /> Saldez, People v., (Laura Gordon’s case), WLH Website, Women and Criminal Law Practice<br /> <br /> San Diego Bee, WLH Website, Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing<br /> San Diego, Foltz in, WLH Website, San Diego in the Real Estate Boom 1887-1890<br /> Bellamy Nationalism, embrace of, WLH Website, Bellamy Nationalism <br /> San Francisco, Foltz in<br /> hotels and hotel life, WLH Website, San Francisco Social Life and Clara Foltz’s Circle <br /> <br /> social life and society, WLH Website, San Francisco Social Life and Clara Foltz’s Circle<br /> <br /> suffrage referendum of 1896, WLH Website, <br /> Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns, (California)<br /> <br /> sandlotters, WLH Website, The Workingmen’s Party of California, (WPC)<br /> <br /> Sargent, Ellen Clark, WLH Website, Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns (California)<br /> <br /> Seneca Falls, NY, women’s rights meeting (1848), WLH Website, <br /> Suffrage History, (Seneca Falls)<br /> <br /> Shortridge, Carrie, WLH Website, Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa (Parents, Siblings)<br /> <br /> “Should Women be Executed?” (Foltz, Albany Law Journal, 1896),<br /> WLH Website, Murder Defendants and Equal Justice; WLH Website, About and By Clara Foltz: Biographical Material and Her Writings<br /> <br /> Slayton Lyceum Bureau, WLH Website, Women as Public Lecturers <br /> Smith, Anna, WLH Website, Late Nineteenth Century Politics, (Anna Ferry Smith)<br /> social life and society, WLH Website, Foltz’s Friends and Allies; WLH Website, San Francisco Social Life and Clara Foltz’s Circle; WLH Website, The New Woman; WLH Website, Trella Toland and Her Autograph Book<br /> <br /> New York City<br /> legal study by society women in, WLH Website, <br /> The New York Legal Scene, (Women’s Legal Education Society (WLES) and Law Class)<br /> <br /> “new women” in, WLH Website, The New Woman; <br /> WLH Website, Trella Toland and Her Autograph Book<br /> <br /> in San Diego, WLH Website, San Diego in the Real Estate Boom<br /> in San Francisco, WLH Website, San Francisco<br /> Social Life and Clara Foltz’s Circle <br /> <br /> Spanish-American War, WLH Website, Late Nineteenth Century Politics<br /> Spiritualism, WLH Website, Suffrage History, <br /> (The Women’s Movement, Free Love, and Spiritualism)<br /> <br /> St. Louis, 1896 Republican national convention in, WLH Website, Late Nineteenth Century Politics<br /> <br /> Stanton, Elizabeth Cady, WLH Website, Suffrage History<br /> on equal justice for women, WLH Website, Murder Defendants and Equal Justice<br /> <br /> reformism of 19th century, connection of women’s movement to, WLH Website, Suffrage History (Relationship to Other Movements and Causes)<br /> <br /> Woman Suffrage Associations and, WLH Suffrage History (Historiography)<br /> <br /> Woodhull and, WLH Website, The Women’s Movement, Free Love and Spiritualism <br /> <br /> Stoddard, Lorimer, WLH Website, Trella Toland and Her Autograph Book<br /> Stone, Lucy, WLH Website, Suffrage History<br /> <br /> Stoneman, Kate, WLH Website, The New York Legal Scene<br /> Strong, William, WLH Website, New York Politics and Foltz’s Public Defender Bill<br /> study of law by women, WLH Website, Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies <br /> Women’s Law Class at NYU and WLES, WLH Website, The New York Legal Scene, (Women’s Legal Education Society (WLES) and Law Class)<br /> <br /> Sutro, Florence, WLH Website, The New York Legal Scene Women’s Legal Education Society (WLES) and Law Class <br /> <br /> Tammany Hall, WLH Website, New York Politics and Foltz Defender Bill<br /> tariff debate, Foltz on, WLH Website, Late Nineteenth Century Politics (Women’s Pre-Suffrage Participation in Politics)<br /> <br /> temperance/prohibition<br /> in Washington Territory, WLH Website, Women and Jury Service, The Washington Territory Experience<br /> <br /> Women’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU), WLH Website, Suffrage History, (Relationship to Other Movements and Causes) <br /> <br /> Terry, David, WLH Website, California Constitutional History (Prominent Pro-Woman Delegates at the 1879 Convention)<br /> <br /> theater<br /> Bertha Foltz Smalley, musical and acting career of, WLH Website, <br /> Family, (Foltz’s Children) <br /> <br /> Virginia Foltz’s singing career, WLH Website, Family (Foltz’s Children)<br /> Theosophy, WLH Website, The Woman’s National Liberal Union Convention, (Theosophy and Madame Blavatsky)<br /> <br /> Titus, Stanleyetta, WLH Website, The New York Legal Scene <br /> Toland, Trella Evelyn, née Foltz (daughter), WLH Website, Family (Foltz’s Children); WLH Website, Trella Toland and Her Autograph Book <br /> <br /> autograph book, WLH Website, Trella Toland and Her Autograph Book<br /> <br /> as “new woman” in New York, WLH Website, Trella Toland and Her Autograph Book <br /> <br /> Tracy, Benjamin Franklin, WLH Website, New York Politics and Foltz’s Defender Bill<br /> <br /> Trumbo, Isaac, WLH Website, Trella Toland and <br /> Her Autograph Book, (Isaac Trumbo)<br /> <br /> Vacquerel, Alphonse, WLH Website, California Constitutional History, (Prominent Pro-Woman Delegates)<br /> <br /> Votes for Women Club, WLH Website, Victory in California, 1911<br /> Wagner, Madge Morris, WLH Website, San Francisco Social Life and Clara Foltz’s Circle<br /> <br /> Wait, Frona, WLH Website, San Francisco Social Life <br /> and Clara Foltz’s Circle<br /> <br /> Washington Territory<br /> temperance movement and women’s rights in, WLH Website, Women and Jury Service (The Washington Territory Experience)<br /> <br /> Watson, Elizabeth Lowe, WLH Website, Victory in California—1911<br /> White, Stephen, WLH Website, Late Nineteenth Century Politics, (Stephen White)<br /> <br /> Wilson, Samuel, WLH Website, California Constitutional History, (Prominent Opponents) <br /> Woman’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU), WLH Website, Suffrage History, Relationship with other Movements and Causes<br /> <br /> Woman’s National Liberal Union (WNLU), WLH Website, The Woman’s National Liberal Union Convention<br /> <br /> women lawyers, WLH Website, Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies<br /> <br /> Women’s Legal Education Society and Law Class of New York University (NYU),<br /> WLH Website, The New York Legal Scene, (Women’s Legal Education Society (WLES) and Law Class)<br /> <br /> Women’s Pacific Coast Oil Company, WLH Website, The Oil Boom <br /> and Foltz’s Companies<br /> <br /> Women’s Progressive League (originally Political Equality League), WLH Website, Victory in California—1911<br /> <br /> women’s rights, WLH Website, Suffrage History<br /> Bellamy Nationalism and, WLH Website, Bellamy Nationalism;<br /> WLH Website, The Woman’s National Liberal Union Convention, (Theosophy and Madame Blavatsky)<br /> <br /> Chicago World’s Fair and, WLH Website, Women at the World’s Fair<br /> <br /> historical background, WLH Website, Suffrage History <br /> liberation of women and black people, linkage of, WLH Website, Suffrage History, (Relationship to Other Movements and Causes)<br /> <br /> marriage and, WLH Website, Legal Status of Women <br /> in the Nineteenth Century<br /> <br /> National and American Woman Suffrage Associations, schism and <br /> reunification of, WLH Website, Suffrage History, (Historiography)<br /> <br /> “New Departure” strategy, WLH Website, <br /> Suffrage History, (Historiography)<br /> <br /> New Woman movement, WLH Website, The New Woman<br /> notaries public, women as, WLH Website, Foltz as <br /> Reform Lobbyist in the 1890s<br /> <br /> organized religion, alliance with/opposition to, WLH Website, Woman’s National Liberal Union Convention<br /> <br /> political office prior to suffrage, women seeking, WLH Website, Late Nineteenth Century Politics (Women’s Pre-Suffrage Participation in Politics)<br /> <br /> public defense and, WLH Website, Progressivism, Suffrage and Public Defense; WLH Website, Foltz’s Arguments for Public Defense, (Woman Suffrage and Public Defense); WLH Website Comparison of Progressive Defender and Foltzian Model <br /> <br /> reformism of 19th century, connection to, WLH Website, Suffrage History, (Relationship with Other Movements and Causes); WLH Website, Progressivism, Suffrage, and Public Defense<br /> <br /> San Francisco, suffrage referendum of 1896 in, WLH Website, Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns, (California)<br /> <br /> Seneca Falls, NY, women’s rights meeting (1848), WLH Website, Suffrage History, (Seneca Falls)<br /> <br /> silver-gold standard debate and, WLH Website, <br /> Late Nineteenth Century Politics<br /> <br /> Spiritualism, association with, WLH Website, Suffrage History, (The Women’s Movement, Free Love, and Spiritualism)<br /> <br /> in Washington Territory, WLH Website, Women and Jury Service, (The Washington Territory Experience) <br /> <br /> WNLU (Woman’s National Liberal Union) and, WLH Website, The Woman’s National Liberal Union Convention<br /> <br /> Woodhull, Victoria, WLH Website, Suffrage History, (The Woman’s Movement, Free Love, and Spiritualism) <br /> <br /> working woman, Foltz’s self-identification as, WLH Website, Late Nineteenth Century Politics, (Anna Ferry Smith) <br /> <br /> Workingmen’s Party of California (WPC), WLH Website, The Workingmen’s Party of California, (WPC)<br /> <br /> Workingmen’s Party of the United States, WLH Website, The Workingmen’s Party of California (WPC), (Relation with the Workingmen’s Party of the United States)<br /> <br /> World’s Congress of Representative Women, WLH Website, Women at the World’s Fair, (The Women’s Congresses)<br /> <br /> writings of Clara Foltz, WLH Website, By and About Clara Foltz, (Biographical Materials and Her Writings) <br /> <br /> “Duties of District Attorneys in Prosecutions” (Criminal Law Magazine, 1896), <br /> WLH Website, Foltz’s Arguments for Public Defense, (Prosecutorial Misconduct) <br /> <br /> “Public Defenders” (American Law Review, 1897), WLH Website, Foltz the Founder of Public Defense; WLH Website, Foltz’s Arguments for Public Defense<br /> <br /> “The Rights of Persons Accused” (Albany Law Journal, 1893), WLH Website, Foltz the Founder of Public Defense; WLH Website, Foltz’s Arguments for Public Defense<br /> <br /> “Should Women be Executed?” (Albany Law Journal, 1896), <br /> WLH Website, Murder Defendants and Equal Justice</div>

Babcock https://wlh-wiki.law.stanford.edu/index.php/Indexes_and_Bibliographic_Notes 2010-12-17T01:00:24Z

<p>Babcock:&#32;/* Indexes, Bibliographic Notes and Supplementary Text */</p> <hr /> <div>==Indexes, Bibliographic Notes and Supplementary Text==<br /> <br /> There are two indexes here: the first is to subjects and page numbers in WOMAN LAWYER: THE TRIALS OF CLARA FOLTZ (the book index. This index also appears on the website of the Stanford University Press. The second index is to the [[Bibliographic Notes and Supplementary text]] (the supplement index). The supplement is a companion to WOMAN LAWYER, with additional source material for the facts and interpretations in the text and endnotes. <br /> <br /> Following the two indexes, are the supplementary notes, arranged in the order of the book chapters. Some of these are traditional bibliographic notes listing essential references with a few words of critical explanation. Also included are first person essays and descriptions of people and events that influenced Clara Foltz, but whose stories would extend the book unduly. For instance, the Note on Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing,(see notes for chapter two) describes in detail the content of the San Diego Bee over a ten day period during Foltz’s editorship. <br /> <br /> A biography written over many years has more sources than can be cited even in this format – especially in a burgeoning new field like women’s legal history. I have tried to cite the main works that influenced my thinking, which may not be exactly the same as all the main works. In a larger sense, virtually everything I have read concerning women’s rights and nineteenth century history is in here somewhere even though not mentioned explicitly. To those whose work deserves more recognition than I have given it here, my sincerest apologies.<br /> <br /> == List of On-Line Bibliographic Sources==<br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; Introductory &lt;/font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> #[[About and By Clara Foltz: Biographical Material and Her Writings]]<br /> #[[Archival and Investigative Materials]]<br /> #[[Timelines]]<br /> ##[[Timelines#Life Events|Life Events]] <br /> ##[[Timelines#Passage of Constitutional Clauses|Passage of Constitutional Clauses]] <br /> ##[[Timelines#Public Defender Campaign|Public Defender Campaign]]<br /> #[[Women’s History]]<br /> ##[[Women’s History#Legal Status of Women in Nineteenth Century|Legal Status of Women in the Nineteenth Century]]<br /> ##[[Women’s History#“Feminism” and Women’s Rights: Nomenclature|&quot;Feminism&quot; and Women’s Rights: Nomenclature]]<br /> ##[[Women’s History#Women’s Biography|Women's Biography]]<br /> #[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies]]<br /> ##[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Myra Bradwell|Myra Bradwell]]<br /> ##[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Lavinia Goodell|Lavinia Goodell]]<br /> ##[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Mary Greene|Mary Greene]]<br /> ##[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Belva Lockwood|Belva Lockwood]]<br /> ##[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Arabella (Belle) Mansfield|Arabella (Belle) Mansfield]]<br /> ##[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Marilla Ricker|Marilla Ricker]]<br /> ##[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Lelia Robinson|Lelia Robinson]]<br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; Chapter One &lt;/font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> #[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa]]<br /> ##[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Parents|Parents]]<br /> ##[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Siblings: Milton and John|Siblings]]<br /> ##[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Charles Morris Shortridge|Charles Morris Shortridge]]<br /> ###[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Timeline and Excerpts|Timeline and Excerpts]]<br /> ##[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Senator Samuel Morgan Shortridge (brother)|Senator Samuel Morgan Shortridge (brother)]]<br /> ##[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Clara Foltz’s Children|Foltz’s Children]]<br /> ###[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Trella Evelyn Foltz|Trella Evelyn Foltz]]<br /> ###[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Samuel Courtland Foltz|Samuel Courtland Foltz]]<br /> ###[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#David Milton Foltz|David Milton Foltz]]<br /> ###[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Bertha May Foltz Newman|Bertha May Foltz Newman]]<br /> ###[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Virginia Foltz Catron|Virginia Foltz Catron]]<br /> ####[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Investigative material|Investigative material]]<br /> ####[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Newspaper Interviews of Virgina|Newspaper Interviews of Virgina]]<br /> ##[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Mt. Pleasant and Howe’s Academy|Mt. Pleasant and Howe’s Academy]]<br /> #[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies]]<br /> ##[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Lillie Devereux Blake|Lillie Devereux Blake]]<br /> ##[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Clara Colby|Clara Colby]]<br /> ##[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Abigail Duniway|Abigail Duniway]]<br /> ##[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Sarah Knox Goodrich|Sarah Knox Goodrich]]<br /> ##[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Laura Gordon|Laura Gordon]]<br /> ##[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Grove L. Johnson|Grove L. Johnson]]<br /> #[[The Workingmen’s Party of California (WPC)]]<br /> ##[[The Workingmen’s Party of California (WPC)#Rise and Composition of the WPC|Rise and Composition of the WPC]]<br /> ##[[The Workingmen’s Party of California (WPC)#WPC and the Anti-Chinese Movement|WPC and the Anti-Chinese Movement ]]<br /> ##[[The Workingmen’s Party of California (WPC)#Relation with the Workingmen’s Party of the United States (WPUS)|Relation with the Workingmen’s Party of the United States (WPUS)]]<br /> #[[California Constitutional History]]<br /> ##[[California Constitutional History#Convention of 1879|Convention of 1879]]<br /> ##[[California Constitutional History#Passage of the Anti-Discrimination Clauses|Passage of the Anti-Discrimination Clauses]]<br /> ##[[California Constitutional History#Prominent Pro-Woman Delegates at the 1879 Convention|Prominent Pro-Woman Delegates at the 1879 Convention]]<br /> ###[[California Constitutional History#James J. Ayers|James J. Ayers]]<br /> ###[[California Constitutional History#Eli T. Blackmer|Eli T. Blackmer]]<br /> ###[[California Constitutional History#Charles Ringgold|Charles Ringgold]]<br /> ###[[California Constitutional History#David Terry|David Terry]]<br /> ###[[California Constitutional History#Alphonse Vacquerel|Alphonse Vacquerel]]<br /> ##[[California Constitutional History#Prominent Opponents|Prominent Opponents]]<br /> ###[[California Constitutional History#Joseph Hoge|Joseph Hoge]]<br /> ###[[California Constitutional History#Samuel Wilson|Samuel Wilson]]<br /> ###[[California Constitutional History#Thomas Bishop|Thomas Bishop]]<br /> ###[[California Constitutional History#Delos Lake|Delos Lake]]<br /> #[[Women and Divorce]]<br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; Chapter Two &lt;/font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> #[[Women as Public Lecturers]] <br /> #[[Women and Jury Service]]<br /> ##[[Women and Jury Service#The Washington Territory Experience|The Washington Territory Experience]]<br /> #[[San Francisco Social Life and Clara Foltz's Circle]]<br /> #[[San Diego in the Real Estate Boom]]<br /> #[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing]]<br /> ##[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#A Bee Sampler|A Bee Sampler]]<br /> ###[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#The Boom|The Boom]]<br /> ###[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#Outside News|Outside News]]<br /> ###[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#Local Excitement|Local Excitement]]<br /> ###[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#Regular Items|Regular Items]]<br /> ###[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#Civic Events|Civic Events]]<br /> ###[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#Society and Fashion|Society and Fashion]]<br /> ###[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#Last Days at the Bee|Last Days at the Bee]]<br /> #[[Bellamy Nationalism]]<br /> ##[[Bellamy Nationalism#Charlotte Perkins Gilman|Charlotte Perkins Gilman]]<br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; Chapter Three &lt;/font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> #[[Law Practice in the West]]<br /> ##[[Law Practice in the West#General Works|General works]]<br /> ##[[Law Practice in the West#Biographical Works|Biographical works]]<br /> ###[[Law Practice in the West#Oscar Shuck's Work|Oscar Shuck's Work]]<br /> ##[[Law Practice in the West#Clara Foltz’s Practice|Clara Foltz’s Practice]]<br /> ##[[Law Practice in the West#Women and Criminal Law Practice|Women and Criminal Law Practice]]<br /> ###[[Law Practice in the West#Lelia Robinson|Lelia Robinson]]<br /> ###[[Law Practice in the West#Women Defenders: The Negative Image|Women Defenders: The Negative Image]]<br /> ###[[Law Practice in the West#Women Defenders and Women Jurors|Women Defenders and Women Jurors]]<br /> ###[[Law Practice in the West#Laura Gordon and the Sproule Case|Laura Gordon and the Sproule Case]]<br /> ###[[Law Practice in the West#Why Women Became Defenders|Why Women Became Defenders]]<br /> ###[[Law Practice in the West#The Contributions of Women to Criminal Defense|The Contributions of Women to Criminal Defense]]<br /> #[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics]]<br /> ##[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics#General Sources|General Sources]]<br /> ###[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics#Coxey's Army, The Pullman Strike, and the Haymarket Tragedy|Coxey's Army, The Pullman Strike, and the Haymarket Tragedy]]<br /> ###[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics#Bellamy Nationalism and Populism|Bellamy Nationalism and Populism]]<br /> ###[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics#Women's Pre-Suffrage Participation in Politics|Women's Pre-Suffrage Participation in Politics]]<br /> ###[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics#1894 Election in California|1894 Election in California]]<br /> ##[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics#Mary Elizabeth Lease (also known as Mary Ellen)|Mary Elizabeth Lease]]<br /> ##[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics#Stephen White|Stephen White]]<br /> ##[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics#Anna Ferry Smith|Anna Ferry Smith]]<br /> #[[Foltz as Reform Lobbyist in the 1890s]] <br /> ##[[Foltz as Reform Lobbyist in the 1890s#Parole Legislation|Parole Legislation]] <br /> ##[[Foltz as Reform Lobbyist in the 1890s#Women's Rights Measures|Women's Rights Measures]] <br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; Chapter Four &lt;/font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> #[[The New Woman]]<br /> #[[Trella Toland and Her Autograph Book]] <br /> ##[[Trella Toland and Her Autograph Book#Writers and Journalists|Writers and Journalists]]<br /> ##[[Trella Toland and Her Autograph Book#Actors|Actors]]<br /> ##[[Trella Toland and Her Autograph Book#Theater People|Theater People]]<br /> ##[[Trella Toland and Her Autograph Book#Trella's Family: William Toland, Sam Shortridge, and Virginia Toland|Trella's Family: William Toland, Sam Shortridge, and Virginia Toland]]<br /> ##[[Trella Toland and Her Autograph Book#Isaac Trumbo|Isaac Trumbo]]<br /> #[[The New York Legal Scene]]<br /> ##[[The New York Legal Scene#Women’s Legal Education Society (WLES) and Law Class|Women’s Legal Education Society (WLES) and Law Class]]<br /> ##[[The New York Legal Scene#The New Corporate Practice|The New Corporate Practice]]<br /> ##[[The New York Legal Scene#Criminal Practice|Criminal practice]]<br /> #[[The Oil Boom and Foltz’s Companies]]<br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; Chapter Five &lt;/font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> #[[Murder Defendants and Equal Justice]]<br /> ##[[Murder Defendants and Equal Justice#Women as Criminal Defendants|Women as Criminal Defendants]]<br /> ###[[Murder Defendants and Equal Justice#The Death Penalty|The Death Penalty]]<br /> ###[[Murder Defendants and Equal Justice#Maria Barbella|Maria Barbella]]<br /> ###[[Murder Defendants and Equal Justice#Laura Fair|Laura Fair]]<br /> ###[[Murder Defendants and Equal Justice#Florence Maybrick|Florence Maybrick]]<br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; Chapter Six &lt;/font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> #[[Suffrage History]]<br /> ##[[Suffrage History#Legal Status of Women in Nineteenth Century|Legal Status of Women in Nineteenth Century]]<br /> ##[[Suffrage History#Seneca Falls|Seneca Falls]]<br /> ##[[Suffrage History#Historiography|Historiography]]<br /> ##[[Suffrage History#Relationship with Other Movements and Causes|Relationship to Other Movements and Causes]]<br /> ###[[Suffrage History#Suffrage and Other Women's Rights|Suffrage and Other Women's Rights]]<br /> ###[[Suffrage History#Suffrage and Black Civil Rights Movement|Suffrage and Black Civil Rights Movement]]<br /> ###[[Suffrage History#Suffrage and Temperance and Prohibition|Suffrage and Temperance and Prohibition]]<br /> #[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention]]<br /> ##[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention#General Sources|General Sources]]<br /> ##[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention#Matilda Gage, President|Matilda Gage, President]]<br /> ##[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention#Reaction to Foltz’s Remarks|Reaction to Foltz’s Remarks]]<br /> ##[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention#Other Notable Attendants|Other Notable Attendants]]<br /> ###[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention#Theosophy and Madame Blavatsky|Theosophy and Madame Blavatsky]]<br /> ###[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention#William Aldrich and Josephine Cables|William Aldrich and Josephine Cables]]<br /> ###[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention#Elliott and Emily Coues|Elliott and Emily Coues]]<br /> ###[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention#Charlotte Smith|Charlotte Smith]]<br /> #[[The World's Fair]]<br /> ##[[The World's Fair#General Works|General Works]]<br /> ##[[The World's Fair#African Americans at the Fair|African Americans at the Fair]]<br /> #[[Women at the World's Fair]]<br /> ##[[Women at the World's Fair#General Works|General Works]]<br /> ##[[Women at the World's Fair#Bertha Palmer and the Isabella Club|Bertha Palmer and the Isabella Club]]<br /> ##[[Women at the World's Fair#Clara Foltz, Laura Gordon, and Clara Colby|Clara Foltz, Laura Gordon, and Clara Colby]]<br /> ##[[Women at the World's Fair#The Women's Congresses|The Women's Congresses]]<br /> ##[[Women at the World's Fair#Participation in the Other Auxiliary Congresses|Participation in the Other Auxiliary Congresses]]<br /> #[[Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns]]<br /> ##[[Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns#New York|New York]]<br /> ###[[Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns#General Description|General Description]]<br /> ###[[Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns#New York Constitutional Convention|New York Constitutional Convention]]<br /> ####[[Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns#Explaining Choate's Change in Position|Explaining Choate's Change in Position]]<br /> ####[[Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns#Interview with Stanleyetta Titus on Winning the Vote at the Convention|Interview with Stanleyetta Titus on Winning the Vote at the Convention]]<br /> ##[[Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns#California|California]]<br /> ###[[Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns#General Description|General Description]]<br /> ###[[Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns#Foltz and Other Women Suffragists|Foltz and Other Women Suffragists]]<br /> #[[Victory in California -- 1911]]<br /> ##[[Victory in California -- 1911#The California Suffrage Campaign Generally|The California Suffrage Campaign Generally]]<br /> ##[[Victory in California -- 1911#The 1911 Campaign|The 1911 Campaign]]<br /> ##[[Victory in California -- 1911#Coffin and Edson|Coffin and Edson]]<br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; Chapter Seven &lt;/font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> #[[Progressivism, Suffrage, and Public Defense]]<br /> ##[[Progressivism, Suffrage, and Public Defense#General Works on Progressivism|General Works on Progressivism]]<br /> ##[[Progressivism, Suffrage, and Public Defense#California Progressives|California Progressives]]<br /> ##[[Progressivism, Suffrage, and Public Defense#Progressivism and Suffrage|Progressivism and Suffrage]]<br /> ###[[Progressivism, Suffrage, and Public Defense#Suffrage and Public Defense|Suffrage and Public Defense]]<br /> #[[The Early History of Public Defense]]<br /> ##[[The Early History of Public Defense#General Works on Public Defense|General Works on Public Defense]]<br /> ##[[The Early History of Public Defense#Relation of Legal Societies to Public Defense|Relation of Legal Societies to Public Defense]]<br /> #[[Foltz the Founder of Public Defense]]<br /> #[[Foltz's Arguments for Public Defense]]<br /> ##[[Foltz's Arguments for Public Defense#Prosecutorial Misconduct|Prosecutorial Misconduct]]<br /> ###[[Foltz's Arguments for Public Defense#People v. Wells|People v. Wells]]<br /> ##[[Foltz's Arguments for Public Defense#The Presumption of Innocence|The Presumption of Innocence]]<br /> ##[[Foltz's Arguments for Public Defense#Burdening the Right|Burdening the Right]]<br /> ###[[Foltz's Arguments for Public Defense#Aaron Burr. Greene v. Briggs|Aaron Burr. Greene v. Briggs]]<br /> ###[[Foltz's Arguments for Public Defense#United States v. Burr|United States v. Burr]]<br /> ###[[Foltz's Arguments for Public Defense#Carpenter v. County of Dane|Carpenter v. County of Dane]]<br /> ##[[Foltz's Arguments for Public Defense#Woman Suffrage and Public Defense|Woman Suffrage and Public Defense]]<br /> #[[The Right to Counsel and the Appointed Counsel System]]<br /> #[[New York Politics and Foltz’s Public Defender Bill]]<br /> ##[[New York Politics and Foltz’s Public Defender Bill#Tammany Hall|Tammany Hall]]<br /> ##[[New York Politics and Foltz’s Public Defender Bill#Thomas Grady|Thomas Grady]]<br /> ##[[New York Politics and Foltz’s Public Defender Bill#Late Nineteenth Century New York Politics|Late Nineteenth Century New York Politics]]<br /> ##[[New York Politics and Foltz’s Public Defender Bill#Thomas C. Platt and the 1897 Mayoral Election|Thomas C. Platt and the 1897 Mayoral Election]]<br /> ##[[New York Politics and Foltz’s Public Defender Bill#Women in the Anti-Tammany Efforts|Women in the Anti-Tammany Efforts]]<br /> ##[[New York Politics and Foltz’s Public Defender Bill#Biographical Works|Biographical Works]]<br /> #[[Comparison of Public Defender Statutes]]<br /> ##[[Comparison of Public Defender Statutes#1885 Statute|1885 Statute]]<br /> ##[[Comparison of Public Defender Statutes#1897 Statute|1897 Statute]]<br /> ###[[Comparison of Public Defender Statutes#Text of the 1897 Statute|Text of the 1897 Statute]]<br /> ###[[Comparison of Public Defender Statutes#Comparison to Public Defender Statutes Actually Enacted|Comparison to Public Defender Statutes Actually Enacted]]<br /> ###[[Comparison of Public Defender Statutes#Foltz's Bill Introduced in Multiple States|Foltz's Bill Introduced in Multiple States]]<br /> ##[[Comparison of Public Defender Statutes#The 1912 Los Angeles Charter Provision and the 1921 California Statute|The 1912 Los Angeles Charter Provision and the 1921 Statute]]<br /> ###[[Comparison of Public Defender Statutes#Wisconsin Statute Tracks the California Statute|Wisconsin Statute Tracks the California Statute]]<br /> #[[Comparison of Progressive Defender with Foltzian Model]]<br /> ##[[Comparison of Progressive Defender with Foltzian Model#Progressivism and Public Defense|Progressivism and Public Defense]]<br /> ##[[Comparison of Progressive Defender with Foltzian Model#The Progressive and the Foltzian Defenders|The Progressive and the Foltzian Defenders]]<br /> ###[[Comparison of Progressive Defender with Foltzian Model#Example of Progressive-Type Representation|Example of Progressive-Type Representation]]<br /> ###[[Comparison of Progressive Defender with Foltzian Model#The Foltzian Model|The Foltzian Model]]<br /> ##[[Comparison of Progressive Defender with Foltzian Model#Cost of the Public Defender|Cost of the Public Defender]]<br /> ##[[Comparison of Progressive Defender with Foltzian Model#Competing Visions in New York: Mayer Goldman’s Public Defender and the Legal Aid Societies|Competing Visions in New York: Mayer Goldman’s Public Defender and the Legal Aid Societies]]<br /> ##[[Comparison of Progressive Defender with Foltzian Model#History of the Legal Aid Society|History of the Legal Aid Society]]<br /> ###[[Comparison of Progressive Defender with Foltzian Model#The Voluntary Defenders|The Voluntary Defenders]]</div>

Babcock https://wlh-wiki.law.stanford.edu/index.php/Indexes_and_Bibliographic_Notes 2010-12-04T20:29:29Z

<p>Babcock:&#32;/* Indexes, Bibliographic Notes and Supplementary Text */</p> <hr /> <div>==Indexes, Bibliographic Notes and Supplementary Text==<br /> <br /> There are two indexes here: the first is to subjects and page numbers in WOMAN LAWYER: THE TRIALS OF CLARA FOLTZ (the book index. This index also appears on the website of the Stanford University Press. The second index is to the Bibliographic Notes and Supplementary text (the supplement index). The supplement is a companion to WOMAN LAWYER, with additional source material for the facts and interpretations in the text and endnotes. <br /> <br /> Following the two indexes, are the supplementary notes, arranged in the order of the book chapters. Some of these are traditional bibliographic notes listing essential references with a few words of critical explanation. Also included are first person essays and descriptions of people and events that influenced Clara Foltz, but whose stories would extend the book unduly. For instance, the Note on Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing,(see notes for chapter two) describes in detail the content of the San Diego Bee over a ten day period during Foltz’s editorship. <br /> <br /> A biography written over many years has more sources than can be cited even in this format – especially in a burgeoning new field like women’s legal history. I have tried to cite the main works that influenced my thinking, which may not be exactly the same as all the main works. In a larger sense, virtually everything I have read concerning women’s rights and nineteenth century history is in here somewhere even though not mentioned explicitly. To those whose work deserves more recognition than I have given it here, my sincerest apologies.<br /> <br /> == List of On-Line Bibliographic Sources==<br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; Introductory &lt;/font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> #[[About and By Clara Foltz: Biographical Material and Her Writings]]<br /> #[[Archival and Investigative Materials]]<br /> #[[Timelines]]<br /> ##[[Timelines#Life Events|Life Events]] <br /> ##[[Timelines#Passage of Constitutional Clauses|Passage of Constitutional Clauses]] <br /> ##[[Timelines#Public Defender Campaign|Public Defender Campaign]]<br /> #[[Women’s History]]<br /> ##[[Women’s History#Legal Status of Women in Nineteenth Century|Legal Status of Women in the Nineteenth Century]]<br /> ##[[Women’s History#“Feminism” and Women’s Rights: Nomenclature|&quot;Feminism&quot; and Women’s Rights: Nomenclature]]<br /> ##[[Women’s History#Women’s Biography|Women's Biography]]<br /> #[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies]]<br /> ##[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Myra Bradwell|Myra Bradwell]]<br /> ##[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Lavinia Goodell|Lavinia Goodell]]<br /> ##[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Mary Greene|Mary Greene]]<br /> ##[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Belva Lockwood|Belva Lockwood]]<br /> ##[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Arabella (Belle) Mansfield|Arabella (Belle) Mansfield]]<br /> ##[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Marilla Ricker|Marilla Ricker]]<br /> ##[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Lelia Robinson|Lelia Robinson]]<br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; Chapter One &lt;/font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> #[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa]]<br /> ##[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Parents|Parents]]<br /> ##[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Siblings: Milton and John|Siblings]]<br /> ##[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Clara Foltz’s Children|Foltz’s Children]]<br /> ##[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Mt. Pleasant and Howe’s Academy|Mt. Pleasant and Howe’s Academy]]<br /> #[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies]]<br /> ##[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Lillie Devereux Blake|Lillie Devereux Blake]]<br /> ##[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Clara Colby|Clara Colby]]<br /> ##[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Abigail Duniway|Abigail Duniway]]<br /> ##[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Sarah Knox Goodrich|Sarah Knox Goodrich]]<br /> ##[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Laura Gordon|Laura Gordon]]<br /> ##[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Grove L. Johnson|Grove L. Johnson]]<br /> #[[The Workingmen’s Party of California (WPC)]]<br /> ##[[The Workingmen’s Party of California (WPC)#Rise and Composition of the WPC|Rise and Composition of the WPC]]<br /> ##[[The Workingmen’s Party of California (WPC)#WPC and the Anti-Chinese Movement|WPC and the Anti-Chinese Movement ]]<br /> ##[[The Workingmen’s Party of California (WPC)#Relation with the Workingmen’s Party of the United States (WPUS)|Relation with the Workingmen’s Party of the United States (WPUS)]]<br /> #[[California Constitutional History]]<br /> ##[[California Constitutional History#Convention of 1879|Convention of 1879]]<br /> ##[[California Constitutional History#Passage of the Anti-Discrimination Clauses|Passage of the Anti-Discrimination Clauses]]<br /> ##[[California Constitutional History#Prominent Pro-Woman Delegates at the 1879 Convention|Prominent Pro-Woman Delegates at the 1879 Convention]]<br /> ###[[California Constitutional History#James J. Ayers|James J. Ayers]]<br /> ###[[California Constitutional History#Eli T. Blackmer|Eli T. Blackmer]]<br /> ###[[California Constitutional History#Charles Ringgold|Charles Ringgold]]<br /> ###[[California Constitutional History#David Terry|David Terry]]<br /> ###[[California Constitutional History#Alphonse Vacquerel|Alphonse Vacquerel]]<br /> ##[[California Constitutional History#Prominent Opponents|Prominent Opponents]]<br /> #[[Women and Divorce]]<br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; Chapter Two &lt;/font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> #[[Women as Public Lecturers]] <br /> #[[Women and Jury Service]]<br /> ##[[Women and Jury Service#The Washington Territory Experience|The Washington Territory Experience]]<br /> #[[San Francisco Social Life and Clara Foltz's Circle]]<br /> #[[San Diego in the Real Estate Boom]]<br /> #[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing]]<br /> ##[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#A Bee Sampler|A Bee Sampler]]<br /> ###[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#The Boom|The Boom]]<br /> ###[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#Outside News|Outside News]]<br /> ###[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#Local Excitement|Local Excitement]]<br /> ###[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#Regular Items|Regular Items]]<br /> ###[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#Civic Events|Civic Events]]<br /> ###[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#Society and Fashion|Society and Fashion]]<br /> ###[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#Last Days at the Bee|Last Days at the Bee]]<br /> #[[Bellamy Nationalism]]<br /> ##[[Bellamy Nationalism#Charlotte Perkins Gilman|Charlotte Perkins Gilman]]<br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; Chapter Three &lt;/font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> #[[Law Practice in the West]]<br /> ##[[Law Practice in the West#General Works|General works]]<br /> ##[[Law Practice in the West#Biographical Works|Biographical works]]<br /> ###[[Law Practice in the West#Oscar Shuck's Work|Oscar Shuck's Work]]<br /> ##[[Law Practice in the West#Clara Foltz’s Practice|Clara Foltz’s Practice]]<br /> ##[[Law Practice in the West#Women and Criminal Law Practice|Women and Criminal Law Practice]]<br /> ###[[Law Practice in the West#Lelia Robinson|Lelia Robinson]]<br /> ###[[Law Practice in the West#Women Defenders: The Negative Image|Women Defenders: The Negative Image]]<br /> ###[[Law Practice in the West#Women Defenders and Women Jurors|Women Defenders and Women Jurors]]<br /> ###[[Law Practice in the West#Laura Gordon and the Sproule Case|Laura Gordon and the Sproule Case]]<br /> ###[[Law Practice in the West#Why Women Became Defenders|Why Women Became Defenders]]<br /> ###[[Law Practice in the West#The Contributions of Women to Criminal Defense|The Contributions of Women to Criminal Defense]]<br /> #[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics]]<br /> ##[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics#General Sources|General Sources]]<br /> ###[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics#Coxey's Army, The Pullman Strike, and the Haymarket Tragedy|Coxey's Army, The Pullman Strike, and the Haymarket Tragedy]]<br /> ###[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics#Bellamy Nationalism and Populism|Bellamy Nationalism and Populism]]<br /> ###[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics#Women's Pre-Suffrage Participation in Politics|Women's Pre-Suffrage Participation in Politics]]<br /> ###[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics#1894 Election in California|1894 Election in California]]<br /> ##[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics#Mary Elizabeth Lease (also known as Mary Ellen)|Mary Elizabeth Lease]]<br /> ##[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics#Stephen White|Stephen White]]<br /> ##[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics#Anna Ferry Smith|Anna Ferry Smith]]<br /> #[[Foltz as Reform Lobbyist in the 1890s]] <br /> ##[[Foltz as Reform Lobbyist in the 1890s#Parole Legislation|Parole Legislation]] <br /> ##[[Foltz as Reform Lobbyist in the 1890s#Women's Rights Measures|Women's Rights Measures]] <br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; Chapter Four &lt;/font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> #[[The New Woman]]<br /> #[[Trella Toland and Her Autograph Book]] <br /> ##[[Trella Toland and Her Autograph Book#Writers and Journalists|Writers and Journalists]]<br /> ##[[Trella Toland and Her Autograph Book#Actors|Actors]]<br /> ##[[Trella Toland and Her Autograph Book#Theater People|Theater People]]<br /> ##[[Trella Toland and Her Autograph Book#Trella's Family: William Toland, Sam Shortridge, and Virginia Toland|Trella's Family: William Toland, Sam Shortridge, and Virginia Toland]]<br /> ##[[Trella Toland and Her Autograph Book#Isaac Trumbo|Isaac Trumbo]]<br /> #[[The New York Legal Scene]]<br /> ##[[The New York Legal Scene#Women’s Legal Education Society (WLES) and Law Class|Women’s Legal Education Society (WLES) and Law Class]]<br /> ##[[The New York Legal Scene#The New Corporate Practice|Corporate practice]]<br /> ##[[The New York Legal Scene#Criminal Practice|Criminal practice]]<br /> #[[The Oil Boom and Foltz’s Companies]]<br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; Chapter Five &lt;/font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> #[[Murder Defendants and Equal Justice]]<br /> ##[[Murder Defendants and Equal Justice#Women as Criminal Defendants|Women as Criminal Defendants]]<br /> ###[[Murder Defendants and Equal Justice#The Death Penalty|The Death Penalty]]<br /> ###[[Murder Defendants and Equal Justice#Maria Barbella|Maria Barbella]]<br /> ###[[Murder Defendants and Equal Justice#Laura Fair|Laura Fair]]<br /> ###[[Murder Defendants and Equal Justice#Florence Maybrick|Florence Maybrick]]<br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; Chapter Six &lt;/font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> #[[Suffrage History]]<br /> ##[[Suffrage History#Legal Status of Women in Nineteenth Century|Legal Status of Women in Nineteenth Century]]<br /> ##[[Suffrage History#Seneca Falls|Seneca Falls]]<br /> ##[[Suffrage History#Historiography|Historiography]]<br /> ##[[Suffrage History#Relationship with Other Movements and Causes|Relationship to Other Movements and Causes]]<br /> ###[[Suffrage History#Suffrage and Other Women's Rights|Suffrage and Other Women's Rights]]<br /> ###[[Suffrage History#Suffrage and Black Civil Rights Movement|Suffrage and Black Civil Rights Movement]]<br /> ###[[Suffrage History#Suffrage and Temperance and Prohibition|Suffrage and Temperance and Prohibition]]<br /> #[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention]]<br /> ##[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention#General Sources|General Sources]]<br /> ##[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention#Matilda Gage, President|Matilda Gage, President]]<br /> ##[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention#Reaction to Foltz’s Remarks|Reaction to Foltz’s Remarks]]<br /> ##[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention#Other Notable Attendants|Other Notable Attendants]]<br /> ###[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention#Theosophy and Madame Blavatsky|Theosophy and Madame Blavatsky]]<br /> ###[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention#William Aldrich and Josephine Cables|William Aldrich and Josephine Cables]]<br /> ###[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention#Elliott and Emily Coues|Elliott and Emily Coues]]<br /> ###[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention#Charlotte Smith|Charlotte Smith]]<br /> #[[The World's Fair]]<br /> ##[[The World's Fair#General Works|General Works]]<br /> ##[[The World's Fair#African Americans at the Fair|African Americans at the Fair]]<br /> #[[Women at the World's Fair]]<br /> ##[[Women at the World's Fair#General Works|General Works]]<br /> ##[[Women at the World's Fair#Bertha Palmer and the Isabella Club|Bertha Palmer and the Isabella Club]]<br /> ##[[Women at the World's Fair#Clara Foltz, Laura Gordon, and Clara Colby|Clara Foltz, Laura Gordon, and Clara Colby]]<br /> ##[[Women at the World's Fair#The Women's Congresses|The Women's Congresses]]<br /> ##[[Women at the World's Fair#Participation in the Other Auxiliary Congresses|Participation in the Other Auxiliary Congresses]]<br /> #[[Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns]]<br /> ##[[Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns#New York|New York]]<br /> ###[[Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns#General Description|General Description]]<br /> ###[[Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns#New York Constitutional Convention|New York Constitutional Convention]]<br /> ####[[Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns#Explaining Choate's Change in Position|Explaining Choate's Change in Position]]<br /> ####[[Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns#Interview with Stanleyetta Titus on Winning the Vote at the Convention|Interview with Stanleyetta Titus on Winning the Vote at the Convention]]<br /> ##[[Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns#California|California]]<br /> ###[[Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns#General Description|General Description]]<br /> ###[[Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns#Foltz and Other Women Suffragists|Foltz and Other Women Suffragists]]<br /> #[[Victory in California -- 1911]]<br /> ##[[Victory in California -- 1911#The California Suffrage Campaign Generally|The California Suffrage Campaign Generally]]<br /> ##[[Victory in California -- 1911#The 1911 Campaign|The 1911 Campaign]]<br /> ##[[Victory in California -- 1911#Coffin and Edson|Coffin and Edson]]<br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; Chapter Seven &lt;/font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> #[[Progressivism, Suffrage, and Public Defense]]<br /> #[[The Early History of Public Defense]]<br /> #[[Foltz the Founder of Public Defense]]<br /> #[[Foltz's Arguments for Public Defense]]<br /> ##[[Foltz's Arguments for Public Defense#Prosecutorial Misconduct|Prosecutorial Misconduct]]<br /> ##[[Foltz's Arguments for Public Defense#The Presumption of Innocence|The Presumption of Innocence]]<br /> ##[[Foltz's Arguments for Public Defense#Burdening the Right|Burdening the Right]]<br /> ##[[Foltz's Arguments for Public Defense#Woman Suffrage and Public Defense|Woman Suffrage and Public Defense]]<br /> #[[The Right to Counsel and the Appointed Counsel System]]<br /> #[[New York Politics and Foltz’s Public Defender Bill]]<br /> ##[[New York Politics and Foltz’s Public Defender Bill#Tammany Hall|Tammany Hall]]<br /> ##[[New York Politics and Foltz’s Public Defender Bill#Thomas Grady|Thomas Grady]]<br /> ##[[New York Politics and Foltz’s Public Defender Bill#Late Nineteenth Century New York Politics|Late Nineteenth Century New York Politics]]<br /> ##[[New York Politics and Foltz’s Public Defender Bill#Thomas C. Platt and the 1897 Mayoral Election|Thomas C. Platt and the 1897 Mayoral Election]]<br /> ##[[New York Politics and Foltz’s Public Defender Bill#Women in the Anti-Tammany Efforts|Women in the Anti-Tammany Efforts]]<br /> ##[[New York Politics and Foltz’s Public Defender Bill#Biographical Works|Biographical Works]]<br /> #[[Comparison of Public Defender Statutes]]<br /> ##[[Comparison of Public Defender Statutes#1885 Statute|1885 Statute]]<br /> ##[[Comparison of Public Defender Statutes#1897 Statute|1897 Statute]]<br /> ###[[Comparison of Public Defender Statutes#Text of the 1897 Statute|Text of the 1897 Statute]]<br /> ###[[Comparison of Public Defender Statutes#Comparison to Public Defender Statutes Actually Enacted|Comparison to Public Defender Statutes Actually Enacted]]<br /> ###[[Comparison of Public Defender Statutes#Foltz's Bill Introduced in Multiple States|Foltz's Bill Introduced in Multiple States]]<br /> ##[[Comparison of Public Defender Statutes#The 1912 Los Angeles Charter Provision and the 1921 California Statute|The 1912 Los Angeles Charter Provision and the 1921 Statute]]<br /> ###[[Comparison of Public Defender Statutes#Wisconsin Statute Tracks the California Statute|Wisconsin Statute Tracks the California Statute]]<br /> #[[Comparison of Progressive Defender with Foltzian Model]]<br /> ##[[Comparison of Progressive Defender with Foltzian Model#Progressivism and Public Defense|Progressivism and Public Defense]]<br /> ##[[Comparison of Progressive Defender with Foltzian Model#The Progressive and the Foltzian Defenders|The Progressive and the Foltzian Defenders]]<br /> ###[[Comparison of Progressive Defender with Foltzian Model#Example of Progressive-Type Representation|Example of Progressive-Type Representation]]<br /> ###[[Comparison of Progressive Defender with Foltzian Model#The Foltzian Model|The Foltzian Model]]<br /> ##[[Comparison of Progressive Defender with Foltzian Model#Cost of the Public Defender|Cost of the Public Defender]]<br /> ##[[Comparison of Progressive Defender with Foltzian Model#Competing Visions in New York: Mayer Goldman’s Public Defender and the Legal Aid Societies|Competing Visions in New York: Mayer Goldman’s Public Defender and the Legal Aid Societies]]<br /> ##[[Comparison of Progressive Defender with Foltzian Model#History of the Legal Aid Society|History of the Legal Aid Society]]<br /> ###[[Comparison of Progressive Defender with Foltzian Model#The Voluntary Defenders|The Voluntary Defenders]]</div>

Babcock https://wlh-wiki.law.stanford.edu/index.php/Indexes_and_Bibliographic_Notes 2010-12-04T19:19:30Z

<p>Babcock:&#32;/* Indexes, Bibliographic Notes and Supplementary Text */</p> <hr /> <div>==Indexes, Bibliographic Notes and Supplementary Text==<br /> <br /> There are two indexes here: the first is to subjects and page numbers in WOMAN LAWYER: THE TRIALS OF CLARA FOLTZ. This index also appears on the website of the Stanford University Press. The second index uses many of the same subject headings, but adds citations and links to the Bibliographic Notes and Supplementary text, which follow the second index and provide a companion to WOMAN LAWYER, with additional source material for the facts and interpretations in the text and endnotes. <br /> <br /> Following the two indexes, are the supplementary notes, listed by book chapter. Some of these are traditional bibliographic notes listing essential references with a few words of critical explanation. But I have also included first person essays and descriptions of people and events that influenced Clara Foltz, but whose stories would extend the book unduly. For instance, the Note on Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing,(see notes for chapter two) describes in detail the content of the San Diego Bee over a ten day period during Foltz’s editorship. <br /> <br /> <br /> A biography written over many years has more sources than can be cited even in this format – especially in a burgeoning new field like women’s legal history. I have tried to cite the main works that influenced my thinking, which may not be exactly the same as all the main works. In a larger sense, virtually everything I have read concerning women’s rights and nineteenth century history is in here somewhere even though not mentioned explicitly. To those whose work deserves more recognition than I have given it here, my sincerest apologies.<br /> <br /> == List of On-Line Bibliographic Sources==<br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; Introductory &lt;/font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> #[[About and By Clara Foltz: Biographical Material and Her Writings]]<br /> #[[Archival and Investigative Materials]]<br /> #[[Timelines]]<br /> ##[[Timelines#Life Events|Life Events]] <br /> ##[[Timelines#Passage of Constitutional Clauses|Passage of Constitutional Clauses]] <br /> ##[[Timelines#Public Defender Campaign|Public Defender Campaign]]<br /> #[[Women’s History]]<br /> ##[[Women’s History#Legal Status of Women in Nineteenth Century|Legal Status of Women in the Nineteenth Century]]<br /> ##[[Women’s History#“Feminism” and Women’s Rights: Nomenclature|&quot;Feminism&quot; and Women’s Rights: Nomenclature]]<br /> ##[[Women’s History#Women’s Biography|Women's Biography]]<br /> #[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies]]<br /> ##[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Myra Bradwell|Myra Bradwell]]<br /> ##[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Lavinia Goodell|Lavinia Goodell]]<br /> ##[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Mary Greene|Mary Greene]]<br /> ##[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Belva Lockwood|Belva Lockwood]]<br /> ##[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Arabella (Belle) Mansfield|Arabella (Belle) Mansfield]]<br /> ##[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Marilla Ricker|Marilla Ricker]]<br /> ##[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Lelia Robinson|Lelia Robinson]]<br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; Chapter One &lt;/font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> #[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa]]<br /> ##[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Parents|Parents]]<br /> ##[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Siblings: Milton and John|Siblings]]<br /> ##[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Clara Foltz’s Children|Foltz’s Children]]<br /> ##[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Mt. Pleasant and Howe’s Academy|Mt. Pleasant and Howe’s Academy]]<br /> #[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies]]<br /> ##[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Lillie Devereux Blake|Lillie Devereux Blake]]<br /> ##[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Clara Colby|Clara Colby]]<br /> ##[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Abigail Duniway|Abigail Duniway]]<br /> ##[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Sarah Knox Goodrich|Sarah Knox Goodrich]]<br /> ##[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Laura Gordon|Laura Gordon]]<br /> ##[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Grove L. Johnson|Grove L. Johnson]]<br /> #[[The Workingmen’s Party of California (WPC)]]<br /> ##[[The Workingmen’s Party of California (WPC)#Rise and Composition of the WPC|Rise and Composition of the WPC]]<br /> ##[[The Workingmen’s Party of California (WPC)#WPC and the Anti-Chinese Movement|WPC and the Anti-Chinese Movement ]]<br /> ##[[The Workingmen’s Party of California (WPC)#Relation with the Workingmen’s Party of the United States (WPUS)|Relation with the Workingmen’s Party of the United States (WPUS)]]<br /> #[[California Constitutional History]]<br /> ##[[California Constitutional History#Convention of 1879|Convention of 1879]]<br /> ##[[California Constitutional History#Passage of the Anti-Discrimination Clauses|Passage of the Anti-Discrimination Clauses]]<br /> ##[[California Constitutional History#Prominent Pro-Woman Delegates at the 1879 Convention|Prominent Pro-Woman Delegates at the 1879 Convention]]<br /> ###[[California Constitutional History#James J. Ayers|James J. Ayers]]<br /> ###[[California Constitutional History#Eli T. Blackmer|Eli T. Blackmer]]<br /> ###[[California Constitutional History#Charles Ringgold|Charles Ringgold]]<br /> ###[[California Constitutional History#David Terry|David Terry]]<br /> ###[[California Constitutional History#Alphonse Vacquerel|Alphonse Vacquerel]]<br /> ##[[California Constitutional History#Prominent Opponents|Prominent Opponents]]<br /> #[[Women and Divorce]]<br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; Chapter Two &lt;/font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> #[[Women as Public Lecturers]] <br /> #[[Women and Jury Service]]<br /> ##[[Women and Jury Service#The Washington Territory Experience|The Washington Territory Experience]]<br /> #[[San Francisco Social Life and Clara Foltz's Circle]]<br /> #[[San Diego in the Real Estate Boom]]<br /> #[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing]]<br /> ##[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#A Bee Sampler|A Bee Sampler]]<br /> ###[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#The Boom|The Boom]]<br /> ###[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#Outside News|Outside News]]<br /> ###[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#Local Excitement|Local Excitement]]<br /> ###[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#Regular Items|Regular Items]]<br /> ###[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#Civic Events|Civic Events]]<br /> ###[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#Society and Fashion|Society and Fashion]]<br /> ###[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#Last Days at the Bee|Last Days at the Bee]]<br /> #[[Bellamy Nationalism]]<br /> ##[[Bellamy Nationalism#Charlotte Perkins Gilman|Charlotte Perkins Gilman]]<br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; Chapter Three &lt;/font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> #[[Law Practice in the West]]<br /> ##[[Law Practice in the West#General Works|General works]]<br /> ##[[Law Practice in the West#Biographical Works|Biographical works]]<br /> ###[[Law Practice in the West#Oscar Shuck's Work|Oscar Shuck's Work]]<br /> ##[[Law Practice in the West#Clara Foltz’s Practice|Clara Foltz’s Practice]]<br /> ##[[Law Practice in the West#Women and Criminal Law Practice|Women and Criminal Law Practice]]<br /> ###[[Law Practice in the West#Lelia Robinson|Lelia Robinson]]<br /> ###[[Law Practice in the West#Women Defenders: The Negative Image|Women Defenders: The Negative Image]]<br /> ###[[Law Practice in the West#Women Defenders and Women Jurors|Women Defenders and Women Jurors]]<br /> ###[[Law Practice in the West#Laura Gordon and the Sproule Case|Laura Gordon and the Sproule Case]]<br /> ###[[Law Practice in the West#Why Women Became Defenders|Why Women Became Defenders]]<br /> ###[[Law Practice in the West#The Contributions of Women to Criminal Defense|The Contributions of Women to Criminal Defense]]<br /> #[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics]]<br /> ##[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics#General Sources|General Sources]]<br /> ###[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics#Coxey's Army, The Pullman Strike, and the Haymarket Tragedy|Coxey's Army, The Pullman Strike, and the Haymarket Tragedy]]<br /> ###[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics#Bellamy Nationalism and Populism|Bellamy Nationalism and Populism]]<br /> ###[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics#Women's Pre-Suffrage Participation in Politics|Women's Pre-Suffrage Participation in Politics]]<br /> ###[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics#1894 Election in California|1894 Election in California]]<br /> ##[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics#Mary Elizabeth Lease (also known as Mary Ellen)|Mary Elizabeth Lease]]<br /> ##[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics#Stephen White|Stephen White]]<br /> ##[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics#Anna Ferry Smith|Anna Ferry Smith]]<br /> #[[Foltz as Reform Lobbyist in the 1890s]] <br /> ##[[Foltz as Reform Lobbyist in the 1890s#Parole Legislation|Parole Legislation]] <br /> ##[[Foltz as Reform Lobbyist in the 1890s#Women's Rights Measures|Women's Rights Measures]] <br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; Chapter Four &lt;/font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> #[[The New Woman]]<br /> #[[Trella Toland and Her Autograph Book]] <br /> ##[[Trella Toland and Her Autograph Book#Writers and Journalists|Writers and Journalists]]<br /> ##[[Trella Toland and Her Autograph Book#Actors|Actors]]<br /> ##[[Trella Toland and Her Autograph Book#Theater People|Theater People]]<br /> ##[[Trella Toland and Her Autograph Book#Trella's Family: William Toland, Sam Shortridge, and Virginia Toland|Trella's Family: William Toland, Sam Shortridge, and Virginia Toland]]<br /> ##[[Trella Toland and Her Autograph Book#Isaac Trumbo|Isaac Trumbo]]<br /> #[[The New York Legal Scene]]<br /> ##[[The New York Legal Scene#Women’s Legal Education Society (WLES) and Law Class|Women’s Legal Education Society (WLES) and Law Class]]<br /> ##[[The New York Legal Scene#The New Corporate Practice|Corporate practice]]<br /> ##[[The New York Legal Scene#Criminal Practice|Criminal practice]]<br /> #[[The Oil Boom and Foltz’s Companies]]<br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; Chapter Five &lt;/font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> #[[Murder Defendants and Equal Justice]]<br /> ##[[Murder Defendants and Equal Justice#Women as Criminal Defendants|Women as Criminal Defendants]]<br /> ###[[Murder Defendants and Equal Justice#The Death Penalty|The Death Penalty]]<br /> ###[[Murder Defendants and Equal Justice#Maria Barbella|Maria Barbella]]<br /> ###[[Murder Defendants and Equal Justice#Laura Fair|Laura Fair]]<br /> ###[[Murder Defendants and Equal Justice#Florence Maybrick|Florence Maybrick]]<br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; Chapter Six &lt;/font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> #[[Suffrage History]]<br /> ##[[Suffrage History#Legal Status of Women in Nineteenth Century|Legal Status of Women in Nineteenth Century]]<br /> ##[[Suffrage History#Seneca Falls|Seneca Falls]]<br /> ##[[Suffrage History#Historiography|Historiography]]<br /> ##[[Suffrage History#Relationship with Other Movements and Causes|Relationship to Other Movements and Causes]]<br /> ###[[Suffrage History#Suffrage and Other Women's Rights|Suffrage and Other Women's Rights]]<br /> ###[[Suffrage History#Suffrage and Black Civil Rights Movement|Suffrage and Black Civil Rights Movement]]<br /> ###[[Suffrage History#Suffrage and Temperance and Prohibition|Suffrage and Temperance and Prohibition]]<br /> #[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention]]<br /> ##[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention#General Sources|General Sources]]<br /> ##[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention#Matilda Gage, President|Matilda Gage, President]]<br /> ##[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention#Reaction to Foltz’s Remarks|Reaction to Foltz’s Remarks]]<br /> ##[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention#Other Notable Attendants|Other Notable Attendants]]<br /> ###[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention#Theosophy and Madame Blavatsky|Theosophy and Madame Blavatsky]]<br /> ###[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention#William Aldrich and Josephine Cables|William Aldrich and Josephine Cables]]<br /> ###[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention#Elliott and Emily Coues|Elliott and Emily Coues]]<br /> ###[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention#Charlotte Smith|Charlotte Smith]]<br /> #[[The World's Fair]]<br /> ##[[The World's Fair#General Works|General Works]]<br /> ##[[The World's Fair#African Americans at the Fair|African Americans at the Fair]]<br /> #[[Women at the World's Fair]]<br /> ##[[Women at the World's Fair#General Works|General Works]]<br /> ##[[Women at the World's Fair#Bertha Palmer and the Isabella Club|Bertha Palmer and the Isabella Club]]<br /> ##[[Women at the World's Fair#Clara Foltz, Laura Gordon, and Clara Colby|Clara Foltz, Laura Gordon, and Clara Colby]]<br /> ##[[Women at the World's Fair#The Women's Congresses|The Women's Congresses]]<br /> ##[[Women at the World's Fair#Participation in the Other Auxiliary Congresses|Participation in the Other Auxiliary Congresses]]<br /> #[[Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns]]<br /> ##[[Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns#New York|New York]]<br /> ###[[Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns#General Description|General Description]]<br /> ###[[Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns#New York Constitutional Convention|New York Constitutional Convention]]<br /> ####[[Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns#Explaining Choate's Change in Position|Explaining Choate's Change in Position]]<br /> ####[[Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns#Interview with Stanleyetta Titus on Winning the Vote at the Convention|Interview with Stanleyetta Titus on Winning the Vote at the Convention]]<br /> ##[[Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns#California|California]]<br /> ###[[Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns#General Description|General Description]]<br /> ###[[Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns#Foltz and Other Women Suffragists|Foltz and Other Women Suffragists]]<br /> #[[Victory in California -- 1911]]<br /> ##[[Victory in California -- 1911#The California Suffrage Campaign Generally|The California Suffrage Campaign Generally]]<br /> ##[[Victory in California -- 1911#The 1911 Campaign|The 1911 Campaign]]<br /> ##[[Victory in California -- 1911#Coffin and Edson|Coffin and Edson]]<br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; Chapter Seven &lt;/font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> #[[Progressivism, Suffrage, and Public Defense]]<br /> #[[The Early History of Public Defense]]<br /> #[[Foltz the Founder of Public Defense]]<br /> #[[Foltz's Arguments for Public Defense]]<br /> ##[[Foltz's Arguments for Public Defense#Prosecutorial Misconduct|Prosecutorial Misconduct]]<br /> ##[[Foltz's Arguments for Public Defense#The Presumption of Innocence|The Presumption of Innocence]]<br /> ##[[Foltz's Arguments for Public Defense#Burdening the Right|Burdening the Right]]<br /> ##[[Foltz's Arguments for Public Defense#Woman Suffrage and Public Defense|Woman Suffrage and Public Defense]]<br /> #[[The Right to Counsel and the Appointed Counsel System]]<br /> #[[New York Politics and Foltz’s Public Defender Bill]]<br /> ##[[New York Politics and Foltz’s Public Defender Bill#Tammany Hall|Tammany Hall]]<br /> ##[[New York Politics and Foltz’s Public Defender Bill#Thomas Grady|Thomas Grady]]<br /> ##[[New York Politics and Foltz’s Public Defender Bill#Late Nineteenth Century New York Politics|Late Nineteenth Century New York Politics]]<br /> ##[[New York Politics and Foltz’s Public Defender Bill#Thomas C. Platt and the 1897 Mayoral Election|Thomas C. Platt and the 1897 Mayoral Election]]<br /> ##[[New York Politics and Foltz’s Public Defender Bill#Women in the Anti-Tammany Efforts|Women in the Anti-Tammany Efforts]]<br /> ##[[New York Politics and Foltz’s Public Defender Bill#Biographical Works|Biographical Works]]<br /> #[[Comparison of Public Defender Statutes]]<br /> ##[[Comparison of Public Defender Statutes#1885 Statute|1885 Statute]]<br /> ##[[Comparison of Public Defender Statutes#1897 Statute|1897 Statute]]<br /> ###[[Comparison of Public Defender Statutes#Text of the 1897 Statute|Text of the 1897 Statute]]<br /> ###[[Comparison of Public Defender Statutes#Comparison to Public Defender Statutes Actually Enacted|Comparison to Public Defender Statutes Actually Enacted]]<br /> ###[[Comparison of Public Defender Statutes#Foltz's Bill Introduced in Multiple States|Foltz's Bill Introduced in Multiple States]]<br /> ##[[Comparison of Public Defender Statutes#The 1912 Los Angeles Charter Provision and the 1921 California Statute|The 1912 Los Angeles Charter Provision and the 1921 Statute]]<br /> ###[[Comparison of Public Defender Statutes#Wisconsin Statute Tracks the California Statute|Wisconsin Statute Tracks the California Statute]]<br /> #[[Comparison of Progressive Defender with Foltzian Model]]<br /> ##[[Comparison of Progressive Defender with Foltzian Model#Progressivism and Public Defense|Progressivism and Public Defense]]<br /> ##[[Comparison of Progressive Defender with Foltzian Model#The Progressive and the Foltzian Defenders|The Progressive and the Foltzian Defenders]]<br /> ###[[Comparison of Progressive Defender with Foltzian Model#Example of Progressive-Type Representation|Example of Progressive-Type Representation]]<br /> ###[[Comparison of Progressive Defender with Foltzian Model#The Foltzian Model|The Foltzian Model]]<br /> ##[[Comparison of Progressive Defender with Foltzian Model#Cost of the Public Defender|Cost of the Public Defender]]<br /> ##[[Comparison of Progressive Defender with Foltzian Model#Competing Visions in New York: Mayer Goldman’s Public Defender and the Legal Aid Societies|Competing Visions in New York: Mayer Goldman’s Public Defender and the Legal Aid Societies]]<br /> ##[[Comparison of Progressive Defender with Foltzian Model#History of the Legal Aid Society|History of the Legal Aid Society]]<br /> ###[[Comparison of Progressive Defender with Foltzian Model#The Voluntary Defenders|The Voluntary Defenders]]</div>

Babcock https://wlh-wiki.law.stanford.edu/index.php/Indexes_and_Bibliographic_Notes 2010-12-04T19:10:26Z

<p>Babcock:&#32;/* Indexes, Bibliographic Notes and Supplementary Text */</p> <hr /> <div>==Indexes, Bibliographic Notes and Supplementary Text==<br /> <br /> There are two indexes here: the first is to subjects and page numbers in WOMAN LAWYER: THE TRIALS OF CLARA FOLTZ. This index also appears on the website of the Stanford University Press. The second index uses many of the same subject headings, but adds citations and links to the Bibliographic Notes and Supplementary text, which follows the second index and provides a companion to WOMAN LAWYER, with additional source material for the facts and interpretations in the book itself, and its endnotes. <br /> <br /> Following the two indexes, there is a list of the supplementary notes, listed by book chapter and assuming familiarity with the text itself. Some of these are traditional bibliographic notes listing essential references with a few words of critical explanation. But I have also included first person essays and descriptions of people and events that influenced Clara Foltz, but whose stories would extend the book unduly. For instance, the Note on Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing,(see notes for chapter two) describes in detail the content of the San Diego Bee over a ten day period during Foltz’s editorship. <br /> <br /> <br /> A biography written over many years has more sources than can be cited even in this format – especially in a burgeoning new field like women’s legal history. I have tried to cite the main works that influenced my thinking, which may not be exactly the same as all the main works. In a larger sense, virtually everything I have read concerning women’s rights and nineteenth century history is in here somewhere even though not mentioned explicitly. To those whose work deserves more recognition than I have given it here, my sincerest apologies.<br /> <br /> == List of On-Line Bibliographic Sources==<br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; Introductory &lt;/font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> #[[About and By Clara Foltz: Biographical Material and Her Writings]]<br /> #[[Archival and Investigative Materials]]<br /> #[[Timelines]]<br /> ##[[Timelines#Life Events|Life Events]] <br /> ##[[Timelines#Passage of Constitutional Clauses|Passage of Constitutional Clauses]] <br /> ##[[Timelines#Public Defender Campaign|Public Defender Campaign]]<br /> #[[Women’s History]]<br /> ##[[Women’s History#Legal Status of Women in Nineteenth Century|Legal Status of Women in the Nineteenth Century]]<br /> ##[[Women’s History#“Feminism” and Women’s Rights: Nomenclature|&quot;Feminism&quot; and Women’s Rights: Nomenclature]]<br /> ##[[Women’s History#Women’s Biography|Women's Biography]]<br /> #[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies]]<br /> ##[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Myra Bradwell|Myra Bradwell]]<br /> ##[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Lavinia Goodell|Lavinia Goodell]]<br /> ##[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Mary Greene|Mary Greene]]<br /> ##[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Belva Lockwood|Belva Lockwood]]<br /> ##[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Arabella (Belle) Mansfield|Arabella (Belle) Mansfield]]<br /> ##[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Marilla Ricker|Marilla Ricker]]<br /> ##[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Lelia Robinson|Lelia Robinson]]<br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; Chapter One &lt;/font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> #[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa]]<br /> ##[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Parents|Parents]]<br /> ##[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Siblings: Milton and John|Siblings]]<br /> ##[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Clara Foltz’s Children|Foltz’s Children]]<br /> ##[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Mt. Pleasant and Howe’s Academy|Mt. Pleasant and Howe’s Academy]]<br /> #[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies]]<br /> ##[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Lillie Devereux Blake|Lillie Devereux Blake]]<br /> ##[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Clara Colby|Clara Colby]]<br /> ##[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Abigail Duniway|Abigail Duniway]]<br /> ##[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Sarah Knox Goodrich|Sarah Knox Goodrich]]<br /> ##[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Laura Gordon|Laura Gordon]]<br /> ##[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Grove L. Johnson|Grove L. Johnson]]<br /> #[[The Workingmen’s Party of California (WPC)]]<br /> ##[[The Workingmen’s Party of California (WPC)#Rise and Composition of the WPC|Rise and Composition of the WPC]]<br /> ##[[The Workingmen’s Party of California (WPC)#WPC and the Anti-Chinese Movement|WPC and the Anti-Chinese Movement ]]<br /> ##[[The Workingmen’s Party of California (WPC)#Relation with the Workingmen’s Party of the United States (WPUS)|Relation with the Workingmen’s Party of the United States (WPUS)]]<br /> #[[California Constitutional History]]<br /> ##[[California Constitutional History#Convention of 1879|Convention of 1879]]<br /> ##[[California Constitutional History#Passage of the Anti-Discrimination Clauses|Passage of the Anti-Discrimination Clauses]]<br /> ##[[California Constitutional History#Prominent Pro-Woman Delegates at the 1879 Convention|Prominent Pro-Woman Delegates at the 1879 Convention]]<br /> ###[[California Constitutional History#James J. Ayers|James J. Ayers]]<br /> ###[[California Constitutional History#Eli T. Blackmer|Eli T. Blackmer]]<br /> ###[[California Constitutional History#Charles Ringgold|Charles Ringgold]]<br /> ###[[California Constitutional History#David Terry|David Terry]]<br /> ###[[California Constitutional History#Alphonse Vacquerel|Alphonse Vacquerel]]<br /> ##[[California Constitutional History#Prominent Opponents|Prominent Opponents]]<br /> #[[Women and Divorce]]<br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; Chapter Two &lt;/font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> #[[Women as Public Lecturers]] <br /> #[[Women and Jury Service]]<br /> ##[[Women and Jury Service#The Washington Territory Experience|The Washington Territory Experience]]<br /> #[[San Francisco Social Life and Clara Foltz's Circle]]<br /> #[[San Diego in the Real Estate Boom]]<br /> #[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing]]<br /> ##[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#A Bee Sampler|A Bee Sampler]]<br /> ###[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#The Boom|The Boom]]<br /> ###[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#Outside News|Outside News]]<br /> ###[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#Local Excitement|Local Excitement]]<br /> ###[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#Regular Items|Regular Items]]<br /> ###[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#Civic Events|Civic Events]]<br /> ###[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#Society and Fashion|Society and Fashion]]<br /> ###[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#Last Days at the Bee|Last Days at the Bee]]<br /> #[[Bellamy Nationalism]]<br /> ##[[Bellamy Nationalism#Charlotte Perkins Gilman|Charlotte Perkins Gilman]]<br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; Chapter Three &lt;/font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> #[[Law Practice in the West]]<br /> ##[[Law Practice in the West#General Works|General works]]<br /> ##[[Law Practice in the West#Biographical Works|Biographical works]]<br /> ###[[Law Practice in the West#Oscar Shuck's Work|Oscar Shuck's Work]]<br /> ##[[Law Practice in the West#Clara Foltz’s Practice|Clara Foltz’s Practice]]<br /> ##[[Law Practice in the West#Women and Criminal Law Practice|Women and Criminal Law Practice]]<br /> ###[[Law Practice in the West#Lelia Robinson|Lelia Robinson]]<br /> ###[[Law Practice in the West#Women Defenders: The Negative Image|Women Defenders: The Negative Image]]<br /> ###[[Law Practice in the West#Women Defenders and Women Jurors|Women Defenders and Women Jurors]]<br /> ###[[Law Practice in the West#Laura Gordon and the Sproule Case|Laura Gordon and the Sproule Case]]<br /> ###[[Law Practice in the West#Why Women Became Defenders|Why Women Became Defenders]]<br /> ###[[Law Practice in the West#The Contributions of Women to Criminal Defense|The Contributions of Women to Criminal Defense]]<br /> #[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics]]<br /> ##[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics#General Sources|General Sources]]<br /> ###[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics#Coxey's Army, The Pullman Strike, and the Haymarket Tragedy|Coxey's Army, The Pullman Strike, and the Haymarket Tragedy]]<br /> ###[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics#Bellamy Nationalism and Populism|Bellamy Nationalism and Populism]]<br /> ###[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics#Women's Pre-Suffrage Participation in Politics|Women's Pre-Suffrage Participation in Politics]]<br /> ###[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics#1894 Election in California|1894 Election in California]]<br /> ##[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics#Mary Elizabeth Lease (also known as Mary Ellen)|Mary Elizabeth Lease]]<br /> ##[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics#Stephen White|Stephen White]]<br /> ##[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics#Anna Ferry Smith|Anna Ferry Smith]]<br /> #[[Foltz as Reform Lobbyist in the 1890s]] <br /> ##[[Foltz as Reform Lobbyist in the 1890s#Parole Legislation|Parole Legislation]] <br /> ##[[Foltz as Reform Lobbyist in the 1890s#Women's Rights Measures|Women's Rights Measures]] <br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; Chapter Four &lt;/font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> #[[The New Woman]]<br /> #[[Trella Toland and Her Autograph Book]] <br /> ##[[Trella Toland and Her Autograph Book#Writers and Journalists|Writers and Journalists]]<br /> ##[[Trella Toland and Her Autograph Book#Actors|Actors]]<br /> ##[[Trella Toland and Her Autograph Book#Theater People|Theater People]]<br /> ##[[Trella Toland and Her Autograph Book#Trella's Family: William Toland, Sam Shortridge, and Virginia Toland|Trella's Family: William Toland, Sam Shortridge, and Virginia Toland]]<br /> ##[[Trella Toland and Her Autograph Book#Isaac Trumbo|Isaac Trumbo]]<br /> #[[The New York Legal Scene]]<br /> ##[[The New York Legal Scene#Women’s Legal Education Society (WLES) and Law Class|Women’s Legal Education Society (WLES) and Law Class]]<br /> ##[[The New York Legal Scene#The New Corporate Practice|Corporate practice]]<br /> ##[[The New York Legal Scene#Criminal Practice|Criminal practice]]<br /> #[[The Oil Boom and Foltz’s Companies]]<br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; Chapter Five &lt;/font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> #[[Murder Defendants and Equal Justice]]<br /> ##[[Murder Defendants and Equal Justice#Women as Criminal Defendants|Women as Criminal Defendants]]<br /> ###[[Murder Defendants and Equal Justice#The Death Penalty|The Death Penalty]]<br /> ###[[Murder Defendants and Equal Justice#Maria Barbella|Maria Barbella]]<br /> ###[[Murder Defendants and Equal Justice#Laura Fair|Laura Fair]]<br /> ###[[Murder Defendants and Equal Justice#Florence Maybrick|Florence Maybrick]]<br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; Chapter Six &lt;/font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> #[[Suffrage History]]<br /> ##[[Suffrage History#Legal Status of Women in Nineteenth Century|Legal Status of Women in Nineteenth Century]]<br /> ##[[Suffrage History#Seneca Falls|Seneca Falls]]<br /> ##[[Suffrage History#Historiography|Historiography]]<br /> ##[[Suffrage History#Relationship with Other Movements and Causes|Relationship to Other Movements and Causes]]<br /> ###[[Suffrage History#Suffrage and Other Women's Rights|Suffrage and Other Women's Rights]]<br /> ###[[Suffrage History#Suffrage and Black Civil Rights Movement|Suffrage and Black Civil Rights Movement]]<br /> ###[[Suffrage History#Suffrage and Temperance and Prohibition|Suffrage and Temperance and Prohibition]]<br /> #[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention]]<br /> ##[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention#General Sources|General Sources]]<br /> ##[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention#Matilda Gage, President|Matilda Gage, President]]<br /> ##[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention#Reaction to Foltz’s Remarks|Reaction to Foltz’s Remarks]]<br /> ##[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention#Other Notable Attendants|Other Notable Attendants]]<br /> ###[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention#Theosophy and Madame Blavatsky|Theosophy and Madame Blavatsky]]<br /> ###[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention#William Aldrich and Josephine Cables|William Aldrich and Josephine Cables]]<br /> ###[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention#Elliott and Emily Coues|Elliott and Emily Coues]]<br /> ###[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention#Charlotte Smith|Charlotte Smith]]<br /> #[[The World's Fair]]<br /> ##[[The World's Fair#General Works|General Works]]<br /> ##[[The World's Fair#African Americans at the Fair|African Americans at the Fair]]<br /> #[[Women at the World's Fair]]<br /> ##[[Women at the World's Fair#General Works|General Works]]<br /> ##[[Women at the World's Fair#Bertha Palmer and the Isabella Club|Bertha Palmer and the Isabella Club]]<br /> ##[[Women at the World's Fair#Clara Foltz, Laura Gordon, and Clara Colby|Clara Foltz, Laura Gordon, and Clara Colby]]<br /> ##[[Women at the World's Fair#The Women's Congresses|The Women's Congresses]]<br /> ##[[Women at the World's Fair#Participation in the Other Auxiliary Congresses|Participation in the Other Auxiliary Congresses]]<br /> #[[Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns]]<br /> ##[[Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns#New York|New York]]<br /> ###[[Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns#General Description|General Description]]<br /> ###[[Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns#New York Constitutional Convention|New York Constitutional Convention]]<br /> ####[[Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns#Explaining Choate's Change in Position|Explaining Choate's Change in Position]]<br /> ####[[Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns#Interview with Stanleyetta Titus on Winning the Vote at the Convention|Interview with Stanleyetta Titus on Winning the Vote at the Convention]]<br /> ##[[Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns#California|California]]<br /> ###[[Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns#General Description|General Description]]<br /> ###[[Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns#Foltz and Other Women Suffragists|Foltz and Other Women Suffragists]]<br /> #[[Victory in California -- 1911]]<br /> ##[[Victory in California -- 1911#The California Suffrage Campaign Generally|The California Suffrage Campaign Generally]]<br /> ##[[Victory in California -- 1911#The 1911 Campaign|The 1911 Campaign]]<br /> ##[[Victory in California -- 1911#Coffin and Edson|Coffin and Edson]]<br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; Chapter Seven &lt;/font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> #[[Progressivism, Suffrage, and Public Defense]]<br /> #[[The Early History of Public Defense]]<br /> #[[Foltz the Founder of Public Defense]]<br /> #[[Foltz's Arguments for Public Defense]]<br /> ##[[Foltz's Arguments for Public Defense#Prosecutorial Misconduct|Prosecutorial Misconduct]]<br /> ##[[Foltz's Arguments for Public Defense#The Presumption of Innocence|The Presumption of Innocence]]<br /> ##[[Foltz's Arguments for Public Defense#Burdening the Right|Burdening the Right]]<br /> ##[[Foltz's Arguments for Public Defense#Woman Suffrage and Public Defense|Woman Suffrage and Public Defense]]<br /> #[[The Right to Counsel and the Appointed Counsel System]]<br /> #[[New York Politics and Foltz’s Public Defender Bill]]<br /> ##[[New York Politics and Foltz’s Public Defender Bill#Tammany Hall|Tammany Hall]]<br /> ##[[New York Politics and Foltz’s Public Defender Bill#Thomas Grady|Thomas Grady]]<br /> ##[[New York Politics and Foltz’s Public Defender Bill#Late Nineteenth Century New York Politics|Late Nineteenth Century New York Politics]]<br /> ##[[New York Politics and Foltz’s Public Defender Bill#Thomas C. Platt and the 1897 Mayoral Election|Thomas C. Platt and the 1897 Mayoral Election]]<br /> ##[[New York Politics and Foltz’s Public Defender Bill#Women in the Anti-Tammany Efforts|Women in the Anti-Tammany Efforts]]<br /> ##[[New York Politics and Foltz’s Public Defender Bill#Biographical Works|Biographical Works]]<br /> #[[Comparison of Public Defender Statutes]]<br /> ##[[Comparison of Public Defender Statutes#1885 Statute|1885 Statute]]<br /> ##[[Comparison of Public Defender Statutes#1897 Statute|1897 Statute]]<br /> ###[[Comparison of Public Defender Statutes#Text of the 1897 Statute|Text of the 1897 Statute]]<br /> ###[[Comparison of Public Defender Statutes#Comparison to Public Defender Statutes Actually Enacted|Comparison to Public Defender Statutes Actually Enacted]]<br /> ###[[Comparison of Public Defender Statutes#Foltz's Bill Introduced in Multiple States|Foltz's Bill Introduced in Multiple States]]<br /> ##[[Comparison of Public Defender Statutes#The 1912 Los Angeles Charter Provision and the 1921 California Statute|The 1912 Los Angeles Charter Provision and the 1921 Statute]]<br /> ###[[Comparison of Public Defender Statutes#Wisconsin Statute Tracks the California Statute|Wisconsin Statute Tracks the California Statute]]<br /> #[[Comparison of Progressive Defender with Foltzian Model]]<br /> ##[[Comparison of Progressive Defender with Foltzian Model#Progressivism and Public Defense|Progressivism and Public Defense]]<br /> ##[[Comparison of Progressive Defender with Foltzian Model#The Progressive and the Foltzian Defenders|The Progressive and the Foltzian Defenders]]<br /> ###[[Comparison of Progressive Defender with Foltzian Model#Example of Progressive-Type Representation|Example of Progressive-Type Representation]]<br /> ###[[Comparison of Progressive Defender with Foltzian Model#The Foltzian Model|The Foltzian Model]]<br /> ##[[Comparison of Progressive Defender with Foltzian Model#Cost of the Public Defender|Cost of the Public Defender]]<br /> ##[[Comparison of Progressive Defender with Foltzian Model#Competing Visions in New York: Mayer Goldman’s Public Defender and the Legal Aid Societies|Competing Visions in New York: Mayer Goldman’s Public Defender and the Legal Aid Societies]]<br /> ##[[Comparison of Progressive Defender with Foltzian Model#History of the Legal Aid Society|History of the Legal Aid Society]]<br /> ###[[Comparison of Progressive Defender with Foltzian Model#The Voluntary Defenders|The Voluntary Defenders]]</div>

Babcock https://wlh-wiki.law.stanford.edu/index.php/Indexes_and_Bibliographic_Notes 2010-12-04T19:06:06Z

<p>Babcock:&#32;/* Bibliographic Notes and Supplementary Text */</p> <hr /> <div>==Indexes, Bibliographic Notes and Supplementary Text==<br /> <br /> There are two indexes here: the first is to subjects and page numbers in WOMAN LAWYER: THE TRIALS OF CLARA FOLTZ. This index also appears on the website of the Stanford University Press. The second index uses many of the same subject headings, but adds citations and links to the Bibliographic Notes and Supplementary text, which follows the second index and provides a companion to WOMAN LAWYER, with additional source material for the facts and interpretations in the book itself, and its endnotes. <br /> <br /> Following the two indexes, there is a list of the notes. They are in the order of the book chapters and assume familiarity with it. Some are traditional bibliographic notes listing essential references with a few words of critical explanation. But I have also included first person essays and descriptions of people and events that influenced Clara Foltz, but whose stories do not fit with hers, or would extend it unduly. For instance, the Note on Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing, (see notes for chapter two) describes in detail the content of the San Diego Bee over a ten day period during Foltz’s editorship. <br /> <br /> <br /> A biography written over many years has more sources than can be cited even in this format – especially in a burgeoning new field like women’s legal history. I have tried to cite the main works that influenced my thinking, which may not be exactly the same as all the main works. In a larger sense, virtually everything I have read concerning women’s rights and nineteenth century history is in here somewhere even though not mentioned explicitly. To those whose work deserves more recognition than I have given it here, my sincerest apologies.<br /> <br /> == List of On-Line Bibliographic Sources==<br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; Introductory &lt;/font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> #[[About and By Clara Foltz: Biographical Material and Her Writings]]<br /> #[[Archival and Investigative Materials]]<br /> #[[Timelines]]<br /> ##[[Timelines#Life Events|Life Events]] <br /> ##[[Timelines#Passage of Constitutional Clauses|Passage of Constitutional Clauses]] <br /> ##[[Timelines#Public Defender Campaign|Public Defender Campaign]]<br /> #[[Women’s History]]<br /> ##[[Women’s History#Legal Status of Women in Nineteenth Century|Legal Status of Women in the Nineteenth Century]]<br /> ##[[Women’s History#“Feminism” and Women’s Rights: Nomenclature|&quot;Feminism&quot; and Women’s Rights: Nomenclature]]<br /> ##[[Women’s History#Women’s Biography|Women's Biography]]<br /> #[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies]]<br /> ##[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Myra Bradwell|Myra Bradwell]]<br /> ##[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Lavinia Goodell|Lavinia Goodell]]<br /> ##[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Mary Greene|Mary Greene]]<br /> ##[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Belva Lockwood|Belva Lockwood]]<br /> ##[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Arabella (Belle) Mansfield|Arabella (Belle) Mansfield]]<br /> ##[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Marilla Ricker|Marilla Ricker]]<br /> ##[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Lelia Robinson|Lelia Robinson]]<br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; Chapter One &lt;/font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> #[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa]]<br /> ##[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Parents|Parents]]<br /> ##[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Siblings: Milton and John|Siblings]]<br /> ##[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Clara Foltz’s Children|Foltz’s Children]]<br /> ##[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Mt. Pleasant and Howe’s Academy|Mt. Pleasant and Howe’s Academy]]<br /> #[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies]]<br /> ##[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Lillie Devereux Blake|Lillie Devereux Blake]]<br /> ##[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Clara Colby|Clara Colby]]<br /> ##[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Abigail Duniway|Abigail Duniway]]<br /> ##[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Sarah Knox Goodrich|Sarah Knox Goodrich]]<br /> ##[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Laura Gordon|Laura Gordon]]<br /> ##[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Grove L. Johnson|Grove L. Johnson]]<br /> #[[The Workingmen’s Party of California (WPC)]]<br /> ##[[The Workingmen’s Party of California (WPC)#Rise and Composition of the WPC|Rise and Composition of the WPC]]<br /> ##[[The Workingmen’s Party of California (WPC)#WPC and the Anti-Chinese Movement|WPC and the Anti-Chinese Movement ]]<br /> ##[[The Workingmen’s Party of California (WPC)#Relation with the Workingmen’s Party of the United States (WPUS)|Relation with the Workingmen’s Party of the United States (WPUS)]]<br /> #[[California Constitutional History]]<br /> ##[[California Constitutional History#Convention of 1879|Convention of 1879]]<br /> ##[[California Constitutional History#Passage of the Anti-Discrimination Clauses|Passage of the Anti-Discrimination Clauses]]<br /> ##[[California Constitutional History#Prominent Pro-Woman Delegates at the 1879 Convention|Prominent Pro-Woman Delegates at the 1879 Convention]]<br /> ###[[California Constitutional History#James J. Ayers|James J. Ayers]]<br /> ###[[California Constitutional History#Eli T. Blackmer|Eli T. Blackmer]]<br /> ###[[California Constitutional History#Charles Ringgold|Charles Ringgold]]<br /> ###[[California Constitutional History#David Terry|David Terry]]<br /> ###[[California Constitutional History#Alphonse Vacquerel|Alphonse Vacquerel]]<br /> ##[[California Constitutional History#Prominent Opponents|Prominent Opponents]]<br /> #[[Women and Divorce]]<br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; Chapter Two &lt;/font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> #[[Women as Public Lecturers]] <br /> #[[Women and Jury Service]]<br /> ##[[Women and Jury Service#The Washington Territory Experience|The Washington Territory Experience]]<br /> #[[San Francisco Social Life and Clara Foltz's Circle]]<br /> #[[San Diego in the Real Estate Boom]]<br /> #[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing]]<br /> ##[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#A Bee Sampler|A Bee Sampler]]<br /> ###[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#The Boom|The Boom]]<br /> ###[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#Outside News|Outside News]]<br /> ###[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#Local Excitement|Local Excitement]]<br /> ###[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#Regular Items|Regular Items]]<br /> ###[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#Civic Events|Civic Events]]<br /> ###[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#Society and Fashion|Society and Fashion]]<br /> ###[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#Last Days at the Bee|Last Days at the Bee]]<br /> #[[Bellamy Nationalism]]<br /> ##[[Bellamy Nationalism#Charlotte Perkins Gilman|Charlotte Perkins Gilman]]<br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; Chapter Three &lt;/font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> #[[Law Practice in the West]]<br /> ##[[Law Practice in the West#General Works|General works]]<br /> ##[[Law Practice in the West#Biographical Works|Biographical works]]<br /> ###[[Law Practice in the West#Oscar Shuck's Work|Oscar Shuck's Work]]<br /> ##[[Law Practice in the West#Clara Foltz’s Practice|Clara Foltz’s Practice]]<br /> ##[[Law Practice in the West#Women and Criminal Law Practice|Women and Criminal Law Practice]]<br /> ###[[Law Practice in the West#Lelia Robinson|Lelia Robinson]]<br /> ###[[Law Practice in the West#Women Defenders: The Negative Image|Women Defenders: The Negative Image]]<br /> ###[[Law Practice in the West#Women Defenders and Women Jurors|Women Defenders and Women Jurors]]<br /> ###[[Law Practice in the West#Laura Gordon and the Sproule Case|Laura Gordon and the Sproule Case]]<br /> ###[[Law Practice in the West#Why Women Became Defenders|Why Women Became Defenders]]<br /> ###[[Law Practice in the West#The Contributions of Women to Criminal Defense|The Contributions of Women to Criminal Defense]]<br /> #[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics]]<br /> ##[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics#General Sources|General Sources]]<br /> ###[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics#Coxey's Army, The Pullman Strike, and the Haymarket Tragedy|Coxey's Army, The Pullman Strike, and the Haymarket Tragedy]]<br /> ###[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics#Bellamy Nationalism and Populism|Bellamy Nationalism and Populism]]<br /> ###[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics#Women's Pre-Suffrage Participation in Politics|Women's Pre-Suffrage Participation in Politics]]<br /> ###[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics#1894 Election in California|1894 Election in California]]<br /> ##[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics#Mary Elizabeth Lease (also known as Mary Ellen)|Mary Elizabeth Lease]]<br /> ##[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics#Stephen White|Stephen White]]<br /> ##[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics#Anna Ferry Smith|Anna Ferry Smith]]<br /> #[[Foltz as Reform Lobbyist in the 1890s]] <br /> ##[[Foltz as Reform Lobbyist in the 1890s#Parole Legislation|Parole Legislation]] <br /> ##[[Foltz as Reform Lobbyist in the 1890s#Women's Rights Measures|Women's Rights Measures]] <br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; Chapter Four &lt;/font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> #[[The New Woman]]<br /> #[[Trella Toland and Her Autograph Book]] <br /> ##[[Trella Toland and Her Autograph Book#Writers and Journalists|Writers and Journalists]]<br /> ##[[Trella Toland and Her Autograph Book#Actors|Actors]]<br /> ##[[Trella Toland and Her Autograph Book#Theater People|Theater People]]<br /> ##[[Trella Toland and Her Autograph Book#Trella's Family: William Toland, Sam Shortridge, and Virginia Toland|Trella's Family: William Toland, Sam Shortridge, and Virginia Toland]]<br /> ##[[Trella Toland and Her Autograph Book#Isaac Trumbo|Isaac Trumbo]]<br /> #[[The New York Legal Scene]]<br /> ##[[The New York Legal Scene#Women’s Legal Education Society (WLES) and Law Class|Women’s Legal Education Society (WLES) and Law Class]]<br /> ##[[The New York Legal Scene#The New Corporate Practice|Corporate practice]]<br /> ##[[The New York Legal Scene#Criminal Practice|Criminal practice]]<br /> #[[The Oil Boom and Foltz’s Companies]]<br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; Chapter Five &lt;/font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> #[[Murder Defendants and Equal Justice]]<br /> ##[[Murder Defendants and Equal Justice#Women as Criminal Defendants|Women as Criminal Defendants]]<br /> ###[[Murder Defendants and Equal Justice#The Death Penalty|The Death Penalty]]<br /> ###[[Murder Defendants and Equal Justice#Maria Barbella|Maria Barbella]]<br /> ###[[Murder Defendants and Equal Justice#Laura Fair|Laura Fair]]<br /> ###[[Murder Defendants and Equal Justice#Florence Maybrick|Florence Maybrick]]<br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; Chapter Six &lt;/font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> #[[Suffrage History]]<br /> ##[[Suffrage History#Legal Status of Women in Nineteenth Century|Legal Status of Women in Nineteenth Century]]<br /> ##[[Suffrage History#Seneca Falls|Seneca Falls]]<br /> ##[[Suffrage History#Historiography|Historiography]]<br /> ##[[Suffrage History#Relationship with Other Movements and Causes|Relationship to Other Movements and Causes]]<br /> ###[[Suffrage History#Suffrage and Other Women's Rights|Suffrage and Other Women's Rights]]<br /> ###[[Suffrage History#Suffrage and Black Civil Rights Movement|Suffrage and Black Civil Rights Movement]]<br /> ###[[Suffrage History#Suffrage and Temperance and Prohibition|Suffrage and Temperance and Prohibition]]<br /> #[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention]]<br /> ##[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention#General Sources|General Sources]]<br /> ##[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention#Matilda Gage, President|Matilda Gage, President]]<br /> ##[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention#Reaction to Foltz’s Remarks|Reaction to Foltz’s Remarks]]<br /> ##[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention#Other Notable Attendants|Other Notable Attendants]]<br /> ###[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention#Theosophy and Madame Blavatsky|Theosophy and Madame Blavatsky]]<br /> ###[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention#William Aldrich and Josephine Cables|William Aldrich and Josephine Cables]]<br /> ###[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention#Elliott and Emily Coues|Elliott and Emily Coues]]<br /> ###[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention#Charlotte Smith|Charlotte Smith]]<br /> #[[The World's Fair]]<br /> ##[[The World's Fair#General Works|General Works]]<br /> ##[[The World's Fair#African Americans at the Fair|African Americans at the Fair]]<br /> #[[Women at the World's Fair]]<br /> ##[[Women at the World's Fair#General Works|General Works]]<br /> ##[[Women at the World's Fair#Bertha Palmer and the Isabella Club|Bertha Palmer and the Isabella Club]]<br /> ##[[Women at the World's Fair#Clara Foltz, Laura Gordon, and Clara Colby|Clara Foltz, Laura Gordon, and Clara Colby]]<br /> ##[[Women at the World's Fair#The Women's Congresses|The Women's Congresses]]<br /> ##[[Women at the World's Fair#Participation in the Other Auxiliary Congresses|Participation in the Other Auxiliary Congresses]]<br /> #[[Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns]]<br /> ##[[Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns#New York|New York]]<br /> ###[[Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns#General Description|General Description]]<br /> ###[[Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns#New York Constitutional Convention|New York Constitutional Convention]]<br /> ####[[Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns#Explaining Choate's Change in Position|Explaining Choate's Change in Position]]<br /> ####[[Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns#Interview with Stanleyetta Titus on Winning the Vote at the Convention|Interview with Stanleyetta Titus on Winning the Vote at the Convention]]<br /> ##[[Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns#California|California]]<br /> ###[[Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns#General Description|General Description]]<br /> ###[[Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns#Foltz and Other Women Suffragists|Foltz and Other Women Suffragists]]<br /> #[[Victory in California -- 1911]]<br /> ##[[Victory in California -- 1911#The California Suffrage Campaign Generally|The California Suffrage Campaign Generally]]<br /> ##[[Victory in California -- 1911#The 1911 Campaign|The 1911 Campaign]]<br /> ##[[Victory in California -- 1911#Coffin and Edson|Coffin and Edson]]<br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; Chapter Seven &lt;/font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> #[[Progressivism, Suffrage, and Public Defense]]<br /> #[[The Early History of Public Defense]]<br /> #[[Foltz the Founder of Public Defense]]<br /> #[[Foltz's Arguments for Public Defense]]<br /> ##[[Foltz's Arguments for Public Defense#Prosecutorial Misconduct|Prosecutorial Misconduct]]<br /> ##[[Foltz's Arguments for Public Defense#The Presumption of Innocence|The Presumption of Innocence]]<br /> ##[[Foltz's Arguments for Public Defense#Burdening the Right|Burdening the Right]]<br /> ##[[Foltz's Arguments for Public Defense#Woman Suffrage and Public Defense|Woman Suffrage and Public Defense]]<br /> #[[The Right to Counsel and the Appointed Counsel System]]<br /> #[[New York Politics and Foltz’s Public Defender Bill]]<br /> ##[[New York Politics and Foltz’s Public Defender Bill#Tammany Hall|Tammany Hall]]<br /> ##[[New York Politics and Foltz’s Public Defender Bill#Thomas Grady|Thomas Grady]]<br /> ##[[New York Politics and Foltz’s Public Defender Bill#Late Nineteenth Century New York Politics|Late Nineteenth Century New York Politics]]<br /> ##[[New York Politics and Foltz’s Public Defender Bill#Thomas C. Platt and the 1897 Mayoral Election|Thomas C. Platt and the 1897 Mayoral Election]]<br /> ##[[New York Politics and Foltz’s Public Defender Bill#Women in the Anti-Tammany Efforts|Women in the Anti-Tammany Efforts]]<br /> ##[[New York Politics and Foltz’s Public Defender Bill#Biographical Works|Biographical Works]]<br /> #[[Comparison of Public Defender Statutes]]<br /> ##[[Comparison of Public Defender Statutes#1885 Statute|1885 Statute]]<br /> ##[[Comparison of Public Defender Statutes#1897 Statute|1897 Statute]]<br /> ###[[Comparison of Public Defender Statutes#Text of the 1897 Statute|Text of the 1897 Statute]]<br /> ###[[Comparison of Public Defender Statutes#Comparison to Public Defender Statutes Actually Enacted|Comparison to Public Defender Statutes Actually Enacted]]<br /> ###[[Comparison of Public Defender Statutes#Foltz's Bill Introduced in Multiple States|Foltz's Bill Introduced in Multiple States]]<br /> ##[[Comparison of Public Defender Statutes#The 1912 Los Angeles Charter Provision and the 1921 California Statute|The 1912 Los Angeles Charter Provision and the 1921 Statute]]<br /> ###[[Comparison of Public Defender Statutes#Wisconsin Statute Tracks the California Statute|Wisconsin Statute Tracks the California Statute]]<br /> #[[Comparison of Progressive Defender with Foltzian Model]]<br /> ##[[Comparison of Progressive Defender with Foltzian Model#Progressivism and Public Defense|Progressivism and Public Defense]]<br /> ##[[Comparison of Progressive Defender with Foltzian Model#The Progressive and the Foltzian Defenders|The Progressive and the Foltzian Defenders]]<br /> ###[[Comparison of Progressive Defender with Foltzian Model#Example of Progressive-Type Representation|Example of Progressive-Type Representation]]<br /> ###[[Comparison of Progressive Defender with Foltzian Model#The Foltzian Model|The Foltzian Model]]<br /> ##[[Comparison of Progressive Defender with Foltzian Model#Cost of the Public Defender|Cost of the Public Defender]]<br /> ##[[Comparison of Progressive Defender with Foltzian Model#Competing Visions in New York: Mayer Goldman’s Public Defender and the Legal Aid Societies|Competing Visions in New York: Mayer Goldman’s Public Defender and the Legal Aid Societies]]<br /> ##[[Comparison of Progressive Defender with Foltzian Model#History of the Legal Aid Society|History of the Legal Aid Society]]<br /> ###[[Comparison of Progressive Defender with Foltzian Model#The Voluntary Defenders|The Voluntary Defenders]]</div>

Babcock https://wlh-wiki.law.stanford.edu/index.php/Indexes_and_Bibliographic_Notes 2010-11-14T16:27:13Z

<p>Babcock:&#32;/* List of On-Line Bibliographic Sources */</p> <hr /> <div>==Bibliographic Notes and Supplementary Text==<br /> <br /> These notes and essays supplement the endnotes in WOMAN LAWYER: THE TRIALS OF CLARA FOLTZ, providing additional source material for the facts and interpretations. Generally the notes follow the order of the book chapters and assume familiarity with the main text.The index to &quot;Woman Lawyer&quot; cites the on-line material by subject. Some are traditional bibliographic notes listing essential references with a few words of critical explanation. But I have also included first person essays and descriptions of people and events that influenced Clara Foltz, but whose stories do not fit with hers, or would extend it unduly. For instance, the Note on Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing, (see notes for chapter two) describes in detail the content of the San Diego Bee over a ten day period during Foltz’s editorship. <br /> <br /> <br /> A biography written over many years has more sources than can be cited even in this format – especially in a burgeoning new field like women’s legal history. I have tried to cite the main works that influenced my thinking, which may not be exactly the same as all the main works. In a larger sense, virtually everything I have read concerning women’s rights and nineteenth century history is in here somewhere even though not mentioned explicitly. To those whose work deserves more recognition than I have given it here, my sincerest apologies. <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == List of On-Line Bibliographic Sources==<br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; Introductory &lt;/font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> #[[About and By Clara Foltz: Biographical Material and Her Writings]]<br /> #[[Archival and Investigative Materials]]<br /> #[[Timelines]]<br /> ##[[Timelines#Life Events|Life Events]] <br /> ##[[Timelines#Passage of Constitutional Clauses|Passage of Constitutional Clauses]] <br /> ##[[Timelines#Public Defender Campaign|Public Defender Campaign]]<br /> #[[Women’s History]]<br /> ##[[Women’s History#Legal Status of Women in Nineteenth Century|Legal Status of Women in the Nineteenth Century]]<br /> ##[[Women’s History#“Feminism” and Women’s Rights: Nomenclature|&quot;Feminism&quot; and Women’s Rights: Nomenclature]]<br /> ##[[Women’s History#Women’s Biography|Women's Biography]]<br /> #[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies]]<br /> ##[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Myra Bradwell|Myra Bradwell]]<br /> ##[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Lavinia Goodell|Lavinia Goodell]]<br /> ##[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Mary Greene|Mary Greene]]<br /> ##[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Belva Lockwood|Belva Lockwood]]<br /> ##[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Arabella (Belle) Mansfield|Arabella (Belle) Mansfield]]<br /> ##[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Marilla Ricker|Marilla Ricker]]<br /> ##[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Lelia Robinson|Lelia Robinson]]<br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; Chapter One &lt;/font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> #[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa]]<br /> ##[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Parents|Parents]]<br /> ##[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Siblings: Milton and John|Siblings]]<br /> ##[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Clara Foltz’s Children|Foltz’s Children]]<br /> ##[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Mt. Pleasant and Howe’s Academy|Mt. Pleasant and Howe’s Academy]]<br /> #[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies]]<br /> ##[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Lillie Devereux Blake|Lillie Devereux Blake]]<br /> ##[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Clara Colby|Clara Colby]]<br /> ##[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Abigail Duniway|Abigail Duniway]]<br /> ##[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Sarah Knox Goodrich|Sarah Knox Goodrich]]<br /> ##[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Laura Gordon|Laura Gordon]]<br /> ##[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Grove L. Johnson|Grove L. Johnson]]<br /> #[[The Workingmen’s Party of California (WPC)]]<br /> ##[[The Workingmen’s Party of California (WPC)#Rise and Composition of the WPC|Rise and Composition of the WPC]]<br /> ##[[The Workingmen’s Party of California (WPC)#WPC and the Anti-Chinese Movement|WPC and the Anti-Chinese Movement ]]<br /> ##[[The Workingmen’s Party of California (WPC)#Relation with the Workingmen’s Party of the United States (WPUS)|Relation with the Workingmen’s Party of the United States (WPUS)]]<br /> #[[California Constitutional History]]<br /> ##[[California Constitutional History#Convention of 1879|Convention of 1879]]<br /> ##[[California Constitutional History#Passage of the Anti-Discrimination Clauses|Passage of the Anti-Discrimination Clauses]]<br /> ##[[California Constitutional History#Prominent Pro-Woman Delegates at the 1879 Convention|Prominent Pro-Woman Delegates at the 1879 Convention]]<br /> ###[[California Constitutional History#James J. Ayers|James J. Ayers]]<br /> ###[[California Constitutional History#Eli T. Blackmer|Eli T. Blackmer]]<br /> ###[[California Constitutional History#Charles Ringgold|Charles Ringgold]]<br /> ###[[California Constitutional History#David Terry|David Terry]]<br /> ###[[California Constitutional History#Alphonse Vacquerel|Alphonse Vacquerel]]<br /> ##[[California Constitutional History#Prominent Opponents|Prominent Opponents]]<br /> #[[Women and Divorce]]<br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; Chapter Two &lt;/font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> #[[Women as Public Lecturers]] <br /> #[[Women and Jury Service]]<br /> ##[[Women and Jury Service#The Washington Territory Experience|The Washington Territory Experience]]<br /> #[[San Francisco Social Life and Clara Foltz's Circle]]<br /> #[[San Diego in the Real Estate Boom]]<br /> #[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing]]<br /> ##[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#A Bee Sampler|A Bee Sampler]]<br /> ###[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#The Boom|The Boom]]<br /> ###[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#Outside News|Outside News]]<br /> ###[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#Local Excitement|Local Excitement]]<br /> ###[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#Regular Items|Regular Items]]<br /> ###[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#Civic Events|Civic Events]]<br /> ###[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#Society and Fashion|Society and Fashion]]<br /> ###[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#Last Days at the Bee|Last Days at the Bee]]<br /> #[[Bellamy Nationalism]]<br /> ##[[Bellamy Nationalism#Charlotte Perkins Gilman|Charlotte Perkins Gilman]]<br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; Chapter Three &lt;/font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> #[[Law Practice in the West]]<br /> ##[[Law Practice in the West#General Works|General works]]<br /> ##[[Law Practice in the West#Biographical Works|Biographical works]]<br /> ###[[Law Practice in the West#Oscar Shuck's Work|Oscar Shuck's Work]]<br /> ##[[Law Practice in the West#Clara Foltz’s Practice|Clara Foltz’s Practice]]<br /> ##[[Law Practice in the West#Women and Criminal Law Practice|Women and Criminal Law Practice]]<br /> ###[[Law Practice in the West#Lelia Robinson|Lelia Robinson]]<br /> ###[[Law Practice in the West#Women Defenders: The Negative Image|Women Defenders: The Negative Image]]<br /> ###[[Law Practice in the West#Women Defenders and Women Jurors|Women Defenders and Women Jurors]]<br /> ###[[Law Practice in the West#Laura Gordon and the Sproule Case|Laura Gordon and the Sproule Case]]<br /> ###[[Law Practice in the West#Why Women Became Defenders|Why Women Became Defenders]]<br /> ###[[Law Practice in the West#The Contributions of Women to Criminal Defense|The Contributions of Women to Criminal Defense]]<br /> #[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics]]<br /> ##[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics#General Sources|General Sources]]<br /> ###[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics#Coxey's Army, The Pullman Strike, and the Haymarket Tragedy|Coxey's Army, The Pullman Strike, and the Haymarket Tragedy]]<br /> ###[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics#Bellamy Nationalism and Populism|Bellamy Nationalism and Populism]]<br /> ###[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics#Women's Pre-Suffrage Participation in Politics|Women's Pre-Suffrage Participation in Politics]]<br /> ###[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics#1894 Election in California|1894 Election in California]]<br /> ##[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics#Mary Elizabeth Lease (also known as Mary Ellen)|Mary Elizabeth Lease]]<br /> ##[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics#Stephen White|Stephen White]]<br /> ##[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics#Anna Ferry Smith|Anna Ferry Smith]]<br /> #[[Foltz as Reform Lobbyist in the 1890s]] <br /> ##[[Foltz as Reform Lobbyist in the 1890s#Parole Legislation|Parole Legislation]] <br /> ##[[Foltz as Reform Lobbyist in the 1890s#Women's Rights Measures|Women's Rights Measures]] <br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; Chapter Four &lt;/font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> #[[The New Woman]]<br /> #[[Trella Toland and Her Autograph Book]] <br /> ##[[Trella Toland and Her Autograph Book#Writers and Journalists|Writers and Journalists]]<br /> ##[[Trella Toland and Her Autograph Book#Actors|Actors]]<br /> ##[[Trella Toland and Her Autograph Book#Theater People|Theater People]]<br /> ##[[Trella Toland and Her Autograph Book#Trella's Family: William Toland, Sam Shortridge, and Virginia Toland|Trella's Family: William Toland, Sam Shortridge, and Virginia Toland]]<br /> ##[[Trella Toland and Her Autograph Book#Isaac Trumbo|Isaac Trumbo]]<br /> #[[The New York Legal Scene]]<br /> ##[[The New York Legal Scene#Women’s Legal Education Society (WLES) and Law Class|Women’s Legal Education Society (WLES) and Law Class]]<br /> ##[[The New York Legal Scene#The New Corporate Practice|Corporate practice]]<br /> ##[[The New York Legal Scene#Criminal Practice|Criminal practice]]<br /> #[[The Oil Boom and Foltz’s Companies]]<br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; Chapter Five &lt;/font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> #[[Murder Defendants and Equal Justice]]<br /> ##[[Murder Defendants and Equal Justice#Women as Criminal Defendants|Women as Criminal Defendants]]<br /> ###[[Murder Defendants and Equal Justice#The Death Penalty|The Death Penalty]]<br /> ###[[Murder Defendants and Equal Justice#Maria Barbella|Maria Barbella]]<br /> ###[[Murder Defendants and Equal Justice#Laura Fair|Laura Fair]]<br /> ###[[Murder Defendants and Equal Justice#Florence Maybrick|Florence Maybrick]]<br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; Chapter Six &lt;/font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> #[[Suffrage History]]<br /> ##[[Suffrage History#Seneca Falls|Seneca Falls]]<br /> ##[[Suffrage History#Historiography|Historiography]]<br /> ##[[Suffrage History#Relationship with Other Movements and Causes|Relationship to Other Movements and Causes]]<br /> ##[[The Women's Movement, Free Love, and Spiritualism]]<br /> #[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention]]<br /> ##[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention#Matilda Gage|Matilda Gage]]<br /> ##[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention#Theosophy and Madame Blavatsky|Theosophy and Madame Blavatsky]]<br /> ##[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention#Notable Attendants|Notable Attendants]]<br /> ###[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention#William Aldrich and Josephine Cables|William Aldrich and Josephine Cables]]<br /> ###[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention#Elliott and Emily Coues|Elliott and Emily Coues]]<br /> ###[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention#Charlotte Smith|Charlotte Smith]]<br /> ##[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention#Reaction to Foltz’s Remarks|Reaction to Foltz’s Remarks]]<br /> #[[The World's Fair]]<br /> #[[Women at the World's Fair]]<br /> ##[[The Women's Congresses]]<br /> ##[[Participation in the Other Auxiliary Congresses]]<br /> #[[Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns]]<br /> ##[[Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns#New York|New York]]<br /> ##[[Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns#California|California]]<br /> #[[Victory in California -- 1911]]<br /> ##[[Victory in California -- 1911#The Suffrage Campaign|The Suffrage Campaign]]<br /> ##[[Victory in California -- 1911#Coffin and Edson|Lillian Coffin and Katherine Edson]]<br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; Chapter Seven &lt;/font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> #[[Progressivism, Suffrage, and Public Defense]]<br /> #[[The Early History of Public Defense]]<br /> #[[Foltz the Founder of Public Defense]]<br /> #[[Foltz's Arguments for Public Defense]]<br /> ##[[Foltz's Arguments for Public Defense#Prosecutorial Misconduct|Prosecutorial Misconduct]]<br /> ##[[Foltz's Arguments for Public Defense#The Presumption of Innocence|The Presumption of Innocence]]<br /> ##[[Foltz's Arguments for Public Defense#Burdening the Right|Burdening the Right]]<br /> ##[[Foltz's Arguments for Public Defense#Woman Suffrage and Public Defense|Woman Suffrage and Public Defense]]<br /> #[[The Right to Counsel and the Appointed Counsel System]]<br /> #[[New York Politics and Foltz’s Public Defender Bill]]<br /> #[[Comparison of Public Defender Statutes]]<br /> ##[[Comparison of Public Defender Statutes#1885 Statute|1885 Statute]]<br /> ##[[Comparison of Public Defender Statutes#1897 Statute|1897 Statute]]<br /> ##[[Comparison of Public Defender Statutes#The 1912 Los Angeles Charter Provision and the 1921 California Statute|The 1912 Los Angeles Charter Provision and the 1921 Statute]]<br /> #[[Comparison of Progressive Defender with Foltzian Model]]</div>

Babcock