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| - | <big>'''MediaWiki has been successfully installed.'''</big>
| + | ==Indexes and Bibliographic Notes== |
| | | | |
| - | Consult the [http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Help:Contents User's Guide] for information on using the wiki software.
| + | There are two indexes here: the [http://wlh.law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/woman_lawyer-index.pdf first] is to subjects and page numbers in [http://www.sup.org/search/search.cgi?search=babcock ''Woman Lawyer: The Trials of Clara Foltz''] [http://wlh.law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/woman_lawyer-index.pdf (the book index)]. This index also appears on the website of the [http://www.sup.org/search/search.cgi?search=babcock Stanford University Press]. The [http://wlh-wiki.law.stanford.edu/index.php/Bibliographic_Notes_and_Supplementary_text second index] provides access to the extensive Bibliographic Notes with links to the relevant notes. |
| | | | |
| - | == Getting started ==
| + | The Bibliographical Notes are arranged in the order of the book chapters and provide additional source material for the facts and interpretations in the text and endnotes. A list of the notes, with links, appears below. Some of these are traditional bibliographic notes listing essential references with a few words of critical explanation. Also included are first person essays and descriptions of people and events that influenced Clara Foltz, but whose stories would extend the book unduly. |
| - | * [http://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Manual:Configuration_settings Configuration settings list]
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| - | * [http://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Manual:FAQ MediaWiki FAQ]
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| - | * [https://lists.wikimedia.org/mailman/listinfo/mediawiki-announce MediaWiki release mailing list]
| + | |
| - | == The Women’s Movement, Free Love and Spiritualism ==
| + | |
| - | [[Notes on The Women's Movement, Free Love and Spiritualism]]
| + | |
| | | | |
| - | == 10. San Francisco Social Life and Clara Foltz’s Circle ==
| + | A biography written over many years has more sources than can be cited even in this format – especially in a burgeoning new field like women’s legal history. I have tried to cite the main works that influenced my thinking, which may not be exactly the same as all the main works. In a larger sense, virtually everything I have read concerning women’s rights and nineteenth century history is in here somewhere even though not mentioned explicitly. To those whose work deserves more recognition than I have given it here, my sincerest apologies. |
| - | [[Notes on San Francisco Social Life and Clara Foltz's Circle]]
| + | |
| | | | |
| - | == 8. Women and Divorce == | + | == List of Bibliographic Notes== |
| - | [[Notes on Women and Divorce]]
| + | |
| | | | |
| - | == Women and Jury Service ==
| |
| - | [[Notes on Women and Jury Service]]
| |
| | | | |
| - | == Women as Public Lecturers == | + | <font size="4"> Introductory </font size="4"> |
| - | [[Notes on Women as Public Lecturers]]
| + | |
| | | | |
| - | == San Diego in the Real Estate Boom ==
| + | #[[About and By Clara Foltz: Biographical Material and Her Writings]] |
| - | [[Notes on San Diego in the Real Estate Boom]] | + | ##[[About and By Clara Foltz: Biographical Material and Her Writings#Babcock's Work|Babcock's Work]] |
| | + | ###[[About and By Clara Foltz: Biographical Material and Her Writings#Babcock Encyclopedia Entries|Babcock Encyclopedia Entries]] |
| | + | ###[[About and By Clara Foltz: Biographical Material and Her Writings#Website|Website]] |
| | + | ###[[About and By Clara Foltz: Biographical Material and Her Writings#Book Chapters and Other Writings|Book Chapters and Other Writings]] |
| | + | ##[[About and By Clara Foltz: Biographical Material and Her Writings#Other articles on Clara Shortridge Foltz|Other articles on Clara Shortridge Foltz]] |
| | + | ##[[About and By Clara Foltz: Biographical Material and Her Writings#Clara Foltz’s Publications|Clara Foltz’s Publications]] |
| | + | #[[Archival and Investigative Materials]] |
| | + | ##[[Archival and Investigative Materials#Libraries|Libraries]] |
| | + | ###[[Archival and Investigative Materials#Bancroft Library of the University of California, Berkeley|Bancroft Library of the University of California, Berkeley]] |
| | + | ###[[Archival and Investigative Materials#Special Collections, Stanford University, Stanford, California|Special Collections, Stanford University, Stanford, California]] |
| | + | ###[[Archival and Investigative Materials#Huntington Library, San Merino, Califonria|Huntington Library, San Merino, Califonria]] |
| | + | ###[[Archival and Investigative Materials#UCLA Special Collections|UCLA Special Collections]] |
| | + | ###[[Archival and Investigative Materials#California State Library|California State Library]] |
| | + | ##[[Archival and Investigative Materials#Court records|Court records]] |
| | + | ##[[Archival and Investigative Materials#Interviews|Interviews]] |
| | + | #[[Timelines]] |
| | + | ##[[Timelines#Life Events|Life Events]] |
| | + | ##[[Timelines#Passage of Constitutional Clauses|Passage of Constitutional Clauses]] |
| | + | ##[[Timelines#Public Defender Campaign|Public Defender Campaign]] |
| | + | #[[Women’s History]] |
| | + | ##[[Women’s History#Legal Status of Women in Nineteenth Century|Legal Status of Women in the Nineteenth Century]] |
| | + | ##[[Women’s History#“Feminism” and Women’s Rights: Nomenclature|"Feminism" and Women’s Rights: Nomenclature]] |
| | + | ##[[Women’s History#Women’s Biographies|Women’s Biographies]] |
| | + | ###[[Women’s History#National Suffrage Movement Biographies|National Suffrage Movement Biographies]] |
| | + | #[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies]] |
| | + | ##[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Women Lawyers History|Women Lawyers History]] |
| | + | ###[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#General Works|General Works]] |
| | + | ###[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Comparison of Women Lawyers in Europe and the United States|Comparison of Women Lawyers in Europe and the United States]] |
| | + | ###[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Women Criminal Defense Lawyers|Women Criminal Defense Lawyers]] |
| | + | ###[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#The 1920s and 1930s in Boston, D.C., and Chicago|The 1920s and 1930s in Boston, D.C., and Chicago]] |
| | + | ###[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Women and the Bar|Women and the Bar]] |
| | + | ##[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Women Lawyers and the Women's Rights Movement|Women Lawyers and the Women's Rights Movement]] |
| | + | ###[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Excerpt from Feminist Lawyers|Excerpt from Feminist Lawyers]] |
| | + | ##[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Individual Women's Biographies|Individual Women's Biographies]] |
| | + | ###[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Myra Bradwell|Myra Bradwell]] |
| | + | ###[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Lavinia Goodell|Lavinia Goodell]] |
| | + | ###[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Mary Greene|Mary Greene]] |
| | + | ###[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Belva Lockwood|Belva Lockwood]] |
| | + | ###[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Arabella (Belle) Mansfield|Arabella (Belle) Mansfield]] |
| | + | ###[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Marilla Ricker|Marilla Ricker]] |
| | + | ###[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Lelia Robinson|Lelia Robinson]] |
| | | | |
| - | == Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing ==
| |
| - | [[Notes on Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing]]
| |
| | | | |
| - | == San Diego Bee == | + | <font size="4"> Chapter One </font size="4"> |
| | | | |
| - | A Bee Sampler
| + | #[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa]] |
| - |
| + | ##[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Parents|Parents]] |
| - | To give an idea of what Foltz published as editor of the Bee, here is a sampler drawn from the Bee in the last ten days of May, 1887, several weeks after she assumed the editorship.
| + | ###[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Quotes from Funeral of Elias W. Shortridge|Quotes from Funeral of Elias W. Shortridge]] |
| - | | + | ##[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Siblings: Milton and John|Siblings]] |
| - | === The Boom ===
| + | ##[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Charles Morris Shortridge|Charles Morris Shortridge]] |
| - | Seven to nine columns a day in advertisements alone were taken up by incredible ocean views, proximity to the post-office or “permanently located” train station, the best people, rich soil, and pure water. The most imaginative ad was two-columns for Ocean Beach, proclaiming in bold type One of the Finest Hotels in the State, and much smaller and lighter beneath it “Will soon be erected” and so it went for An Electric Street Railway and The Bay Shore Boulevard. The only thing actually in place was the Mussel Beds, “one of the most interesting objects for tourists and the old timer to view.”
| + | ###[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#General|General]] |
| - | The boom also supplied news about all the “bustle push, go.” Every day, an assistant editor walked the streets, recording new building, perusing the hotel guest registers for the arrival of “large capitalists” and “prominent businessmen,” and noting the latest vessels at the wharf (barks, brigantines, sloops, steamers and yachts). In late May, the roving reporter scooped the other papers with the unexpected arrival early one morning of Senator Leland Stanford and other “prominent officials” in their special railway cars. San Diegans were hoping for a direct rail line from San Francisco, but Stanford promised nothing, saying only that he was “astonished” at the progress of the town since his last visit five years earlier.
| + | ###[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Early Life and Career|Early Life and Career]] |
| - | Editor Foltz did some elevated writing on the theme of San Diego the Beautiful: “The Flowers of the City are to the vegetable world what angels are to mortal man . . . God’s jewels to the rich and poor alike and here they bud and blossom as nowhere else on earth. She also editorialized on San Diego the Great: “Not even the gold excitement of 1849 and the succeeding ten years revealed more matchless enterprise to the world. . . . We are laying the foundations of the divinest paradise the earth has ever known. “
| + | ###[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#The San Francisco Call|The San Francisco Call]] |
| - | | + | ###[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Marriages|Marriages]] |
| - | ===Outside News ===
| + | ###[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Timeline of Charles's Life|Timeline of Charles's Life]] |
| - | Paeans to San Diego plus real estate and other advertisements could fill as much as two pages, yet that left at least fourteen columns. The other standard item, consuming as much as four columns on the front page was the national and international news, delivered by telegraph from various agencies. Foltz bought her news from the United Press, and the recently opened Mackay-Bennett Commercial Cable Company. A rival paper had the exclusive use of the best and oldest service, the Associated Press.
| + | ###[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Ambrose Bierce's BLACK BEETLES IN AMBER|Ambrose Bierce's BLACK BEETLES IN AMBER]] |
| - | Because the services sent out somewhat different raw news items, and because the individual editors did their own selection and headlining, the world outside San Diego might look quite different depending on the paper read. Both foreign and national dispatches were heavy on crime news — so much so that Foltz editorialized on “the sensational insanity of modern journalism.” She complained that “News are caught and transmitted from every section to every section with the rapidity of thought. All that is cruel, strange, abortive, unnatural, or fearful and all that is evil, murderous and fiendish is placed in print.”
| + | ##[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Senator Samuel Morgan Shortridge (brother)|Senator Samuel Morgan Shortridge (brother)]] |
| - | | + | ###[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#General|General]] |
| - | === Local Excitement ===
| + | ###[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Summary of Career|Summary of Career]] |
| - | Boomtide San Diego was like a gold-mining camp, as an old-timer darkly observed. A “population imbued with excitement and far from conventional trammels” tended toward “theft, murder, incendiarism, carousals, fights, highway robbery and licentiousness.” All the sensation created a dilemma for Editor Foltz because crime sold papers while its absence sold San Diego to potential investors.
| + | ##[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Clara Foltz’s Children|Foltz’s Children]] |
| - | She resolved the tension by constantly claiming crime was under control while reporting hair-raising stories practically every day. At the end of May, there was A Serious Stabbing Affray on the Flume Line. The flume was a civic project to bring water to the town’s brackish wells from a distant lake. Bad feelings arose between the day and night shifts and during the changeover there was “A lively scuffle . . . leaving one man too dangerously wounded to be brought to the city.”
| + | ###[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Trella Evelyn Foltz|Trella Evelyn Foltz]] |
| - | Another unsettling event in May was a fire at 8 p.m. right next door to the Bee’s wood frame building. Despite the heat, Foltz and her staff got the paper out the following morning, with a complete story on the excitement and an editorial entitled Our Gallant Fire Boys. One of Clara Foltz’s first public acts years ago had been to agitate for a well-equipped professional fire company in San Jose, (see chapter one). In San Diego, she noted with satisfaction that the “fire last evening proved beyond all doubt that our fire department is in excellent order.”
| + | ###[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Samuel Courtland Foltz|Samuel Courtland Foltz]] |
| - | | + | ###[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#David Milton Foltz|David Milton Foltz]] |
| - | ===Regular Items ===
| + | ###[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Bertha May Foltz Newman|Bertha May Foltz Newman]] |
| - | News sources that Foltz could depend on were Sunday’s sermons, (an expandable item) and the Monday night meetings of Our City Dads (hot issues of permits and licensing). The courthouse was always good for a story. Late May saw Babcock and Story, (developers of the hotel Coronado) charged with extending their wharf too far into the Bay. Foltz was exasperated at the conflicting testimony from engineers and sea captains on both sides: “The cause still winds and drags its tedious coils along. May the truth win -- whatever it is” (Ultimately the judge imposed a nominal fine on Babcock and Story.)
| + | ###[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Virginia Foltz Catron|Virginia Foltz Catron]] |
| - | San Diegans were avid joiners and club activities provided excellent filler for Foltz’s columns. A Religious and Philosophical society formed with “many of the most intelligent, wealthy and cultured families” conducting a “candid inquiry after truth.” The Woman’s History Club met in May to discuss Machiavelli. Eighty men born in California started a new chapter of the Native Sons of the Golden West, and saluted the town’s publications (three newspapers and a monthly magazine) in their inaugural procession, ending with a banquet at the Horton House.
| + | ####[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Investigative Material|Investigative Material]] |
| - | Entertainment and sport could take a column or two, especially as the weekend approached: sculling and shooting matches; the natatorium; horseback wrestling (opponents try to unseat each other — for the “glory and the gate receipts”); a regular ocean fishing expedition. Leach’s Opera House was the only theater in town but it was regularly lit. In late May, the arrival of Henry Crindle, “the renowned medium” from New York, promised “manifestations of a startling nature.” But, the Bee reported that ”the séance was cut short by cries of `too thin’ and `rats’ from several doubting Thomases in the audience”, leaving “the truth of the medium’s tests” unsettled. Walter Leach, the owner of the Opera House, was an attorney who converted a building into a theater seating 800 people. When Leach died in 1888 (thrown from a horse), Jack Dodge took over and converted it to D. Street theater. ELIZABETH C. MACPHAIL, THE STORY OF NEW SAN DIEGO AND ITS FOUNDER, ALONZO E. HORTON 76-77 (1969).
| + | ####[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Newspaper Interviews of Virgina|Newspaper Interviews of Virgina]] |
| - | Editor Foltz supplied meta-stories by critiquing the three other San Diego papers for old news, stolen ideas (from her), infelicities in phrasing, and errors in print. On the other hand, she was sympathetic to the new young editor of the San Francisco Examiner, William Randolph Hearst, when he was taken in by a hoax featuring a doctor murderer who sold body parts. Though a United Press dispatch said:” All San Francisco is in a spasm of merriment over the … extravagant sensational publication,” Foltz wrote “like all things of vaulting ambition, [this `magnificent newspaper’] sometimes overleaps itself. Everyone makes mistakes.”
| + | ##[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Mt. Pleasant and Howe’s Academy|Mt. Pleasant and Howe’s Academy]] |
| - | === Civic Events ===
| + | #[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies]] |
| - | From the beginning these were a Bee specialty, partly because Foltz was often at the center of such occasions. At the annual Memorial Day ceremonies, she delivered an original poem by J.D. Steel, Bee city editor. It went like this for fifty stanzas:
| + | ##[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Lillie Devereux Blake|Lillie Devereux Blake]] |
| - | No more our glorious banner waves
| + | ###[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Early Life and W.L.H. Barnes|Early Life and W.L.H. Barnes]] |
| - | Above the clanking chains of slaves . .
| + | ###[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Marriages and Early Writings|Marriages and Early Writings]] |
| - | May all war’s scars at length be healed
| + | ###[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Contributions to the Women's Movement|Contributions to the Women's Movement]] |
| - | And never more on blood-stained field
| + | ##[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Clara Colby|Clara Colby]] |
| - | Columbia’s sons to discord yield.”
| + | ###[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Correspondence Between Colby and Foltz|Correspondence Between Colby and Foltz]] |
| - | For thanks to these our fallen braves.
| + | ###[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Colby and Laura Gordon|Colby and Laura Gordon]] |
| - | | + | ##[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Abigail Duniway|Abigail Duniway]] |
| - | === Society and Fashion ===
| + | ##[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Sarah Knox Goodrich|Sarah Knox Goodrich]] |
| - | In San Diego, society was a fluid mix of the newly rich and newly arrived, “all classes are alike full of geniality and cordial feelings,” Foltz wrote, opining that the friendly social scene was a result of the climate and the boom. From the first, the Bee covered social events and fashion developments in greater detail than any rival paper. Foltz wanted to attract women readers and knew they were starved for this kind of story. The mainstay of social reporting was, of course, the weddings. For example, a young real estate man, resident for a year, married another newcomer, whose “pleasant ways, sweet disposition and culture have won her many friends.” The ceremony was in a “spacious” tent on Coronado Beach: “A brilliant event . . . two-hundred present . . . white roses and orange blossoms . . . Presents were few but costly.” BEE, June 5, 1887.
| + | ##[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Laura Gordon|Laura Gordon]] |
| - | Foltz enlisted her friend Frona Wait (see On-Line Bibliographic Note: San Francisco Social Life and Clara Foltz’s Circle for more on Frona Wait) to become the San Francisco correspondent on such matters as “Feminine Costumes at the Metropolis.” Tea-gowns were “the rage” for the Fall, Waite reported, using a specialized vocabulary to describe the garment: “A dress with a Fedora front of lace or surrah of contrasting color, with an oxidized silver girdle from which dangles a vinaigrette… ‘The Bernhardt’ had popularized the loose fit, ‘indefinite in outline.’” Bee, Oct. 3, 1887 (Fashion and Fancy, by Frona Wait). Clara Foltz undoubtedly had such a garment but San Diego, with its unpaved streets and lack of sidewalks, was a tough town for tea gowns. | + | ###[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Early Life and Work With Foltz|Early Life and Work With Foltz]] |
| - | | + | ###[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Gordon's 'Greatest Case'|Gordon's 'Greatest Case']] |
| - | === Last Days at the Bee ===
| + | ##[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Grove L. Johnson|Grove L. Johnson]] |
| - | | + | ###[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Rivalry With Hiram Johnson|Rivalry With Hiram Johnson]] |
| - | On July 31, 1887, in the midst of the press war over the disputed claims to Mexican land, Foltz editorialized in the Bee: “If a person should chance to embark in a business he finds is not suited to him, he had best give it up at once.” Yet, she continued “whims and prejudices” must not be confused with incompatibility. At the end of a short paragraph, she resolved that “the surest way to avoid this mistake is to always make the best of surrounding circumstances and not fret.”
| + | #[[The Workingmen’s Party of California (WPC)]] |
| - | | + | ##[[The Workingmen’s Party of California (WPC)#Rise and Composition of the WPC|Rise and Composition of the WPC]] |
| - | In August and September, there were further hints that she would not last much longer as editor of the Bee. The defection of one of her chief assistants to the San Diego Sun was a major blow. Cothran was an old friend from San Jose, a lawyer, one of the group that gathered around the coffee shop near the Montgomery Block, and one of the young people that Madge Morris and Harr Wagner had recruited to San Diego. He had come on the Bee after it replaced the little sheet he had been editing, the Stingaree. Most important, Cothran was a mainstay for filling the columns in every issue of the Bee. His contribution to the press war had been a satire in many scenes and issues called The Chestnut (the IC’s name for Mrs. Burton’s title). The play featured such characters as Queen Bee (Foltz), Sellout (the Union editor), Gasbag (Major Sisson of the International Company of Mexico) and Fides Achates (Harr Wagner).
| + | ##[[The Workingmen’s Party of California (WPC)#WPC and the Anti-Chinese Movement|WPC and the Anti-Chinese Movement ]] |
| - | | + | ##[[The Workingmen’s Party of California (WPC)#Relation with the Workingmen’s Party of the United States (WPUS)|Relation with the Workingmen’s Party of the United States (WPUS)]] |
| - | Cothran lampooned everything -- the melodramatic threats to kill the Bee and drive Foltz out of town, the IC’s claim to be a corporation with a soul -- and even his boss’s prose. Here is Queen Bee “soliloquizing” on the Ensenada beach: “How utterly beautiful this bay! Soft it seems unto the weary brain as a blue-eyed beauty’s tender glance of love. These tiny, many-colored shells, by gentle wavelets laid beside my feet, recall one universal language of the world, the unsyllabled, silent language, thinking God and uttering eternity!” Cothran was parodying Foltz’s tendency to excess when trying for literary effect.
| + | #[[California Constitutional History]] |
| - | | + | ##[[California Constitutional History#Convention of 1879|Convention of 1879]] |
| - | As related in Chapter 2, by mid-November, Foltz had concluded her editorship of the Bee. On March 30, 1888, a year after the Bee was founded, the new editors celebrated its history, noting that it had been newly incorporated in November 1887 by [William?] Hutton, Will Gould, Thomas McCord, Harry Howard, and Thomas Fitch. The story also noted that under Foltz’s editorship, “its matter assumed an exceedingly spicy and sensational character; and whatever may be said of the wisdom of this policy, it certainly attracted no little attention…throughout the state.” WILLIAM E. SMYTHE, HISTORY OF SAN DIEGO, 1542-1908, at 493 (1907) (in the chapter, Later Journalism and Literature, briefly describes “The Short-Lived Bee” and says it was a “live paper, while it lasted” and that it was absorbed by the Union in Dec. 1888).
| + | ##[[California Constitutional History#Passage of the Anti-Discrimination Clauses|Passage of the Anti-Discrimination Clauses]] |
| | + | ##[[California Constitutional History#Prominent Pro-Woman Delegates at the 1879 Convention|Prominent Pro-Woman Delegates at the 1879 Convention]] |
| | + | ###[[California Constitutional History#James J. Ayers|James J. Ayers]] |
| | + | ###[[California Constitutional History#Eli T. Blackmer|Eli T. Blackmer]] |
| | + | ###[[California Constitutional History#Charles Ringgold|Charles Ringgold]] |
| | + | ###[[California Constitutional History#David Terry|David Terry]] |
| | + | ###[[California Constitutional History#Alphonse Vacquerel|Alphonse Vacquerel]] |
| | + | ##[[California Constitutional History#Prominent Opponents|Prominent Opponents]] |
| | + | ###[[California Constitutional History#Joseph Hoge|Joseph Hoge]] |
| | + | ###[[California Constitutional History#Samuel Wilson|Samuel Wilson]] |
| | + | ###[[California Constitutional History#Thomas Bishop|Thomas Bishop]] |
| | + | ###[[California Constitutional History#Delos Lake|Delos Lake]] |
| | + | #[[The Women's Movement, Free Love and Spiritualism]] |
| | + | ##[[The Women's Movement, Free Love and Spiritualism#Spiritualism and Suffragists Generally|Spiritualism and Suffragists Generally]] |
| | + | ##[[The Women's Movement, Free Love and Spiritualism#Foltz and Spiritualism|Foltz and Spiritualism]] |
| | + | ##[[The Women's Movement, Free Love and Spiritualism#Addie Ballou|Addie Ballou]] |
| | + | ##[[The Women's Movement, Free Love and Spiritualism#Victoria Woodhull|Victoria Woodhull]] |
| | + | ###[[The Women's Movement, Free Love and Spiritualism#The Beecher-Tilton Scandal|The Beecher-Tilton Scandal]] |
| | + | #[[Women and Divorce]] |
| | + | ##[[Women and Divorce#General|General]] |
| | + | ##[[Women and Divorce#Marriage and Divorce in the West|Marriage and Divorce in the West]] |
| | + | ##[[Women and Divorce#National Studies|National Studies]] |
| | + | ##[[Women and Divorce#End of the Century|End of the Century]] |
| | | | |
| - | == Bellamy Nationalism ==
| |
| | | | |
| - | Bellamy Nationalism has been much studied. See the annotated bibliography by NANCY SNELL GRIFFITH, LOOKING BACKWARD, 1988-1888: ESSAYS ON EDWARD BELLAMY 210 (Daphne Patai ed., 1988). Two biographies of Edward Bellamy describe the success of the book and the wide variety of reforms embraced by the movement that grew out of it. ARTHUR E. MORGAN, EDWARD BELLAMY 264 (1944) and SYLVIA E. BOWMAN, THE YEAR 2000: A CRITICAL BIOGRAPHY OF EDWARD BELLAMY (1958). Bowman also wrote EDWARD BELLAMY ABROAD: AN AMERICAN PROPHET’S INFLUENCE (1962) (reporting a significant following in twenty-nine countries). ARTHUR LIPOW, AUTHORITARIAN SOCIALISM IN THE UNITED STATES: EDWARD BELLAMY AND THE NATIONALIST MOVEMENT (1982) is an important work which is more critical than celebratory of the movement; he emphasizes the radical collectivism of many Nationalistic reforms, including judicial system reforms and public defense. EVERETT W. MCNAIR, EDWARD BELLAMY AND THE NATIONALIST MOVEMENT 217-20 (1957) is especially useful because of his detailed quotation of contemporary newspapers. See also, THEODORE W. FULLER, SAN DIEGO ORIGINALS: PROFILES OF THE MOVERS AND SHAKERS OF CALIFORNIA’S FIRST COMMUNITY 145-46 (1987) (noting that Foltz presided over the local Nationalist Club described as “a short-lived movement to socialize basic industry”).
| + | <font size="4"> Chapter Two </font size="4"> |
| | | | |
| - | JOHN L. THOMAS, ALTERNATIVE AMERICA: HENRY GEORGE, EDWARD BELLAMY, HENRY DEMAREST LLOYD AND THE ADVERSARY TRADITION (1983) places Bellamy’s life and work in its full historical context, rooted in Protestant millennialism and Jacksonian-era ideas about the virtues of those who perform actual work. HOWARD H. QUINT, THE FORGING OF AMERICAN SOCIALISM 72-103 (1953) (noting the relationship of Nationalism to later socialistic aims; see especially the chapter entitled Bellamy Makes Socialism Respectable [BB: not sure whether to put chapter titles in quotes or to italicize); F.I. Vassault, Nationalism in California, 15 OVERLAND MONTHLY 660 (June 1890). John Hope Franklin, Edward Bellamy and the Nationalist Movement, 11 NEW ENG. Q. 739, 762 (1938) discusses Bellamy’s approval of state publication of school texts and regulation of grain elevators as steps to nationalism. Elizabeth Sadler, One Book’s Influence, Edward Bellamy’s “Looking Backward”, 17 NEW ENG. Q. 530 (1944) sums the story of the contemporary reception of the book around the time of Morgan’s biography, though it is not a review.
| + | #[[Women as Public Lecturers]] |
| | + | ##[[Women as Public Lecturers#Lecturing and Lyceums Generally|Lecturing and Lyceums Generally]] |
| | + | ###[[Women as Public Lecturers#Robert Ingersoll|Robert Ingersoll]] |
| | + | ##[[Women as Public Lecturers#Women Lecturers|Women Lecturers]] |
| | + | ###[[Women as Public Lecturers#Foltz's First Lecturing Tour|Foltz's First Lecturing Tour]] |
| | + | ###[[Women as Public Lecturers#Anna Dickinson|Anna Dickinson]] |
| | + | ###[[Women as Public Lecturers#Kate Field|Kate Field]] |
| | + | #[[Women and Jury Service]] |
| | + | ##[[Women and Jury Service#General Sources|General Sources]] |
| | + | ##[[Women and Jury Service#The Connection Between Women Defense Lawyers and Women Jurors|The Connection Between Women Defense Lawyers and Women Jurors]] |
| | + | ###[[Women and Jury Service#Women Defenders and Women Jurors|Women Defenders and Women Jurors]] |
| | + | ##[[Women and Jury Service#The Washington Territory Experience|The Washington Territory Experience]] |
| | + | ###[[Women and Jury Service#Rosencrantz v. Territory|Rosencrantz v. Territory]] |
| | + | ###[[Women and Jury Service#Harland v. Territory|Harland v. Territory]] |
| | + | ###[[Women and Jury Service#Bloomer v. Todd|Bloomer v. Todd]] |
| | + | #[[San Francisco Social Life and Clara Foltz's Circle]] |
| | + | ##[[San Francisco Social Life and Clara Foltz's Circle#General Sources|General Sources]] |
| | + | ###[[San Francisco Social Life and Clara Foltz's Circle#The Montgomery Block|The Montgomery Block]] |
| | + | ##[[San Francisco Social Life and Clara Foltz's Circle#Frona Wait, Madge Morris, Ella Cummins|Frona Wait, Madge Morris, Ella Cummins]] |
| | + | ###[[San Francisco Social Life and Clara Foltz's Circle#Excerpt From Frona Wait's Notes|Excerpt From Frona Wait's Notes]] |
| | + | ###[[San Francisco Social Life and Clara Foltz's Circle#Morris's "Ode to Clara Foltz"|Morris's "Ode to Clara Foltz"]] |
| | + | ###[[San Francisco Social Life and Clara Foltz's Circle#Rocking the Baby|Rocking the Baby]] |
| | + | ###[[San Francisco Social Life and Clara Foltz's Circle#Cummins' Exhibit|Cummins' Exhibit]] |
| | + | #[[San Diego in the Real Estate Boom]] |
| | + | ##[[San Diego in the Real Estate Boom#General Works|General Works]] |
| | + | ##[[San Diego in the Real Estate Boom#The Rail War|The Rail War]] |
| | + | ##[[San Diego in the Real Estate Boom#The Ensenada|The Ensenada]] |
| | + | #[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing]] |
| | + | ##[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#General Works|General Works]] |
| | + | ##[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#Biographies and Autobiographies|Biographies and Autobiographies]] |
| | + | ###[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#Women and Western Journalism|Women and Western Journalism]] |
| | + | ###[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#Lawyers and Publishing|Lawyers and Publishing]] |
| | + | ##[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#A Bee Sampler|A Bee Sampler]] |
| | + | ###[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#The Boom|The Boom]] |
| | + | ###[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#Outside News|Outside News]] |
| | + | ###[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#Local Excitement|Local Excitement]] |
| | + | ###[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#Regular Items|Regular Items]] |
| | + | ###[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#Civic Events|Civic Events]] |
| | + | ###[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#Society and Fashion|Society and Fashion]] |
| | + | ###[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#Last Days at the Bee|Last Days at the Bee]] |
| | + | #[[Bellamy Nationalism]] |
| | + | ##[[Bellamy Nationalism#General Sources|General Sources]] |
| | + | ##[[Bellamy Nationalism#Women and Bellamy Nationalism|Women and Bellamy Nationalism]] |
| | + | ###[[Bellamy Nationalism#Clara's Activism|Clara's Activism]] |
| | + | ##[[Bellamy Nationalism#Charlotte Perkins Gilman|Charlotte Perkins Gilman]] |
| | | | |
| - | On where Nationalism fits in the larger nineteenth-century political scene, see ROBERT WEIBE, THE SEARCH FOR ORDER, 1877-1920 (1967) and ROBERT C. MCMATH JR., AMERICAN POPULISM: A SOCIAL HISTORY (1993). Contemporary critics criticized Nationalism for its failure to focus on a single set of reforms. See e.g. NICHOLAS PAINE GILMAN, SOCIALISM AND THE AMERICAN SPIRIT 195 (1900) (noting that Bellamyism was little more than an “invitation to the sentimentalists to come to the front and take charge…”); Francis Walker, Mr. Bellamy and the New Nationalist Party, 65 ATLANTIC MONTHLY 248 (1890) (an economist disapproving Bellamy’s proposed elimination of competition).
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| | | | |
| - | The size of the movement is unclear partly because it was organized in local clubs. In 1890, one estimate was 127 clubs in 27 states. Willard, News of the Movement, 7 CAL. NATIONALIST 2, (June 1890), quoted in ARTHUR E. MORGAN, EDWARD BELLAMY 264 (1944). Another estimate put the number of clubs at 165. 1 CAL. NATIONALIST 16 (May 24, 1890). By most accounts, Nationalism failed because its followers were too diverse to form a party or fix a platform. Yet the movement had a significant afterlife, especially in California, where the People’s Party took up Nationalism’s various causes, and then itself melded smoothly into twentieth-century Progressivism; for more on this see On-Line Bibliographic Note: Progressivism, Suffrage and Public Defense, at WLH Website.
| + | <font size="4"> Chapter Three </font size="4"> |
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| - | On women’s involvement in Bellamy Nationalism, especially that of the Socialist women, see MARI JO BUHLE, WOMEN AND AMERICAN SOCIALISM 1870-1920, at 77-81 (1981); see also, Franklin Rosemont, Bellamy’s Radicalism Reclaimed, in LOOKING BACKWARD 1988-1888, at 173-74 (Daphne Patai ed., 1988) (mentioning involvement of Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucy Stone, Julia Ward Howe, Caroline Severance, and Mary Livermore); William Leach, Looking Forward Together: Feminists and Edward Bellamy, 2 DEMOCRACY 120, 122, 129, & 133-34 (1982) (listing a number of feminists involved in Nationalism); BARBARA LESLIE EPSTEIN, THE POLITICS OF DOMESTICITY 142-43 (1981) explains Frances Willard’s involvement with Bellamy Nationalism and her efforts to bring the WCTU into the socialist camp. On Clara Foltz’s activism, see ARTHUR E. MORGAN, EDWARD BELLAMY 267 (1944) (relating that the San Diego Nationalist club included “‘two millionaires and that celebrated lady lawyer, Mrs. Clara Foltz,’” and that Nationalism was making “‘a great impression on the newspapers and on current thought…’”); THEODORE W. FULLER, SAN DIEGO ORIGINALS: PROFILES OF THE MOVERS AND SHAKERS OF CALIFORNIA’S FIRST COMMUNITY 145-46 (1987) (noting that Foltz presided over the local Nationalist Club described as “a short-lived movement to socialize basic industry”); THE RUMBLE OF CALIFORNIA POLITICS, 1848-1970, at 100-01 (Royce D. DelMatier, Clarence F. McIntosh, & Earl G. Waters eds., 1970) (Foltz’s part in Nationalism) [hereafter, RUMBLE]. For Foltz’s ideas about parole, see Chapter Three and the On-Line Bibliographic Note: Late Nineteenth Century Politics (Foltz as Reform Lobbyist), at WLH Website, which explain how her ideas were connected to her Bellameyite beliefs in the malleability of the human character. Nationalism probably also contributed to her concept that imprisonment was for the purpose of rehabilitation and should end as soon as that occurred. Chapter Seven shows in detail the connection of her public defender proposal with Nationalism Bellamy’s idea of public defense as an interim reform on the way to Utopia. For the connection of Bellamy Nationalism with Theosophy, see On-Line Bibliographic Note: The Woman’s National Liberal Union Convention, at WLH Website.
| + | #[[Law Practice in the West]] |
| | + | ##[[Law Practice in the West#General Works|General works]] |
| | + | ##[[Law Practice in the West#Biographical Works|Biographical works]] |
| | + | ###[[Law Practice in the West#Oscar Shuck's Work|Oscar Shuck's Work]] |
| | + | ##[[Law Practice in the West#Clara Foltz’s Practice|Clara Foltz’s Practice]] |
| | + | ##[[Law Practice in the West#Women and Criminal Law Practice|Women and Criminal Law Practice]] |
| | + | ###[[Law Practice in the West#Lelia Robinson|Lelia Robinson]] |
| | + | ###[[Law Practice in the West#Women Defenders: The Negative Image|Women Defenders: The Negative Image]] |
| | + | ###[[Law Practice in the West#Women Defenders and Women Jurors|Women Defenders and Women Jurors]] |
| | + | ###[[Law Practice in the West#Laura Gordon and the Sproule Case|Laura Gordon and the Sproule Case]] |
| | + | ###[[Law Practice in the West#Why Women Became Defenders|Why Women Became Defenders]] |
| | + | ###[[Law Practice in the West#The Contributions of Women to Criminal Defense|The Contributions of Women to Criminal Defense]] |
| | + | #[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics]] |
| | + | ##[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics#General Sources|General Sources]] |
| | + | ###[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics#Coxey's Army, The Pullman Strike, and the Haymarket Tragedy|Coxey's Army, The Pullman Strike, and the Haymarket Tragedy]] |
| | + | ###[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics#Bellamy Nationalism and Populism|Bellamy Nationalism and Populism]] |
| | + | ###[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics#Women's Pre-Suffrage Participation in Politics|Women's Pre-Suffrage Participation in Politics]] |
| | + | ###[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics#1894 Election in California|1894 Election in California]] |
| | + | ##[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics#Mary Elizabeth Lease (also known as Mary Ellen)|Mary Elizabeth Lease]] |
| | + | ##[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics#Stephen White|Stephen White]] |
| | + | ##[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics#Anna Ferry Smith|Anna Ferry Smith]] |
| | + | #[[Foltz as Reform Lobbyist in the 1890s]] |
| | + | ##[[Foltz as Reform Lobbyist in the 1890s#Parole Legislation|Parole Legislation]] |
| | + | ##[[Foltz as Reform Lobbyist in the 1890s#Women's Rights Measures|Women's Rights Measures]] |
| | | | |
| - |
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| - |
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| | | | |
| - | Charlotte Perkins Gilman
| + | <font size="4"> Chapter Four </font size="4"> |
| | | | |
| - | Gilman’s major non-fiction work, WOMEN AND ECONOMICS (1898) was published under the name of her first husband, Stetson, whom she had earlier divorced. She remarried in 1900 to George Houghton Gilman and continued to write books, and from 1909-1916, she published a feminist magazine, The Forerunner, in which she serialized her novel, HERLAND, about an all-woman utopia. KARL DEGLER, NOTABLE AMERICAN WOMEN (Gilman entry) is the best short summary of her life and thought. PHILIP ETHINGTON, THE PUBLIC CITY, supra, has a section on Charlotte Perkins Gilman and the Political Mobilization of Women at pages 355-63 that describes her political organizing in San Francisco in the 1890’s. CHARLOTTE PERKINS GILMAN: A NONFICTION READER (Larry Ceplair ed., 1991) is an excellent account of her life and thought, along with well-chosen excerpts from her writings. Other important works on Gilman include: ANN J. LANE, TO HERLAND AND BEYOND (1990); MARY A. HILL, CHARLOTTE PERKINS GILMAN: THE MAKING OF A RADICAL FEMINIST 1860-1896 (1980); Marion K. Towne, Charlotte Gilman in California, 28 PAC. HISTORIAN 5 (1984); GARY SCHARNHORST, CHARLOTTE PERKINS GILMAN: A BIBLIOGRAPHY (1985).
| + | #[[The New Woman]] |
| | + | #[[Trella Toland and Her Autograph Book]] |
| | + | ##[[Trella Toland and Her Autograph Book#Writers and Journalists|Writers and Journalists]] |
| | + | ##[[Trella Toland and Her Autograph Book#Actors|Actors]] |
| | + | ##[[Trella Toland and Her Autograph Book#Theater People|Theater People]] |
| | + | ##[[Trella Toland and Her Autograph Book#Trella's Family: William Toland, Sam Shortridge, and Virginia Toland|Trella's Family: William Toland, Sam Shortridge, and Virginia Toland]] |
| | + | ##[[Trella Toland and Her Autograph Book#Isaac Trumbo|Isaac Trumbo]] |
| | + | #[[The New York Legal Scene]] |
| | + | ##[[The New York Legal Scene#Women’s Legal Education Society (WLES) and Law Class|Women’s Legal Education Society (WLES) and Law Class]] |
| | + | ##[[The New York Legal Scene#The New Corporate Practice|The New Corporate Practice]] |
| | + | ##[[The New York Legal Scene#Criminal Practice|Criminal practice]] |
| | + | #[[The Oil Boom and Foltz’s Companies]] |
| | | | |
| | | | |
| - | == The Woman’s National Liberal Union Convention == | + | <font size="4"> Chapter Five </font size="4"> |
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| - | Main sources are Matilda Joslyn Gage, WOMEN’S NATIONAL LIBERAL UNION REPORT OF THE CONVENTION FOR ORGANIZATION (1890) [hereafter GAGE REPORT] and The Liberal Thinker in Syracuse, N.Y. (Jan. 1890), and the newsletter-magazine describing the convention and attendance. In addition to Foltz, The Call to the convention is signed by three other women lawyers: Laura Gordon, Marilla Ricker, and Lelia Robinson. Also of interest, Mary V. White, Secretary of the San Diego Bellamy Nationalist club wrote that though Foltz was new to free thought, she would prove to be “a powerhouse.”
| + | #[[Murder Defendants and Equal Justice]] |
| | + | ##[[Murder Defendants and Equal Justice#Women as Criminal Defendants|Women as Criminal Defendants]] |
| | + | ###[[Murder Defendants and Equal Justice#The Death Penalty|The Death Penalty]] |
| | + | ###[[Murder Defendants and Equal Justice#Maria Barbella|Maria Barbella]] |
| | + | ###[[Murder Defendants and Equal Justice#Laura Fair|Laura Fair]] |
| | + | ###[[Murder Defendants and Equal Justice#Florence Maybrick|Florence Maybrick]] |
| | | | |
| - | Matilda Gage, Woman’s National Liberal Union, FREETHINKERS’ MAG., 262-65 (May 1890), summed up the accomplishments and purposes of the convention. Other accounts of the Gage convention, and the aftermath are in the biographies and memoirs of some of the participants: OLYMPIA BROWN, ACQUAINTANCES: OLD AND NEW AMONG REFORMERS (1911); CHARLOTTE COTE, OLYMPIA BROWN: THE BATTLE FOR EQUALITY 131 (1988); KATHLEEN BARRY, SUSAN B. ANTHONY: A BIOGRAPHY OF A SINGULAR FEMINIST 293-99 (1988); JILL NORGREN, BELVA LOCKWOOD 179-81 (2007).
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| - | === Matilda Gage ===
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| - | For contemporary sources, see: MATILDA GAGE, WOMAN, CHURCH AND STATE (Sally Roesch Wagner ed., 2002) (1893); A WOMAN OF THE CENTURY (1893) (Frances E. Willard & Mary A. Livermore eds., 1967) [hereafter WOMAN OF THE CENTURY]; Clara Colby, Matilda Joslyn Gage, WOMAN’S TRIB., Mar. 28, 1888.
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| - | Modern: There are two published biographies, both sympathetic to Gage, and critical of her treatment by Anthony and other suffrage leaders. SALLY ROESCH WAGNER, SHE WHO HOLDS UP THE SKY (1998) and LEILA R. BRAMMER, EXCLUDED FROM SUFFRAGE HISTORY: MATILDA JOSLYN GAGE, NINETEENTH-CENTURY AMERICAN FEMINIST (2000).
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| - | The Gage chapter in WOMEN WITHOUT SUPERSTITION, 211-27 (Annie Laurie Gaylor ed., 1997) is also very informative. Two unpublished Ph.D. dissertation are useful on Gage: Lucia Patrick, Religion and Revolution in the Thought of Matilda Joslyn Gage, 1826-1898 (1996); Sandra Brooke Lee, “More Than a Suffragist:” Matilda Joslyn Gage and the Marginalization of Radicalism in the Woman Suffrage Movement in America (1989). Gage’s convention was a provocation especially to Susan Anthony. She lashed out against the proposed liberal union as “ridiculous, absurd, sectarian, bigoted and too horrible for anything,” and forbade her followers from attending the rival convention. Letter, Susan Anthony to Eliza Wright Osbourne, Feb. 5, and Mar. 5, 1890 (Garrison Papers, on file with the Sophia Smith Library, Smith College, cited in SALLY ROESCH WAGNER, SHE WHO HOLDS THE SKY (1998)); IDA HUSTED HARPER, 2 LIFE AND WORK OF SUSAN B. ANTHONY 659 (1969).
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| - | === Theosophy and Madame Blavatsky ===
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| - | WOMAN OF THE CENTURY, supra (Blavatsky entry). There are many full-length biographies of Blavatsky, ranging from true-believer accounts to attacks to scholarly examinations. For a balanced look see SYLVIA CRANSTON, H. P. B. THE EXTRAORDINARY LIFE & INFLUENCE OF HELENA BLAVATSKY (1993); WARREN SYLVESTER SMITH, THE LONDON HERETICS 1870-1914, at 140-60 (1967) (“magnetism of the fifty-three year-old prophetess had nothing to do with attractiveness in the usual sense... habitually untidy. She smoked constantly cigarettes which she kept rolling herself from a mixture that probably included hashish… Seldom did a reporter fail to mention the hypnotic power of her azure eyes”); BRUCE F. CAMPBELL, ANCIENT WISDOM REVIVED: A HISTORY OF THE THEOSOPHICAL MOVEMENT (1980); ANONYMOUS, THE THEOSOPHICAL MOVEMENT 1875-1890 (1951) (written by a believer and relating details about personalities and internecine struggles).
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| - | Books on Nationalism include studies of Theosophy and its connections. See especially, ARTHUR LIPOW, AUTHORITARIAN SOCIALISM: EDWARD BELLAMY AND THE NATIONALIST MOVEMENT 225-39 (1982) (full account of the doctrinal connections between Theosophy and Nationalism); MARY JO BUHLE, WOMEN AND AMERICAN SOCIALISM, 1870-1920, at 60-66, 78 (1981) (on the WCTU and suffrage); see also ARTHUR MORGAN, EDWARD BELLAMY 260-75 (1944); SYLVIA BOWMAN, EDWARD BELLAMY ABROAD 385-99 (1962); ANN BRAUDE, RADICAL SPIRITS 177-89 (2001) is especially good on the connection of theosophy with suffrage and spiritualism. For more on Besant, see ROGER MANVELL, THE TRIAL OF ANNIE BESANT AND CHARLES BRADLOUGH (1976); ARTHUR NETHERCOT, THE FIRST FIVE LIVES OF ANNIE BESANT (1960). For Elizabeth Cady Stanton’s impressions of Besant and disappointment at her conversion to Theosophy, see ELIZABETH CADY STANTON AS REVEALED IN HER LETTERS, DIARY AND REMINISCENCES (Theodore Stanton & Harriot Stanton Blatch eds., 1912). There are several related On-Line Bibliographic Notes: Bellamy Nationalism; The Women’s Movement, Free Love and Spiritualism, at WLH Website.
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| - | === Notable Attendants ===
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| - | ==== William Aldrich and Josephine Caples ====
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| - | William Farrington Aldrich (1853-1925) won a seat in the House of Representatives as a Republican from Alabama three times, each time by contesting the award of the election to his opponent. He served from 1896-1900. See BIOGRAPHICAL DIRECTORY OF THE UNITED STATES CONGRESS 519 (1989) (giving a brief history of Aldrich); SHELDON HACKNEY, POPULISM TO PROGRESSIVISM IN ALABAMA 67 (1969) (providing an account of the arcane politics of Alabama in this period and generally of the relationship of 19th and 20th century reform and mentioning Aldrich as a Republican “endorsed by the Populists”); TWENTIETH CENTURY BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY OF NOTABLE AMERICANS (Rossiter Johnson ed., 1904) (giving a brief overview of Aldrich’s life).
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| - | For the local lore about Aldrich and his Alabama Utopia, see HENRY EMFINGER, MY HOME TOWN: ALDRICH ALABAMA (1959). A similar account of the town is in the Aldrich entry, THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY 65-66 (1897). Published before his Congressional service, this article lists his occupation as “philanthropist” and says: “With his tenderhearted and sympathetic wife, he was the originator and first to advocate the creation of a new office in the courts, that of public defender, to have all the privileges and be clothed with the same rights before the grand jury and the court [as the public prosecutor], his duty being the defense of the poor and unfortunate who have no means of employing the best legal talent.”
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| - | Josephine Cables Aldrich entry follows his in the NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA, supra at 66, mentioning her support of the public defender, and officership in the Woman’s National Liberal Union. WOMAN OF THE CENTURY, at 16, also mentions her interest in public defense through her husband.
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| - | ==== Elliott and Emily Coues ====
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| - | Professor Elliott Coues was a well-known naturalist, Theosophist (who in 1890 had recently broken with Madame Blavatsky), and freethinker. PAUL RUSSELL CUTRIGHT, MICHAEL J. BRODHEAD, ELLIOT COUES: NATURALIST AND FRONTIER HISTORIAN (2001). His wife, Emily, was a wealthy woman as well as a serious Spiritualist and Theosophist. WOMAN OF THE CENTURY (Coues entry). The couple was active at the Convention, serving with Foltz on the Resolutions committee, and accepting election as officers of the Liberal Union.
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| - | ==== Charlotte Smith ====
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| - | Charlotte Smith was an organizer of women government workers, one of the first women in the Knights of Labor, and editor of Working Women. She was a well-known reformer in the late nineteenth century but has been largely forgotten until recently. AUTUMN STANLEY, RAISING MORE HELL AND FEWER DAHLIAS: THE PUBLIC LIFE OF CHARLOTTE SMITH, 1840-1917 (2009); see also, PHILIP S. FONER, WOMEN AND THE AMERICAN LABOR MOVEMENT 189, 214-15 (1979) on Smith’s contributions. Olympia Brown, The Two Conventions, WISC. CITIZEN (Mar. 1890), wrote that there was “no more stirring, sensible or eloquent” speech at either of the two suffrage conventions than Smith’s. “For years,” Smith said, “I have been a spectator of the Woman Suffrage Movement, and I ask—what have you done for the wage woman?” A rousing orator, Smith called out her statistics for the Nation’s Capitol: 500 churches, 125 houses of assignation, 2000 saloons, millions spent on public monuments to men—and with each statistic, the refrain: “yet not one place of refuge, not one resting place, for working women.” Smith disagreed that most men were ready to give women suffrage and blasted the “weak, effeminate [sic] little-brained men that fear women’s competition.” On the other hand, she agreed with Foltz that the suffrage movement had failed due largely to narrow self-concern. GAGE REPORT, at 80-81.
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| - | === Reaction to Foltz’s Remarks ===
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| - | Several months of letters in the Woman’s Tribune responded to Foltz’s suffrage remarks. See e.g., Frances Ellen Burr, An Attack on the Woman Suffragists, WOMEN’S TRIB., Mar. 15, 1890, at 85; Reply to Clara Foltz, WOMEN’S TRIB., May 3, 1890. Amalie Janssen Pfund, A Remonstrance from California, WOMEN’S TRIB., Apr. 12, 1890 was signed “A Farmer’s Wife.” She wrote of the actual conditions of women’s daily work on a farm and concluded bitterly: “By nightfall she has become nervous, irritable and peevish. What chance has she for cultivating lofty and noble thoughts and aspirations?” In Mrs Foltz Replies to Critics, WOMAN’S TRIB., May 10, 1890, at 146, Foltz was largely unrepentant and continued to claim that men “are ready and willing to grant suffrage,” and that the only real impediment is “the vast majority of women who do not care a single fig for the privilege of voting.” She closed by renewing her own commitment to the cause, and adding that “the personal aggrandizement of a few individuals is not the cause itself.”
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| - | == Late Nineteenth Century Politics ==
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| - | === General Sources ===
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| - | <big>'''Populism; Coxey’s Army; Women’s Political Participation, Haymarket; Pullman Strike; California and the 1894 Election'''</big>
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| - | A huge literature exists on this period. ROBERT WEIBE, THE SEARCH FOR ORDER: 1877-1920 (1967) remains the classic text, and for the immediate post-war period, ERIC FONER, RECONSTRUCTION: AMERICA'S UNFINISHED REVOLUTION, 1863-1877 (1988) is indispensable. SEAN DENNIS CASHMAN, AMERICA IN THE GILDED AGE: FROM THE DEATH OF LINCOLN TO THE RISE OF THEODORE ROOSEVELT (1984) is a bold sweeping overview. As is NELL PAINTER, STANDING AT ARMAGEDDON: THE UNITED STATES 1877-1917 (1987) and MORTON KELLER, AFFAIRS OF STATE: PUBLIC LIFE IN LATE NINETEENTH-CENTURY AMERICA (1977). JACKSON LEARS, REBIRTH OF A NATION: THE MAKING OF MODERN AMERICA, 1877-1920 (2009) brings together an array of characters to support his thesis that this period was one in which all kinds of people sought “regeneration,” variously defined. The book offers a fresh and sympathetic look at many of the late nineteenth century reformers and cultural figures.
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| - | On the turbulent political climate of the 1890s generally: GEORGE BROWN TINDELL, GILDED AGE POLITICS AND AGRARIAN REVOLT (1984) is an excellent basic history. On Coxey’s Army and the Pullman Strike, see CARLTON BEALS, THE GREAT REVOLT AND ITS LEADERS: THE HISTORY OF POPULAR AMERICAN UPRISINGS IN THE 1890’S (1968); THE PULLMAN STRIKE (Leon Stein ed., 1969); CARLOS A. SCHWANTES, COXEY’S ARMY: AN AMERICAN ODYSSEY, 130-32 (1985); NELL IRVIN PAINTER, STANDING AT ARMAGEDDEN: THE UNITED STATES—1877-1919, at 117-26 (1987). See the Anna Smith section of this Note for more on her leadership of an Oakland California division of the Army. The Haymarket tragedy (also known as the “affair” the “massacre”, the “riot” or simply “Haymarket”) is covered in all American histories of the period. Still, the best single work is PAUL AVRICH, THE HAYMARKET TRAGEDY (1984); see also RICHARD SCHNEIROV, LABOR AND URBAN POLITICS: CLASS CONFLICT AND THE ORIGINS OF MODERN LIBERALISM IN CHICAGO, 1864–97 (1998).
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| - | For more on California in the last decades of the nineteenth century, RUMBLE, supra, is excellent, especially on Bellamy Nationalism and Populism at 99-122. Other essential works are R. HAL WILLIAMS, THE DEMOCRATIC PARTY AND CALIFORNIA POLITICS 1880-1896 (1973) [hereafter WILLIAMS, DEMOCRATIC PARTY] and WILLIAM A. BULLOUGH, THE BLIND BOSS AND HIS CITY: CHRISTOPHER AUGUSTINE BUCKLEY AND NINETEENTH-CENTURY SAN FRANCISCO (1979) [hereafter, BULLOUGH, BLIND BOSS] (dealing with Buckley’s creation of a Democratic machine). Bullough is one of the few historians to note women’s participation in the politics of the day, albeit without much explanation. For example, the “Democratic party made overtures to increasingly important organizations of women who, although they could not vote, exerted substantial influence upon those who could.” BULLOUGH, BLIND BOSS, at 177. Bullough is especially insightful on the election of 1890. BULLOUGH, BLIND BOSS, at 208-30. See also, William A. Bullough, Hannibal Versus the Blind Boss: The "Junta," Chris Buckley, and Democratic Reform Politics in San Francisco, 46 PAC. HIST. REV. 181 (1977). Other good sources on the early 1890’s include: SPENCER C. OLIN, CALIFORNIA POLITICS 1846-1920, at 40-50 (1981); A.A. GRAY, HISTORY OF CALIFORNIA, at 502-05 (1934). BRETT MELENDY & BENJAMIN F. GILBERT, THE GOVERNORS OF CALIFORNIA: PETER H. BURNETT TO EDMUND G. BROWN (1965) has a good account of the various measures that were important in the post civil war administrations. WILLIAM ISSEL & ROBERT W. CHERNY, SAN FRANCISCO, 1865-1932: POLITICS, POWER, AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT (1986) (offering a systematic overview of sources of political power that covers local political struggles, the rise of the labor movement, and interethnic politics); William Issel, Citizens Outside Government: Business and Urban Policy in San Francisco and Los Angeles, 1890-1932, 58 PAC. HIST. REV., 117, 117-46 (May 1988); Paul Kleppner, Politics Without Parties: The Western States, 1900-1984, in THE TWENTIETH CENTURY WEST: HISTORICAL INTERPRETATIONS (Gerald D. Nash & Richard W. Etulian eds., 1989) (essays on the various groups and forces that shaped the modern society); Kleppner, Voters and Parties in the Western States, 1876-1900, 14 W. HIST. Q., 49, 49-68 (Jan. 1983); CHESTER MCARTHUR DESTLER, WESTERN RADICALISM, 1865-1901, at 1-31 (1963); Ralph E. Shaffer, Radicalism in California, 1896-1929 (Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Berkeley). On California sympathy to railroad strikers, including sympathy among farmers, see WILLIAMS, DEMOCRATIC PARTY, at 195-96 (citing S.F. CHRON., June 30, 1894). Among the supporters of the railroad strikes, the article mentioned: “the farmers whose fruit was rotting on the ground, business men whose prosperity was imperiled, professional men, manufacturers who were threatened with ruin, hosts of persons who ordinarily have no direct relations with ‘organized labor.’ Men such as these with few exceptions, felt a profound sympathy with these strikers, and hoped that they might win.” Another commentator wrote that all classes accepted their losses equably “as long as the railroads suffer quite as much or more.” Nation, July 12, 1894, quoted in PULLMAN STRIKE, supra, at 249.
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| - | On Populism, RICHARD HOFSTADTER, THE AGE OF REFORM: FROM BRYAN TO F.D.R. (1955) is still the best starting place. Another older source, still fruitful, is JOHN D. HICKS, THE POPULIST REVOLT: A HISTORY OF THE FARMERS’ ALLIANCE AND THE PEOPLE’S PARTY (1931). But for understanding the complex and disorganized Populist movement, a recent book is extremely helpful. CHARLES POSTEL, THE POPULIST VISION (2008) brings many more women into the story (including Mary Elizabeth Lease and Marian Todd) and shows how the Populists brought together the Farmer’s Alliance and Urban reformers. Other sources I used were ROBERT C MCMATH, AMERICAN POPULISM: A SOCIAL HISTORY, 1877-1898 (1993); LAWRENCE GOODWYN, THE POPULIST MOMENT (1978); MICHAEL KAZIN, THE POPULIST PERSUASION: AN AMERICAN HISTORY (1998); O. GENE CLANTON, POPULISM: THE HUMANE PREFERENCE IN AMERICA 1890-1900 (1990); WILLIAM ALFRED PEFFER, POPULISM: ITS RISE AND FALL (1991).
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| - | On Populism in California in particular, see Donald E. Waters, The Feud Between California Populist T.V. Cator and Democrats James Maguire and James Barry, 27 PAC. HIST. REV. 281 (Aug. 1958); Tom G. Hall, California Populism at the Grass-Roots: The Case of Tulare County, 1892, 69 S. CAL. Q., 193 (1967); The People’s Party in California, WOMAN’S TRIB., Dec. 5, 1891, at 320 (personal account by a suffragist of her acceptance from the Populists).
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| - |
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| - | On the relationship of Populists and Bellamy Nationalists, see On-Line Bibliographic Note: Bellamy Nationalism, at WLH Website. Especially good on the overlap is ARTHUR LIPOW, AUTHORITARIAN SOCIALISM IN AMERICA, EDWARD BELLAMY AND THE NATIONALIST MOVEMENT16-25, passim (1982). On the bridge between labor and other reformers which the Populists provided in the election of 1894, see Alexander Saxton, San Francisco Labor and the Populist and Progressive Insurgencies, 34 PAC. HIST. REV. 421 (1965). Two years earlier, in 1892, the Populist platform declared that all workers “rural and civic” shared common enemies and interests. Id. at 425.
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| - |
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| - | The last few decades have seen a surge of interest in women’s participation in regular party politics, including the period before they had suffrage. REBECCA EDWARDS, ANGELS IN THE MACHINERY: GENDER IN AMERICAN PARTY POLITICS FROM THE CIVIL WAR TO THE PROGRESSIVE ERA (1997); JO FREEMAN, WE WILL BE HEARD: WOMEN’S STRUGGLES FOR POLITICAL POWER IN THE UNITED STATES (2008); A ROOM AT A TIME: HOW WOMEN ENTERED PARTY POLITICS (2000); WE HAVE COME TO STAY: AMERICAN WOMEN AND POLITICAL PARTIES, 1880-1960 (Melanie Gustafson, Kristie Miller, & Elisabeth I. Perry, eds. 1999); MELANIE GUSTAFSON, WOMEN AND THE REPUBLICAN PARTY 1854-1924 (2001); ROBERT J. DINKEN, BEFORE EQUAL SUFFRAGE, WOMEN IN PARTISAN POLITICS FROM COLONIAL TIMES TO 1920 (1995); see also ALANA S. JEYDEL, POLITICAL WOMEN: THE WOMEN'S MOVEMENT, POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS, THE BATTLE FOR WOMEN'S SUFFRAGE AND THE ERA (2004).
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| - |
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| - | 1894 Election in California
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| - | WINFIELD J. DAVIS, POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA 1849-1892 (1893). S.F. CALL, Feb. 7, 1895, describes the Republican platform endorsement of suffrage. Grove Johnson submitted the platform as a whole without opportunity for consideration of its individual parts. For more on the election, GULLETT, BECOMING CITIZENS at 82-83; 4 HWS, at 78-82; WILLIAMS, DEMOCRATIC PARTY, at 201-02; Alexander Saxton, San Francisco Labor and the Populist and Progressive Insurgencies, PAC. HIST. REV. 34 (Nov. 1965). MICHAEL PAUL ROGIN, JOHN L. SHOVER, POLITICAL CHANGE IN CALIFORNIA: CRITICAL ELECTIONS AND SOCIAL MOVEMENTS, 1890-1966, at 16-20 (1969) describes the connection between labor and farm interests. It also explains that anti-Catholic racism—in form of American Protective Association—appealed to farmers, and cut into the Populist vote. Though the Populist candidates were largely unsuccessful, the party provided the balance of power in every single electoral unit. RUMBLE, at 99-122. Eric Falk Petersen, The End of an Era; California’s Gubernatorial Election of 1894, 38 PAC. HIST. REV. 141 (May 1969) (description of parties and personalities; Budd, the Democrat won the Governorship while Republicans swept the rest of the offices and won large legislative majorities.)
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| - |
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| - | === Foltz as Reform Lobbyist in the 1890s ===
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| - |
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| - | Parole legislation: Standard contemporary sources credited Foltz as the author of the parole system in California. See e.g., Bench and Bar of San Francisco and California 109 (1926) (in the Clara Shortridge Foltz entry, describes how she “pioneered the movement [for a system of parole]… Her effort was unsuccessful, but subsequently at the instance of Col Sonntag, then a member of the board of State Prison Directors, the legislation was adopted.” At the time she was appointed to the State Board of Charities and Corrections, (see Chapter Four) it was widely reported that Foltz was responsible for the parole system. S.F. CALL, Mar. 13, 1910. Unsolicited Honors Worthily Bestowed, TIDINGS, Feb. 18, 1910, at 13 (parole system an example of “her great concern for the welfare of prisoners”). Sheldon L. Messinger, John E. Berecochea, David Rauma & Richard A. Berk, The Foundations of Parole in California, 19 L. SOC. REV. 69 (1985) tells the story of the parole legislation, starting with the 1887 bill described in the text. In its gripping description of the parole development, the article does not mention Clara Foltz, but says, at page 83, that the origins of the 1891 bill (the one she authored) were unknown. The article builds on an earlier detailed account of the 1887, 1891, and 1893 bills. John Edward Berecochea, Origins and Early Development of Parole in California (1982) (unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of California) (missed Foltz’s role, but see pages 81-83 for an account of the 1891 Foltz bill, which puzzles over where it came from). Nestor A. Young of San Diego introduced Foltz’s bill in the Assembly, where it was reported out from committee with an adverse recommendation. The excessive sentencing and various scandals that plagued California prisons in the late nineteenth century are well described in these two connected sources. See also SHELLEY BOOKSPAN, A GERM OF GOODNESS: THE CALIFORNIA STATE PRISON SYSTEM, 1851-1944. (1991). A contemporary view is in the Report of the Special Commission of Inquiry into the General Administration of the State Prisons of California, App. J. 25th Sess. Ca. Legislature, (vol.vi) (1883), a stunning depiction of prison conditions. Parole as originally proposed had a number of purposes—to prevent possible corruption in the pardon reviews, to improve the consistency of sentences, to reduce excessive and unfair sentences, and to reward rehabilitation. Parole proposals were connected to indeterminate sentencing (another cause of penal reformers) and fast became part of the plea bargaining system as well. For an excellent historical overview, see Kara Dansky, Understanding California Sentencing, 43 U.S.F. L. REV. 45, 56-59 (2008).
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| - |
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| - | By 1900, twenty states had some form of prisoner parole. Edward Lindsey, Historical Sketch of the Indeterminate Sentence and Parole System, 16 J. CRIM. L. & CRIMINOLOGY 9, 40 (1925). GEORGE FISHER, PLEA BARGAINING’S TRIUMPH, A HISTORY OF PLEA BARGAINING IN AMERICA 122-129 (2003). In a critical review of DAVID J. ROTHMAN, CONSCIENCE AND CONVENIENCE: THE ASYLUM AND ITS ALTERNATIVES IN PROGRESSIVE AMERICA (1980), Professor Guyora Binder argues that it deals inadequately with the complex motivations of the progressive reformers who took up parole so enthusiastically. Penal Reform and Progressive Ideology, 9 REV. AM. HIST. 224 (1981).
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| - |
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| - | Women’s Rights Measures: A bill to relieve the disabilities of married women and enable them to be executors (“executrixes”) and administrators of estates, and guardians of children passed without much opposition in 1891. Introduced by Senator Albert W. Crandall, a Republican, it bears Foltz’s mark in the simplicity of the drafting. She claimed authorship though nothing on the record shows her hand in it. Cal. Stat., ch. 123, s. 1352 at 136 (passed March 19, 1891).
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| - | In the same 1891 session, a bill limited the husband’s absolute control over the property acquired during marriage. Like Foltz’s parole bill, it was introduced in the Senate by Frank McGowan. Charlotte K. Goldberg, A Cauldron of Anger: The Spreckels Family and Reform of California Community Property Law, 12 W. LEGAL HIST. 241, 244-45 (1999) explains more about the statute, and its ultimate fate in the courts (where it was largely dismantled). Though Foltz and Gordon are not mentioned in the news stories or record of this bill, it certainly fits into their usual legislative agenda. The bill was introduced in an earlier session by Stephen White, another Foltz friend. Goldberg, A Cauldron of Anger, supra, at 245.
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| - | The Notary Bill was a great achievement and was related to both Foltz’s interest in women’s rights and in penal reform. From the first, women lawyers sought to be Notaries. For instance, Myra Bradwell tried unsuccessfully to gain the office in 1869 at the same time she was trying to be a lawyer. The Governor Refused, 2 CHI. LEGAL NEWS 109 (YEAR). On Marilla Ricker and the connection of the notary office to criminal law practice, see JILL NORGREN, BELVA LOCKWOOD, at 91-92; On-Line Bibliographic Note: Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies (Marilla Ricker), at WLH Website. The connection of the Notary job to penal reform is also seen in the fact that Addie Ballou, a prison reformer, joined Foltz and Gordon in lobbying for the bill in California. REDA DAVIS, CALIFORNIA WOMEN 139 (1968).
| + | <font size="4"> Chapter Six </font size="4"> |
| | | | |
| - | === Mary Elizabeth Lease (also known as Mary Ellen) ===
| + | #[[Women's Rights Movement History]] |
| | + | ##[[Women's Rights Movement History#Legal Status of Women in Nineteenth Century|Legal Status of Women in Nineteenth Century]] |
| | + | ##[[Suffrage History#Seneca Falls|Seneca Falls]] |
| | + | ##[[Suffrage History#Historiography|Historiography]] |
| | + | ##[[Suffrage History#Relationship with Other Movements and Causes|Relationship to Other Movements and Causes]] |
| | + | ###[[Suffrage History#Suffrage and Other Women's Rights|Suffrage and Other Women's Rights]] |
| | + | ###[[Suffrage History#Suffrage and Black Civil Rights Movement|Suffrage and Black Civil Rights Movement]] |
| | + | ###[[Suffrage History#Suffrage and Temperance and Prohibition|Suffrage and Temperance and Prohibition]] |
| | + | #[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention]] |
| | + | ##[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention#General Sources|General Sources]] |
| | + | ##[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention#Matilda Gage, President|Matilda Gage, President]] |
| | + | ##[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention#Reaction to Foltz’s Remarks|Reaction to Foltz’s Remarks]] |
| | + | ##[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention#Other Notable Attendants|Other Notable Attendants]] |
| | + | ###[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention#Theosophy and Madame Blavatsky|Theosophy and Madame Blavatsky]] |
| | + | ###[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention#William Aldrich and Josephine Cables|William Aldrich and Josephine Cables]] |
| | + | ###[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention#Elliott and Emily Coues|Elliott and Emily Coues]] |
| | + | ###[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention#Charlotte Smith|Charlotte Smith]] |
| | + | #[[The World's Fair]] |
| | + | ##[[The World's Fair#General Works|General Works]] |
| | + | ##[[The World's Fair#African Americans at the Fair|African Americans at the Fair]] |
| | + | #[[Women at the World's Fair]] |
| | + | ##[[Women at the World's Fair#General Works|General Works]] |
| | + | ##[[Women at the World's Fair#Bertha Palmer and the Isabella Club|Bertha Palmer and the Isabella Club]] |
| | + | ##[[Women at the World's Fair#Clara Foltz, Laura Gordon, and Clara Colby|Clara Foltz, Laura Gordon, and Clara Colby]] |
| | + | ##[[Women at the World's Fair#The Women's Congresses|The Women's Congresses]] |
| | + | ##[[Women at the World's Fair#Participation in the Other Auxiliary Congresses|Participation in the Other Auxiliary Congresses]] |
| | + | #[[Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns]] |
| | + | ##[[Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns#New York|New York]] |
| | + | ###[[Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns#General Description|General Description]] |
| | + | ###[[Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns#New York Constitutional Convention|New York Constitutional Convention]] |
| | + | ####[[Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns#Explaining Choate's Change in Position|Explaining Choate's Change in Position]] |
| | + | ####[[Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns#Interview with Stanleyetta Titus on Winning the Vote at the Convention|Interview with Stanleyetta Titus on Winning the Vote at the Convention]] |
| | + | ##[[Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns#California|California]] |
| | + | ###[[Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns#General Description|General Description]] |
| | + | ###[[Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns#Foltz and Other Women Suffragists|Foltz and Other Women Suffragists]] |
| | + | #[[Victory in California -- 1911]] |
| | + | ##[[Victory in California -- 1911#The California Suffrage Campaign Generally|The California Suffrage Campaign Generally]] |
| | + | ##[[Victory in California -- 1911#The 1911 Campaign|The 1911 Campaign]] |
| | + | ##[[Victory in California -- 1911#Coffin and Edson|Coffin and Edson]] |
| | | | |
| - | RICHARD STILLER, QUEEN OF POPULISTS: THE STORY OF MARY ELIZABETH LEASE (1970). Kathryn Price, Mary Elizabeth Lease: Lawyer, Politician and Hellraiser (1997), at WLH website. For an interesting insight from Lease’s contemporaries, see A. L. Livermore, Mary Elizabeth Lease: The Foremost Woman Politician of the Times, METROPOLITAN MAG., Nov. 1896, at 263-66. See also Edward T. James, Notes and Documents: More Corn, Less Hell? A Knights Of Labor Glimpse Of Mary Elizabeth Lease, 16 LABOR HIST. 408 (1975). Discussions of Lease’s oratorical style can be found in Susan Estelle Kelso, Less Corn and More Hell in Performance, 8 PLAINSWOMAN 2, 7 (1984). S.F. EXAMINER, Aug. 10, 1892, noted the “manner in which she made herself heard throughout the vast hall.” By comparison, a previous male speaker had caused a stampede to the front by his weak tones. O. Gene Clanton, Intolerant Populist? The Disaffection of Mary Elizabeth Lease, 34 KANSAS HIST. Q. 189 (1968). Finally, a good overview of Lease’s style and impact can be found in Dorothy Rose Blumberg, Mary Elizabeth Lease, Populist Orator: A Profile, 1 KANSAS HIST. 3 (Spring 1978).
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| | | | |
| - | === Stephen White === | + | <font size="4"> Chapter Seven </font size="4"> |
| | | | |
| - | White was a towering political figure in his lifetime. KEVIN STARR, INVENTING THE DREAM 69-70 (1986) portrays his personality as well as his accomplishments and he is much referenced by other historians of the period. See e.g., BULLOUGH, BLIND BOSS, supra, and WILLIAMS, DEMOCRATIC PARTY, supra. Curtis Grassman, Prologue to Progressivism: Senator Stephen M. White and the California Reform Impulse (1970) (unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles). Tending to hagiography but thorough on the issues: PETER THOMAS CONMY, STEPHEN MALLORY WHITE: CALIFORNIA STATESMAN (1956); EDITH DOBIE, THE POLITICAL CAREER OF STEPHEN MALLORY WHITE (1927); LEROY E. MOSHER, STEVEN M. WHITE: CALIFORNIAN, CITIZEN, LAWYER, SENATOR (1903) (a character sketch which also includes White’s principal public addresses).
| + | #[[Progressivism, Suffrage, and Public Defense]] |
| | + | ##[[Progressivism, Suffrage, and Public Defense#General Works on Progressivism|General Works on Progressivism]] |
| | + | ##[[Progressivism, Suffrage, and Public Defense#California Progressives|California Progressives]] |
| | + | ##[[Progressivism, Suffrage, and Public Defense#Progressivism and Suffrage|Progressivism and Suffrage]] |
| | + | ###[[Progressivism, Suffrage, and Public Defense#Suffrage and Public Defense|Suffrage and Public Defense]] |
| | + | #[[The Early History of Public Defense]] |
| | + | ##[[The Early History of Public Defense#General Works on Public Defense|General Works on Public Defense]] |
| | + | ##[[The Early History of Public Defense#Relation of Legal Societies to Public Defense|Relation of Legal Societies to Public Defense]] |
| | + | #[[Foltz the Founder of Public Defense]] |
| | + | #[[Foltz's Arguments for Public Defense]] |
| | + | ##[[Foltz's Arguments for Public Defense#Prosecutorial Misconduct|Prosecutorial Misconduct]] |
| | + | ###[[Foltz's Arguments for Public Defense#People v. Wells|People v. Wells]] |
| | + | ##[[Foltz's Arguments for Public Defense#The Presumption of Innocence|The Presumption of Innocence]] |
| | + | ##[[Foltz's Arguments for Public Defense#Burdening the Right|Burdening the Right]] |
| | + | ###[[Foltz's Arguments for Public Defense#Aaron Burr. Greene v. Briggs|Aaron Burr. Greene v. Briggs]] |
| | + | ###[[Foltz's Arguments for Public Defense#United States v. Burr|United States v. Burr]] |
| | + | ###[[Foltz's Arguments for Public Defense#Carpenter v. County of Dane|Carpenter v. County of Dane]] |
| | + | ##[[Foltz's Arguments for Public Defense#Woman Suffrage and Public Defense|Woman Suffrage and Public Defense]] |
| | + | #[[The Right to Counsel and the Appointed Counsel System]] |
| | + | #[[New York Politics and Foltz’s Public Defender Bill]] |
| | + | ##[[New York Politics and Foltz’s Public Defender Bill#Tammany Hall|Tammany Hall]] |
| | + | ##[[New York Politics and Foltz’s Public Defender Bill#Thomas Grady|Thomas Grady]] |
| | + | ##[[New York Politics and Foltz’s Public Defender Bill#Late Nineteenth Century New York Politics|Late Nineteenth Century New York Politics]] |
| | + | ##[[New York Politics and Foltz’s Public Defender Bill#Thomas C. Platt and the 1897 Mayoral Election|Thomas C. Platt and the 1897 Mayoral Election]] |
| | + | ##[[New York Politics and Foltz’s Public Defender Bill#Women in the Anti-Tammany Efforts|Women in the Anti-Tammany Efforts]] |
| | + | ##[[New York Politics and Foltz’s Public Defender Bill#Biographical Works|Biographical Works]] |
| | + | #[[Comparison of Public Defender Statutes]] |
| | + | ##[[Comparison of Public Defender Statutes#1885 Statute|1885 Statute]] |
| | + | ##[[Comparison of Public Defender Statutes#1897 Statute|1897 Statute]] |
| | + | ###[[Comparison of Public Defender Statutes#Text of the 1897 Statute|Text of the 1897 Statute]] |
| | + | ###[[Comparison of Public Defender Statutes#Comparison to Public Defender Statutes Actually Enacted|Comparison to Public Defender Statutes Actually Enacted]] |
| | + | ###[[Comparison of Public Defender Statutes#Foltz's Bill Introduced in Multiple States|Foltz's Bill Introduced in Multiple States]] |
| | + | ##[[Comparison of Public Defender Statutes#The 1912 Los Angeles Charter Provision and the 1921 California Statute|The 1912 Los Angeles Charter Provision and the 1921 Statute]] |
| | + | ###[[Comparison of Public Defender Statutes#Wisconsin Statute Tracks the California Statute|Wisconsin Statute Tracks the California Statute]] |
| | + | #[[Comparison of Progressive Defender with Foltzian Model]] |
| | + | ##[[Comparison of Progressive Defender with Foltzian Model#Progressivism and Public Defense|Progressivism and Public Defense]] |
| | + | ##[[Comparison of Progressive Defender with Foltzian Model#The Progressive and the Foltzian Defenders|The Progressive and the Foltzian Defenders]] |
| | + | ###[[Comparison of Progressive Defender with Foltzian Model#Example of Progressive-Type Representation|Example of Progressive-Type Representation]] |
| | + | ###[[Comparison of Progressive Defender with Foltzian Model#The Foltzian Model|The Foltzian Model]] |
| | + | ##[[Comparison of Progressive Defender with Foltzian Model#Cost of the Public Defender|Cost of the Public Defender]] |
| | + | ##[[Comparison of Progressive Defender with Foltzian Model#Competing Visions in New York: Mayer Goldman’s Public Defender and the Legal Aid Societies|Competing Visions in New York: Mayer Goldman’s Public Defender and the Legal Aid Societies]] |
| | + | ##[[Comparison of Progressive Defender with Foltzian Model#History of the Legal Aid Society|History of the Legal Aid Society]] |
| | + | ###[[Comparison of Progressive Defender with Foltzian Model#The Voluntary Defenders|The Voluntary Defenders]] |
| | + | <br> |
| | | | |
| - | === Anna Ferry Smith ===
| + | ------------------------------------------------------------------------ |
| | | | |
| - | Many political histories mention Anna Smith, who was an important public woman in California for forty years, though there is no comprehensive biographical work. She spoke on the sandlots when Dennis Kearney formed the Workingmen’s Party of California. She was a major organizer for the Bellamy Nationalists, took the quick step to the Farmer’s Alliance, and easily on to the People’s Party, and then to organize in Southern California for the Socialist Labor Party. Always her main concern was for the position of working women—pressed from beneath by cheap immigrant labor (mainly the Chinese as she saw it) and blocked from above by sex prejudice. MARY JO BUHLE, WOMEN AND AMERICAN SOCIALISM, 74, 120 (1983). Ralph Shaffer, Radicalism in California, 1869-1924 (1962) (unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of California-Berkeley); RUMBLE, supra, at 100 (describing her as “a rugged veteran fighter of the labor movement”). Other sources for this period that also mention Anna Smith: Martha Gardner, Working on White Womanhood: White Working women in the San Francisco Anti-Chinese Movement, 1877-1890, 33 J. SOC. HIST. 73 (1999); Michael Kazin, The Great Exception Revisited: Organized Labor and Politics in San Francisco and Los Angeles, 1870-1940, 55 PAC. HIST. REV. 371 (1986).
| + | [http://wlh.law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/woman_lawyer-index.pdf Index to Woman Lawyer: The Trials of Clara Foltz] |
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| - | Before coming to California, Smith had been a nurse for the Union soldiers in her husband’s regiment. Though far less well known, Anna Smith was like Mother Jones, in her radical views cloaked in a guise of respectability. Mother Jones also marched in Coxey’s Army, see PHILIP S. FONER, WOMEN AND THE AMERICAN LABOR MOVEMENT 280-87 (1979). On Foltz’s relationship with Anna F. Smith, the time they were closest was probably in the Nationalist clubs in southern California in the early 90’s. EVERETT W. MACNAIR, EDWARD BELLAMY AND THE NATIONALIST MOVEMENT, 1889 to 1894, at 245 (1957), says Anna Smith organized most of the rural clubs in southern California. In tribute to Smith, MacNair writes that she not only organized the clubs, but “helped in all departments. They asked her back again and again to speak . . . list of her engagements reads like a candidate in the heat of a campaign—nothing could stop her or dilute her courage and enthusiasm.” Smith and Foltz were together at the organizational meeting of the Nationalists in San Diego. MACNAIR, EDWARD BELLAMY AND THE NATIONALIST MOVEMENT, at 203-04 (citing the SAN DIEGO BEACON, Aug. 10, 1889); Anna Smith, Letter, LIBERAL THINKER, Jan. 1890 (“Mrs Foltz tells me that there is a movement on foot in the East to organize against a union of God and the State. I would like to be counted in,” and she signed the convention call). See On-Line Bibliographic Note: The Woman’s National Liberal Union, at WLH Website.
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| | | | |
| - | Smith’s participation in Coxey’s army was well publicized and the response was quite positive. SCHWANTES, COXEY’S ARMY, supra, at 130-32, and GULLETT, BECOMING CITIZENS, at 89. At the head of 300 men, a “most fantastic body” according to the Examiner, she marched through the California countryside, to the strains of drums, bagpipes, and occasionally The Marseillaise, S.F. EXAMINER, Apr. 28, 1894. See also S.F. CHRON., Apr. 30, May 1, & May 31, 1894. Explaining how she became a commander of the Army, when most women, even if they were unemployed workers, were not allowed in the army at all, Smith explained that “I have some local reputation as a speaker and the men want me to speak for them when we get to Washington.” And she had other qualifications: “I am a San Francisco woman, a woman who has been brought up on this coast, and I’m not afraid of anything, not even hunger. I have a woman’s heart and a woman’s sympathy, and these lead me to do what I have done for these men…” SACRAMENTO RECORD-UNION, May 31, 1894.
| + | [[Bibliographic Notes and Supplementary Text]] |
The Bibliographical Notes are arranged in the order of the book chapters and provide additional source material for the facts and interpretations in the text and endnotes. A list of the notes, with links, appears below. Some of these are traditional bibliographic notes listing essential references with a few words of critical explanation. Also included are first person essays and descriptions of people and events that influenced Clara Foltz, but whose stories would extend the book unduly.
A biography written over many years has more sources than can be cited even in this format – especially in a burgeoning new field like women’s legal history. I have tried to cite the main works that influenced my thinking, which may not be exactly the same as all the main works. In a larger sense, virtually everything I have read concerning women’s rights and nineteenth century history is in here somewhere even though not mentioned explicitly. To those whose work deserves more recognition than I have given it here, my sincerest apologies.
