Indexes and Bibliographic Notes

From Woman Lawyer: The Trials of Clara Foltz -- Online Notes For The Book

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==Indexes and Bibliographic Notes==
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There are two indexes here: the [http://wlh.law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/woman_lawyer-index.pdf first] is to subjects and page numbers in [http://www.sup.org/search/search.cgi?search=babcock ''Woman Lawyer: The Trials of Clara Foltz''] [http://wlh.law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/woman_lawyer-index.pdf  (the book index)]. This index also appears on the website of the [http://www.sup.org/search/search.cgi?search=babcock Stanford University Press]. The [http://wlh-wiki.law.stanford.edu/index.php/Bibliographic_Notes_and_Supplementary_text second index] provides access to the extensive Bibliographic Notes with links to the relevant notes.  
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== Getting started ==
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The Bibliographical Notes are arranged in the order of the book chapters and provide additional source material for the facts and interpretations in the text and endnotes. A list of the notes, with links, appears below. Some of these are traditional bibliographic notes listing essential references with a few words of critical explanation. Also included are first person essays and descriptions of people and events that influenced Clara Foltz, but whose stories would extend the book unduly. 
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== The Women’s Movement, Free Love and Spiritualism ==
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[[Notes on The Women's Movement, Free Love and Spiritualism]]
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== 10. San Francisco Social Life and Clara Foltz’s Circle ==
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A biography written over many years has more sources than can be cited even in this format – especially in a burgeoning new field like women’s legal history. I have tried to cite the main works that influenced my thinking, which may not be exactly the same as all the main works. In a larger sense, virtually everything I have read concerning women’s rights and nineteenth century history is in here somewhere even though not mentioned explicitly. To those whose work deserves more recognition than I have given it here, my sincerest apologies.
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[[Notes on San Francisco Social Life and Clara Foltz's Circle]]
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== 8. Women and Divorce ==
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== List of Bibliographic Notes==
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[[Notes on Women and Divorce]]
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== Women and Jury Service ==
 
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[[Notes on Women and Jury Service]]
 
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== Women as Public Lecturers ==
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<font size="4"> Introductory  </font size="4">
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[[Notes on Women as Public Lecturers]]
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== San Diego in the Real Estate Boom ==
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#[[About and By Clara Foltz: Biographical Material and Her Writings]]
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[[Notes on San Diego in the Real Estate Boom]]
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##[[About and By Clara Foltz: Biographical Material and Her Writings#Babcock's Work|Babcock's Work]]
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###[[About and By Clara Foltz: Biographical Material and Her Writings#Babcock Encyclopedia Entries|Babcock Encyclopedia Entries]]
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###[[About and By Clara Foltz: Biographical Material and Her Writings#Website|Website]]
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###[[About and By Clara Foltz: Biographical Material and Her Writings#Book Chapters and Other Writings|Book Chapters and Other Writings]]
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##[[About and By Clara Foltz: Biographical Material and Her Writings#Other articles on Clara Shortridge Foltz|Other articles on Clara Shortridge Foltz]]
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##[[About and By Clara Foltz: Biographical Material and Her Writings#Clara Foltz’s Publications|Clara Foltz’s Publications]] 
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#[[Archival and Investigative Materials]]
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##[[Archival and Investigative Materials#Libraries|Libraries]]
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###[[Archival and Investigative Materials#Bancroft Library of the University of California, Berkeley|Bancroft Library of the University of California, Berkeley]]
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###[[Archival and Investigative Materials#Special Collections, Stanford University, Stanford, California|Special Collections, Stanford University, Stanford, California]]
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###[[Archival and Investigative Materials#Huntington Library, San Merino, Califonria|Huntington Library, San Merino, Califonria]]
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###[[Archival and Investigative Materials#UCLA Special Collections|UCLA Special Collections]]
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###[[Archival and Investigative Materials#California State Library|California State Library]]
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##[[Archival and Investigative Materials#Court records|Court records]]
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##[[Archival and Investigative Materials#Interviews|Interviews]]
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#[[Timelines]]
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##[[Timelines#Life Events|Life Events]]
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##[[Timelines#Passage of Constitutional Clauses|Passage of Constitutional Clauses]]
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##[[Timelines#Public Defender Campaign|Public Defender Campaign]]
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#[[Women’s History]]
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##[[Women’s History#Legal Status of Women in Nineteenth Century|Legal Status of Women in the Nineteenth Century]]
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##[[Women’s History#“Feminism” and Women’s Rights: Nomenclature|"Feminism" and Women’s Rights: Nomenclature]]
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##[[Women’s History#Women’s Biographies|Women’s Biographies]]
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###[[Women’s History#National Suffrage Movement Biographies|National Suffrage Movement Biographies]]
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#[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies]]
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##[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Women Lawyers History|Women Lawyers History]]
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###[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#General Works|General Works]]
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###[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Comparison of Women Lawyers in Europe and the United States|Comparison of Women Lawyers in Europe and the United States]]
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###[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Women Criminal Defense Lawyers|Women Criminal Defense Lawyers]]
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###[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#The 1920s and 1930s in Boston, D.C., and Chicago|The 1920s and 1930s in Boston, D.C., and Chicago]]
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###[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Women and the Bar|Women and the Bar]]
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##[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Women Lawyers and the Women's Rights Movement|Women Lawyers and the Women's Rights Movement]]
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###[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Excerpt from Feminist Lawyers|Excerpt from Feminist Lawyers]]
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##[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Individual Women's Biographies|Individual Women's Biographies]]
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###[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Myra Bradwell|Myra Bradwell]]
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###[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Lavinia Goodell|Lavinia Goodell]]
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###[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Mary Greene|Mary Greene]]
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###[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Belva Lockwood|Belva Lockwood]]
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###[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Arabella (Belle) Mansfield|Arabella (Belle) Mansfield]]
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###[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Marilla Ricker|Marilla Ricker]]
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###[[Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies#Lelia Robinson|Lelia Robinson]]
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== Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing ==
 
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[[Notes on Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing]]
 
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== San Diego Bee ==
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<font size="4"> Chapter One </font size="4">
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[[Notes on San Diego Bee]]
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== Bellamy Nationalism ==
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#[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa]]
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[[Notes on Bellamy Nationalism]]
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##[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Parents|Parents]]
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###[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Quotes from Funeral of Elias W. Shortridge|Quotes from Funeral of Elias W. Shortridge]]
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##[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Siblings: Milton and John|Siblings]]
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##[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Charles Morris Shortridge|Charles Morris Shortridge]]
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###[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#General|General]]
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###[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Early Life and Career|Early Life and Career]]
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###[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#The San Francisco Call|The San Francisco Call]]
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###[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Marriages|Marriages]]
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###[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Timeline of Charles's Life|Timeline of Charles's Life]]
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###[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Ambrose Bierce's BLACK BEETLES IN AMBER|Ambrose Bierce's BLACK BEETLES IN AMBER]]
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##[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Senator Samuel Morgan Shortridge (brother)|Senator Samuel Morgan Shortridge (brother)]]
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###[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#General|General]]
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###[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Summary of Career|Summary of Career]]
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##[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Clara Foltz’s Children|Foltz’s Children]]
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###[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Trella Evelyn Foltz|Trella Evelyn Foltz]]
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###[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Samuel Courtland Foltz|Samuel Courtland Foltz]]
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###[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#David Milton Foltz|David Milton Foltz]]
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###[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Bertha May Foltz Newman|Bertha May Foltz Newman]]
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###[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Virginia Foltz Catron|Virginia Foltz Catron]]
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####[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Investigative Material|Investigative Material]]
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####[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Newspaper Interviews of Virgina|Newspaper Interviews of Virgina]]
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##[[Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa#Mt. Pleasant and Howe’s Academy|Mt. Pleasant and Howe’s Academy]]
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#[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies]]
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##[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Lillie Devereux Blake|Lillie Devereux Blake]]
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###[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Early Life and W.L.H. Barnes|Early Life and W.L.H. Barnes]]
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###[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Marriages and Early Writings|Marriages and Early Writings]]
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###[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Contributions to the Women's Movement|Contributions to the Women's Movement]]
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##[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Clara Colby|Clara Colby]]
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###[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Correspondence Between Colby and Foltz|Correspondence Between Colby and Foltz]]
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###[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Colby and Laura Gordon|Colby and Laura Gordon]]
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##[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Abigail Duniway|Abigail Duniway]]
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##[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Sarah Knox Goodrich|Sarah Knox Goodrich]]
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##[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Laura Gordon|Laura Gordon]]
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###[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Early Life and Work With Foltz|Early Life and Work With Foltz]]
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###[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Gordon's 'Greatest Case'|Gordon's 'Greatest Case']]
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##[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Grove L. Johnson|Grove L. Johnson]]
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###[[Foltz’s Friends and Allies#Rivalry With Hiram Johnson|Rivalry With Hiram Johnson]]
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#[[The Workingmen’s Party of California (WPC)]]
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##[[The Workingmen’s Party of California (WPC)#Rise and Composition of the WPC|Rise and Composition of the WPC]]
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##[[The Workingmen’s Party of California (WPC)#WPC and the Anti-Chinese Movement|WPC and the Anti-Chinese Movement ]]
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##[[The Workingmen’s Party of California (WPC)#Relation with the Workingmen’s Party of the United States (WPUS)|Relation with the Workingmen’s Party of the United States (WPUS)]]
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#[[California Constitutional History]]
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##[[California Constitutional History#Convention of 1879|Convention of 1879]]
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##[[California Constitutional History#Passage of the Anti-Discrimination Clauses|Passage of the Anti-Discrimination Clauses]]
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##[[California Constitutional History#Prominent Pro-Woman Delegates at the 1879 Convention|Prominent Pro-Woman Delegates at the 1879 Convention]]
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###[[California Constitutional History#James J. Ayers|James J. Ayers]]
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###[[California Constitutional History#Eli T. Blackmer|Eli T. Blackmer]]
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###[[California Constitutional History#Charles Ringgold|Charles Ringgold]]
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###[[California Constitutional History#David Terry|David Terry]]
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###[[California Constitutional History#Alphonse Vacquerel|Alphonse Vacquerel]]
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##[[California Constitutional History#Prominent Opponents|Prominent Opponents]]
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###[[California Constitutional History#Joseph Hoge|Joseph Hoge]]
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###[[California Constitutional History#Samuel Wilson|Samuel Wilson]]
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###[[California Constitutional History#Thomas Bishop|Thomas Bishop]]
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###[[California Constitutional History#Delos Lake|Delos Lake]]
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#[[The Women's Movement, Free Love and Spiritualism]]
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##[[The Women's Movement, Free Love and Spiritualism#Spiritualism and Suffragists Generally|Spiritualism and Suffragists Generally]]
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##[[The Women's Movement, Free Love and Spiritualism#Foltz and Spiritualism|Foltz and Spiritualism]]
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##[[The Women's Movement, Free Love and Spiritualism#Addie Ballou|Addie Ballou]]
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##[[The Women's Movement, Free Love and Spiritualism#Victoria Woodhull|Victoria Woodhull]]
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###[[The Women's Movement, Free Love and Spiritualism#The Beecher-Tilton Scandal|The Beecher-Tilton Scandal]]
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#[[Women and Divorce]]
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##[[Women and Divorce#General|General]]
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##[[Women and Divorce#Marriage and Divorce in the West|Marriage and Divorce in the West]]
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##[[Women and Divorce#National Studies|National Studies]]
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##[[Women and Divorce#End of the Century|End of the Century]]
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== The Woman’s National Liberal Union Convention ==
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[[Notes on the Woman's National Liberal Union Convention]]
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<font size="4"> Chapter Two </font size="4">
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== Late Nineteenth Century Politics ==
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#[[Women as Public Lecturers]]
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[[Notes on Late Nineteenth Century Politics]]
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##[[Women as Public Lecturers#Lecturing and Lyceums Generally|Lecturing and Lyceums Generally]]
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###[[Women as Public Lecturers#Robert Ingersoll|Robert Ingersoll]]
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##[[Women as Public Lecturers#Women Lecturers|Women Lecturers]]
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###[[Women as Public Lecturers#Foltz's First Lecturing Tour|Foltz's First Lecturing Tour]]
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###[[Women as Public Lecturers#Anna Dickinson|Anna Dickinson]]
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###[[Women as Public Lecturers#Kate Field|Kate Field]]
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#[[Women and Jury Service]]
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##[[Women and Jury Service#General Sources|General Sources]]
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##[[Women and Jury Service#The Connection Between Women Defense Lawyers and Women Jurors|The Connection Between Women Defense Lawyers and Women Jurors]]
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###[[Women and Jury Service#Women Defenders and Women Jurors|Women Defenders and Women Jurors]]
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##[[Women and Jury Service#The Washington Territory Experience|The Washington Territory Experience]]
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###[[Women and Jury Service#Rosencrantz v. Territory|Rosencrantz v. Territory]]
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###[[Women and Jury Service#Harland v. Territory|Harland v. Territory]]
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###[[Women and Jury Service#Bloomer v. Todd|Bloomer v. Todd]]
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#[[San Francisco Social Life and Clara Foltz's Circle]]
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##[[San Francisco Social Life and Clara Foltz's Circle#General Sources|General Sources]]
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###[[San Francisco Social Life and Clara Foltz's Circle#The Montgomery Block|The Montgomery Block]]
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##[[San Francisco Social Life and Clara Foltz's Circle#Frona Wait, Madge Morris, Ella Cummins|Frona Wait, Madge Morris, Ella Cummins]]
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###[[San Francisco Social Life and Clara Foltz's Circle#Excerpt From Frona Wait's Notes|Excerpt From Frona Wait's Notes]]
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###[[San Francisco Social Life and Clara Foltz's Circle#Morris's "Ode to Clara Foltz"|Morris's "Ode to Clara Foltz"]]
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###[[San Francisco Social Life and Clara Foltz's Circle#Rocking the Baby|Rocking the Baby]]
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###[[San Francisco Social Life and Clara Foltz's Circle#Cummins' Exhibit|Cummins' Exhibit]]
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#[[San Diego in the Real Estate Boom]]
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##[[San Diego in the Real Estate Boom#General Works|General Works]]
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##[[San Diego in the Real Estate Boom#The Rail War|The Rail War]]
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##[[San Diego in the Real Estate Boom#The Ensenada|The Ensenada]]
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#[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing]]
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##[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#General Works|General Works]]
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##[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#Biographies and Autobiographies|Biographies and Autobiographies]]
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###[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#Women and Western Journalism|Women and Western Journalism]]
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###[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#Lawyers and Publishing|Lawyers and Publishing]]
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##[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#A Bee Sampler|A Bee Sampler]]
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###[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#The Boom|The Boom]]
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###[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#Outside News|Outside News]]
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###[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#Local Excitement|Local Excitement]]
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###[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#Regular Items|Regular Items]]
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###[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#Civic Events|Civic Events]]
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###[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#Society and Fashion|Society and Fashion]]
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###[[Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing#Last Days at the Bee|Last Days at the Bee]]
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#[[Bellamy Nationalism]]
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##[[Bellamy Nationalism#General Sources|General Sources]]
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##[[Bellamy Nationalism#Women and Bellamy Nationalism|Women and Bellamy Nationalism]]
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###[[Bellamy Nationalism#Clara's Activism|Clara's Activism]]
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##[[Bellamy Nationalism#Charlotte Perkins Gilman|Charlotte Perkins Gilman]]
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=== General Sources ===
 
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<big>'''Populism; Coxey’s Army; Women’s Political Participation, Haymarket; Pullman Strike; California and the 1894 Election'''</big>
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<font size="4"> Chapter Three </font size="4">
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A huge literature exists on this period. ROBERT WEIBE, THE SEARCH FOR ORDER: 1877-1920 (1967) remains the classic text, and for the immediate post-war period, ERIC FONER, RECONSTRUCTION: AMERICA'S UNFINISHED REVOLUTION, 1863-1877 (1988) is indispensable. SEAN DENNIS CASHMAN, AMERICA IN THE GILDED AGE: FROM THE DEATH OF LINCOLN TO THE RISE OF THEODORE ROOSEVELT (1984) is a bold sweeping overview. As is NELL PAINTER, STANDING AT ARMAGEDDON: THE UNITED STATES 1877-1917 (1987) and MORTON KELLER, AFFAIRS OF STATE: PUBLIC LIFE IN LATE NINETEENTH-CENTURY AMERICA (1977).  JACKSON LEARS, REBIRTH OF A NATION: THE MAKING OF MODERN AMERICA, 1877-1920 (2009) brings together an array of characters to support his thesis that this period was one in which all kinds of people sought “regeneration,” variously defined. The book offers a fresh and sympathetic look at many of the late nineteenth century reformers and cultural figures. 
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#[[Law Practice in the West]]
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##[[Law Practice in the West#General Works|General works]]
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##[[Law Practice in the West#Biographical Works|Biographical works]]
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###[[Law Practice in the West#Oscar Shuck's Work|Oscar Shuck's Work]]
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##[[Law Practice in the West#Clara Foltz’s Practice|Clara Foltz’s Practice]]
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##[[Law Practice in the West#Women and Criminal Law Practice|Women and Criminal Law Practice]]
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###[[Law Practice in the West#Lelia Robinson|Lelia Robinson]]
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###[[Law Practice in the West#Women Defenders: The Negative Image|Women Defenders: The Negative Image]]
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###[[Law Practice in the West#Women Defenders and Women Jurors|Women Defenders and Women Jurors]]
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###[[Law Practice in the West#Laura Gordon and the Sproule Case|Laura Gordon and the Sproule Case]]
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###[[Law Practice in the West#Why Women Became Defenders|Why Women Became Defenders]]
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###[[Law Practice in the West#The Contributions of Women to Criminal Defense|The Contributions of Women to Criminal Defense]]
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#[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics]]
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##[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics#General Sources|General Sources]]
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###[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics#Coxey's Army, The Pullman Strike, and the Haymarket Tragedy|Coxey's Army, The Pullman Strike, and the Haymarket Tragedy]]
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###[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics#Bellamy Nationalism and Populism|Bellamy Nationalism and Populism]]
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###[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics#Women's Pre-Suffrage Participation in Politics|Women's Pre-Suffrage Participation in Politics]]
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###[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics#1894 Election in California|1894 Election in California]]
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##[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics#Mary Elizabeth Lease (also known as Mary Ellen)|Mary Elizabeth Lease]]
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##[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics#Stephen White|Stephen White]]
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##[[Late Nineteenth Century Politics#Anna Ferry Smith|Anna Ferry Smith]]
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#[[Foltz as Reform Lobbyist in the 1890s]] 
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##[[Foltz as Reform Lobbyist in the 1890s#Parole Legislation|Parole Legislation]] 
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##[[Foltz as Reform Lobbyist in the 1890s#Women's Rights Measures|Women's Rights Measures]]
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On the turbulent political climate of the 1890s generally: GEORGE BROWN TINDELL, GILDED AGE POLITICS AND AGRARIAN REVOLT (1984) is an excellent basic history. On Coxey’s Army and the Pullman Strike, see CARLTON BEALS, THE GREAT REVOLT AND ITS LEADERS: THE HISTORY OF POPULAR AMERICAN UPRISINGS IN THE 1890’S (1968); THE PULLMAN STRIKE (Leon Stein ed., 1969); CARLOS A. SCHWANTES, COXEY’S ARMY: AN AMERICAN ODYSSEY, 130-32 (1985); NELL IRVIN PAINTER, STANDING AT ARMAGEDDEN: THE UNITED STATES—1877-1919, at 117-26 (1987). See the Anna Smith section of this Note for more on her leadership of an Oakland California division of the Army. The Haymarket tragedy (also known as the “affair” the “massacre”, the “riot” or simply “Haymarket”) is covered in all American histories of the period. Still, the best single work is PAUL AVRICH, THE HAYMARKET TRAGEDY (1984); see also RICHARD SCHNEIROV, LABOR AND URBAN POLITICS: CLASS CONFLICT AND THE ORIGINS OF MODERN LIBERALISM IN CHICAGO, 1864–97 (1998).
 
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For more on California in the last decades of the nineteenth century, RUMBLE, supra, is excellent, especially on Bellamy Nationalism and Populism at 99-122. Other essential works are R. HAL WILLIAMS, THE DEMOCRATIC PARTY AND CALIFORNIA POLITICS 1880-1896 (1973) [hereafter WILLIAMS, DEMOCRATIC PARTY] and WILLIAM A. BULLOUGH, THE BLIND BOSS AND HIS CITY: CHRISTOPHER AUGUSTINE BUCKLEY AND NINETEENTH-CENTURY SAN FRANCISCO (1979) [hereafter, BULLOUGH, BLIND BOSS] (dealing with Buckley’s creation of a Democratic machine). Bullough is one of the few historians to note women’s participation in the politics of the day, albeit without much explanation. For example, the “Democratic party made overtures to increasingly important organizations of women who, although they could not vote, exerted substantial influence upon those who could.” BULLOUGH, BLIND BOSS, at 177. Bullough is especially insightful on the election of 1890. BULLOUGH, BLIND BOSS, at 208-30. See also, William A. Bullough, Hannibal Versus the Blind Boss: The "Junta," Chris Buckley, and Democratic Reform Politics in San Francisco, 46 PAC. HIST. REV. 181 (1977). Other good sources on the early 1890’s include: SPENCER C. OLIN, CALIFORNIA POLITICS 1846-1920, at 40-50 (1981); A.A. GRAY, HISTORY OF CALIFORNIA, at 502-05 (1934). BRETT MELENDY & BENJAMIN F. GILBERT, THE GOVERNORS OF CALIFORNIA: PETER H. BURNETT TO EDMUND G. BROWN (1965) has a good account of the various measures that were important in the post civil war administrations. WILLIAM ISSEL & ROBERT W. CHERNY, SAN FRANCISCO, 1865-1932: POLITICS, POWER, AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT (1986) (offering a systematic overview of sources of political power that covers local political struggles, the rise of the labor movement, and interethnic politics); William Issel, Citizens Outside Government: Business and Urban Policy in San Francisco and Los Angeles, 1890-1932, 58 PAC. HIST. REV., 117, 117-46 (May 1988); Paul Kleppner, Politics Without Parties: The Western States, 1900-1984, in THE TWENTIETH CENTURY WEST: HISTORICAL INTERPRETATIONS (Gerald D. Nash & Richard W. Etulian eds., 1989) (essays on the various groups and forces that shaped the modern society); Kleppner, Voters and Parties in the Western States, 1876-1900, 14 W. HIST. Q., 49, 49-68 (Jan. 1983); CHESTER MCARTHUR DESTLER, WESTERN RADICALISM, 1865-1901, at 1-31 (1963); Ralph E. Shaffer, Radicalism in California, 1896-1929 (Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Berkeley). On California sympathy to railroad strikers, including sympathy among farmers, see WILLIAMS, DEMOCRATIC PARTY, at 195-96  (citing S.F. CHRON., June 30, 1894). Among the supporters of the railroad strikes, the article mentioned: “the farmers whose fruit was rotting on the ground, business men whose prosperity was imperiled, professional men, manufacturers who were threatened with ruin, hosts of persons who ordinarily have no direct relations with ‘organized labor.’ Men such as these with few exceptions, felt a profound sympathy with these strikers, and hoped that they might win.” Another commentator wrote that all classes accepted their losses equably “as long as the railroads suffer quite as much or more.” Nation, July 12, 1894, quoted in PULLMAN STRIKE, supra, at 249.
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<font size="4"> Chapter Four </font size="4">
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On Populism, RICHARD HOFSTADTER, THE AGE OF REFORM: FROM BRYAN TO F.D.R. (1955) is still the best starting place. Another older source, still fruitful, is JOHN D. HICKS, THE POPULIST REVOLT: A HISTORY OF THE FARMERS’ ALLIANCE AND THE PEOPLE’S PARTY (1931). But for understanding the complex and disorganized Populist movement, a recent book is extremely helpful. CHARLES POSTEL, THE POPULIST VISION (2008) brings many more women into the story (including Mary Elizabeth Lease and Marian Todd) and shows how the Populists brought together the Farmer’s Alliance and Urban reformers. Other sources I used were ROBERT C MCMATH, AMERICAN POPULISM: A SOCIAL HISTORY, 1877-1898 (1993); LAWRENCE GOODWYN, THE POPULIST MOMENT (1978); MICHAEL KAZIN, THE POPULIST PERSUASION: AN AMERICAN HISTORY (1998); O. GENE CLANTON, POPULISM: THE HUMANE PREFERENCE IN AMERICA 1890-1900 (1990); WILLIAM ALFRED PEFFER, POPULISM: ITS RISE AND FALL (1991).
+
#[[The New Woman]]
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#[[Trella Toland and Her Autograph Book]]
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##[[Trella Toland and Her Autograph Book#Writers and Journalists|Writers and Journalists]]
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##[[Trella Toland and Her Autograph Book#Actors|Actors]]
 +
##[[Trella Toland and Her Autograph Book#Theater People|Theater People]]
 +
##[[Trella Toland and Her Autograph Book#Trella's Family: William Toland, Sam Shortridge, and Virginia Toland|Trella's Family: William Toland, Sam Shortridge, and Virginia Toland]]
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##[[Trella Toland and Her Autograph Book#Isaac Trumbo|Isaac Trumbo]]
 +
#[[The New York Legal Scene]]
 +
##[[The New York Legal Scene#Women’s Legal Education Society (WLES) and Law Class|Women’s Legal Education Society (WLES) and Law Class]]
 +
##[[The New York Legal Scene#The New Corporate Practice|The New Corporate Practice]]
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##[[The New York Legal Scene#Criminal Practice|Criminal practice]]
 +
#[[The Oil Boom and Foltz’s Companies]]
-
On Populism in California in particular, see Donald E. Waters, The Feud Between California Populist T.V. Cator and Democrats James Maguire and James Barry, 27 PAC. HIST. REV. 281 (Aug. 1958); Tom G. Hall, California Populism at the Grass-Roots: The Case of Tulare County, 1892, 69 S. CAL. Q., 193 (1967); The People’s Party in California, WOMAN’S TRIB., Dec. 5, 1891, at 320 (personal account by a suffragist of her acceptance from the Populists). 
 
-
On the relationship of Populists and Bellamy Nationalists, see On-Line Bibliographic Note: Bellamy Nationalism, at WLH Website. Especially good on the overlap is ARTHUR LIPOW, AUTHORITARIAN SOCIALISM IN AMERICA, EDWARD BELLAMY AND THE NATIONALIST MOVEMENT16-25, passim (1982).  On the bridge between labor and other reformers which the Populists provided in the election of 1894, see Alexander Saxton, San Francisco Labor and the Populist and Progressive Insurgencies, 34 PAC. HIST. REV. 421 (1965). Two years earlier, in 1892, the Populist platform declared that all workers “rural and civic” shared common enemies and interests. Id. at 425.
+
<font size="4"> Chapter Five </font size="4">
-
The last few decades have seen a surge of interest in women’s participation in regular party politics, including the period before they had suffrage.  REBECCA EDWARDS, ANGELS IN THE MACHINERY: GENDER IN AMERICAN PARTY POLITICS FROM THE CIVIL WAR TO THE PROGRESSIVE ERA (1997); JO FREEMAN, WE WILL BE HEARD: WOMEN’S STRUGGLES FOR POLITICAL POWER IN THE UNITED STATES (2008); A ROOM AT A TIME: HOW WOMEN ENTERED PARTY POLITICS (2000); WE HAVE COME TO STAY: AMERICAN WOMEN AND POLITICAL PARTIES, 1880-1960 (Melanie Gustafson, Kristie Miller, & Elisabeth I. Perry, eds. 1999); MELANIE GUSTAFSON, WOMEN AND THE REPUBLICAN PARTY 1854-1924 (2001); ROBERT J. DINKEN, BEFORE EQUAL SUFFRAGE, WOMEN IN PARTISAN POLITICS FROM COLONIAL TIMES TO 1920 (1995); see also ALANA S. JEYDEL, POLITICAL WOMEN: THE WOMEN'S MOVEMENT, POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS, THE BATTLE FOR WOMEN'S SUFFRAGE AND THE ERA (2004).
+
#[[Murder Defendants and Equal Justice]]
 +
##[[Murder Defendants and Equal Justice#Women as Criminal Defendants|Women as Criminal Defendants]]
 +
###[[Murder Defendants and Equal Justice#The Death Penalty|The Death Penalty]]
 +
###[[Murder Defendants and Equal Justice#Maria Barbella|Maria Barbella]]
 +
###[[Murder Defendants and Equal Justice#Laura Fair|Laura Fair]]
 +
###[[Murder Defendants and Equal Justice#Florence Maybrick|Florence Maybrick]]
-
1894 Election in California
 
-
WINFIELD J. DAVIS, POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA 1849-1892 (1893). S.F.  CALL, Feb. 7, 1895, describes the Republican platform endorsement of suffrage. Grove Johnson submitted the platform as a whole without opportunity for consideration of its individual parts. For more on the election, GULLETT, BECOMING CITIZENS at 82-83; 4 HWS, at 78-82; WILLIAMS, DEMOCRATIC PARTY, at 201-02; Alexander Saxton, San Francisco Labor and the Populist and Progressive Insurgencies, PAC. HIST. REV. 34 (Nov. 1965). MICHAEL PAUL ROGIN, JOHN L. SHOVER, POLITICAL CHANGE IN CALIFORNIA: CRITICAL ELECTIONS AND SOCIAL MOVEMENTS, 1890-1966, at 16-20 (1969) describes the connection between labor and farm interests. It also explains that anti-Catholic racism—in form of American Protective Association—appealed to farmers, and cut into the Populist vote. Though the Populist candidates were largely unsuccessful, the party provided the balance of power in every single electoral unit.  RUMBLE, at 99-122. Eric Falk Petersen, The End of an Era; California’s Gubernatorial Election of 1894, 38 PAC. HIST. REV. 141 (May 1969) (description of parties and personalities; Budd, the Democrat won the Governorship while Republicans swept the rest of the offices and won large legislative majorities.)
 
-
 
-
=== Foltz as Reform Lobbyist in the 1890s ===
 
-
 
-
Parole legislation: Standard contemporary sources credited Foltz as the author of the parole system in California. See e.g., Bench and Bar of San Francisco and California 109 (1926) (in the Clara Shortridge Foltz entry, describes how she “pioneered the movement [for a system of parole]… Her effort was unsuccessful, but subsequently at the instance of  Col Sonntag, then a member of the board of State Prison Directors, the legislation was adopted.” At the time she was appointed to the State Board of Charities and Corrections, (see Chapter Four) it was widely reported that Foltz was responsible for the parole system. S.F. CALL, Mar. 13, 1910. Unsolicited Honors Worthily Bestowed, TIDINGS, Feb. 18, 1910, at 13 (parole system an example of “her great concern for the welfare of prisoners”). Sheldon L. Messinger, John E. Berecochea, David Rauma & Richard A. Berk, The Foundations of Parole in California, 19 L. SOC. REV. 69 (1985) tells the story of the parole legislation, starting with the 1887 bill described in the text. In its gripping description of the parole development, the article does not mention Clara Foltz, but says, at page 83, that the origins of the 1891 bill (the one she authored) were unknown. The article builds on an earlier detailed account of the 1887, 1891, and 1893 bills. John Edward Berecochea, Origins and Early Development of Parole in California (1982) (unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of California) (missed Foltz’s role, but see pages 81-83 for an account of the 1891 Foltz bill, which puzzles over where it came from). Nestor A. Young of San Diego introduced Foltz’s bill in the Assembly, where it was reported out from committee with an adverse recommendation. The excessive sentencing and various scandals that plagued California prisons in the late nineteenth century are well described in these two connected sources. See also SHELLEY BOOKSPAN, A GERM OF GOODNESS: THE CALIFORNIA STATE PRISON SYSTEM, 1851-1944. (1991). A contemporary view is in the Report of the Special Commission of Inquiry into the General Administration of the State Prisons of California, App. J. 25th  Sess. Ca. Legislature, (vol.vi) (1883), a stunning depiction of prison conditions. Parole as originally proposed had a number of purposes—to prevent possible corruption in the pardon reviews, to improve the consistency of sentences, to reduce excessive and unfair sentences, and to reward rehabilitation. Parole proposals were connected to indeterminate sentencing (another cause of penal reformers) and fast became part of the plea bargaining system as well. For an excellent historical overview, see Kara Dansky, Understanding California Sentencing, 43 U.S.F. L. REV. 45, 56-59 (2008). 
 
-
 
-
By 1900, twenty states had some form of prisoner parole. Edward Lindsey, Historical Sketch of the Indeterminate Sentence and Parole System,  16 J. CRIM. L. & CRIMINOLOGY 9, 40 (1925). GEORGE FISHER, PLEA BARGAINING’S TRIUMPH, A HISTORY OF PLEA BARGAINING IN AMERICA 122-129 (2003). In a critical review of DAVID J. ROTHMAN, CONSCIENCE AND CONVENIENCE: THE ASYLUM AND ITS ALTERNATIVES IN PROGRESSIVE AMERICA (1980),  Professor  Guyora Binder argues that it deals inadequately with the complex motivations of the progressive reformers who took up parole so enthusiastically. Penal Reform and Progressive Ideology, 9 REV. AM. HIST. 224 (1981). 
 
-
 
-
Women’s Rights Measures:  A bill to relieve the disabilities of married women and enable them to be executors (“executrixes”) and administrators of estates, and guardians of children passed without much opposition in 1891. Introduced by Senator Albert W. Crandall, a Republican, it bears Foltz’s mark in the simplicity of the drafting. She claimed authorship though nothing on the record shows her hand in it. Cal. Stat., ch. 123, s. 1352 at 136 (passed March 19, 1891).
 
-
 
-
In the same 1891 session, a bill limited the husband’s absolute control over the property acquired during marriage. Like Foltz’s parole bill, it was introduced in the Senate by Frank McGowan. Charlotte K. Goldberg, A Cauldron of Anger: The Spreckels Family and Reform of California Community Property Law, 12 W. LEGAL HIST. 241, 244-45 (1999) explains more about the statute, and its ultimate fate in the courts (where it was largely dismantled). Though Foltz and Gordon are not mentioned in the news stories or record of this bill, it certainly fits into their usual legislative agenda.  The bill was introduced in an earlier session by Stephen White, another Foltz friend. Goldberg, A Cauldron of Anger, supra, at 245. 
 
-
The Notary Bill was a great achievement and was related to both Foltz’s interest in women’s rights and in penal reform. From the first, women lawyers sought to be Notaries. For instance, Myra Bradwell tried unsuccessfully to gain the office in 1869 at the same time she was trying to be a lawyer. The Governor Refused, 2 CHI. LEGAL NEWS 109 (YEAR). On Marilla Ricker and the connection of the notary office to criminal law practice, see JILL NORGREN, BELVA LOCKWOOD, at 91-92; On-Line Bibliographic Note: Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies (Marilla Ricker), at WLH Website. The connection of the Notary job to penal reform is also seen in the fact that Addie Ballou, a prison reformer, joined Foltz and Gordon in lobbying for the bill in California. REDA DAVIS, CALIFORNIA WOMEN 139 (1968).
+
<font size="4"> Chapter Six </font size="4">
-
=== Mary Elizabeth Lease (also known as Mary Ellen) ===
+
#[[Women's Rights Movement History]]
 +
##[[Women's Rights Movement History#Legal Status of Women in Nineteenth Century|Legal Status of Women in Nineteenth Century]]
 +
##[[Suffrage History#Seneca Falls|Seneca Falls]]
 +
##[[Suffrage History#Historiography|Historiography]]
 +
##[[Suffrage History#Relationship with Other Movements and Causes|Relationship to Other Movements and Causes]]
 +
###[[Suffrage History#Suffrage and Other Women's Rights|Suffrage and Other Women's Rights]]
 +
###[[Suffrage History#Suffrage and Black Civil Rights Movement|Suffrage and Black Civil Rights Movement]]
 +
###[[Suffrage History#Suffrage and Temperance and Prohibition|Suffrage and Temperance and Prohibition]]
 +
#[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention]]
 +
##[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention#General Sources|General Sources]]
 +
##[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention#Matilda Gage, President|Matilda Gage, President]]
 +
##[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention#Reaction to Foltz’s Remarks|Reaction to Foltz’s Remarks]]
 +
##[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention#Other Notable Attendants|Other Notable Attendants]]
 +
###[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention#Theosophy and Madame Blavatsky|Theosophy and Madame Blavatsky]]
 +
###[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention#William Aldrich and Josephine Cables|William Aldrich and Josephine Cables]]
 +
###[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention#Elliott and Emily Coues|Elliott and Emily Coues]]
 +
###[[The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention#Charlotte Smith|Charlotte Smith]]
 +
#[[The World's Fair]]
 +
##[[The World's Fair#General Works|General Works]]
 +
##[[The World's Fair#African Americans at the Fair|African Americans at the Fair]]
 +
#[[Women at the World's Fair]]
 +
##[[Women at the World's Fair#General Works|General Works]]
 +
##[[Women at the World's Fair#Bertha Palmer and the Isabella Club|Bertha Palmer and the Isabella Club]]
 +
##[[Women at the World's Fair#Clara Foltz, Laura Gordon, and Clara Colby|Clara Foltz, Laura Gordon, and Clara Colby]]
 +
##[[Women at the World's Fair#The Women's Congresses|The Women's Congresses]]
 +
##[[Women at the World's Fair#Participation in the Other Auxiliary Congresses|Participation in the Other Auxiliary Congresses]]
 +
#[[Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns]]
 +
##[[Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns#New York|New York]]
 +
###[[Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns#General Description|General Description]]
 +
###[[Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns#New York Constitutional Convention|New York Constitutional Convention]]
 +
####[[Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns#Explaining Choate's Change in Position|Explaining Choate's Change in Position]]
 +
####[[Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns#Interview with Stanleyetta Titus on Winning the Vote at the Convention|Interview with Stanleyetta Titus on Winning the Vote at the Convention]]
 +
##[[Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns#California|California]]
 +
###[[Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns#General Description|General Description]]
 +
###[[Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns#Foltz and Other Women Suffragists|Foltz and Other Women Suffragists]]
 +
#[[Victory in California -- 1911]]
 +
##[[Victory in California -- 1911#The California Suffrage Campaign Generally|The California Suffrage Campaign Generally]]
 +
##[[Victory in California -- 1911#The 1911 Campaign|The 1911 Campaign]]
 +
##[[Victory in California -- 1911#Coffin and Edson|Coffin and Edson]]
-
RICHARD STILLER, QUEEN OF POPULISTS: THE STORY OF MARY ELIZABETH LEASE (1970). Kathryn Price, Mary Elizabeth Lease: Lawyer, Politician and Hellraiser (1997), at WLH website. For an interesting insight from Lease’s contemporaries, see A. L. Livermore, Mary Elizabeth Lease: The Foremost Woman Politician of the Times, METROPOLITAN MAG., Nov. 1896, at 263-66.  See also Edward T. James, Notes and Documents: More Corn, Less Hell? A Knights Of Labor Glimpse Of Mary Elizabeth Lease, 16 LABOR HIST. 408 (1975). Discussions of Lease’s oratorical style can be found in Susan Estelle Kelso, Less Corn and More Hell in Performance, 8 PLAINSWOMAN 2, 7 (1984). S.F. EXAMINER, Aug. 10, 1892, noted the “manner in which she made herself heard throughout the vast hall.” By comparison, a previous male speaker had caused a stampede to the front by his weak tones. O. Gene Clanton, Intolerant Populist? The Disaffection of Mary Elizabeth Lease, 34 KANSAS HIST. Q. 189 (1968). Finally, a good overview of Lease’s style and impact can be found in Dorothy Rose Blumberg, Mary Elizabeth Lease, Populist Orator: A Profile, 1 KANSAS HIST. 3 (Spring 1978).
 
-
=== Stephen White ===
+
<font size="4"> Chapter Seven </font size="4">
-
White was a towering political figure in his lifetime. KEVIN STARR, INVENTING THE DREAM 69-70 (1986) portrays his personality as well as his accomplishments and he is much referenced by other historians of the period. See e.g., BULLOUGH, BLIND BOSS, supra, and WILLIAMS, DEMOCRATIC PARTY, supra. Curtis Grassman, Prologue to Progressivism: Senator Stephen M. White and the California Reform Impulse (1970) (unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles). Tending to hagiography but thorough on the issues: PETER THOMAS CONMY, STEPHEN MALLORY WHITE: CALIFORNIA STATESMAN (1956); EDITH DOBIE, THE POLITICAL CAREER OF STEPHEN MALLORY WHITE (1927); LEROY E. MOSHER, STEVEN M. WHITE: CALIFORNIAN, CITIZEN, LAWYER, SENATOR (1903) (a character sketch which also includes White’s principal public addresses).
+
#[[Progressivism, Suffrage, and Public Defense]]
 +
##[[Progressivism, Suffrage, and Public Defense#General Works on Progressivism|General Works on Progressivism]]
 +
##[[Progressivism, Suffrage, and Public Defense#California Progressives|California Progressives]]
 +
##[[Progressivism, Suffrage, and Public Defense#Progressivism and Suffrage|Progressivism and Suffrage]]
 +
###[[Progressivism, Suffrage, and Public Defense#Suffrage and Public Defense|Suffrage and Public Defense]]
 +
#[[The Early History of Public Defense]]
 +
##[[The Early History of Public Defense#General Works on Public Defense|General Works on Public Defense]]
 +
##[[The Early History of Public Defense#Relation of Legal Societies to Public Defense|Relation of Legal Societies to Public Defense]]
 +
#[[Foltz the Founder of Public Defense]]
 +
#[[Foltz's Arguments for Public Defense]]
 +
##[[Foltz's Arguments for Public Defense#Prosecutorial Misconduct|Prosecutorial Misconduct]]
 +
###[[Foltz's Arguments for Public Defense#People v. Wells|People v. Wells]]
 +
##[[Foltz's Arguments for Public Defense#The Presumption of Innocence|The Presumption of Innocence]]
 +
##[[Foltz's Arguments for Public Defense#Burdening the Right|Burdening the Right]]
 +
###[[Foltz's Arguments for Public Defense#Aaron Burr. Greene v. Briggs|Aaron Burr. Greene v. Briggs]]
 +
###[[Foltz's Arguments for Public Defense#United States v. Burr|United States v. Burr]]
 +
###[[Foltz's Arguments for Public Defense#Carpenter v. County of Dane|Carpenter v. County of Dane]]
 +
##[[Foltz's Arguments for Public Defense#Woman Suffrage and Public Defense|Woman Suffrage and Public Defense]]
 +
#[[The Right to Counsel and the Appointed Counsel System]]
 +
#[[New York Politics and Foltz’s Public Defender Bill]]
 +
##[[New York Politics and Foltz’s Public Defender Bill#Tammany Hall|Tammany Hall]]
 +
##[[New York Politics and Foltz’s Public Defender Bill#Thomas Grady|Thomas Grady]]
 +
##[[New York Politics and Foltz’s Public Defender Bill#Late Nineteenth Century New York Politics|Late Nineteenth Century New York Politics]]
 +
##[[New York Politics and Foltz’s Public Defender Bill#Thomas C. Platt and the 1897 Mayoral Election|Thomas C. Platt and the 1897 Mayoral Election]]
 +
##[[New York Politics and Foltz’s Public Defender Bill#Women in the Anti-Tammany Efforts|Women in the Anti-Tammany Efforts]]
 +
##[[New York Politics and Foltz’s Public Defender Bill#Biographical Works|Biographical Works]]
 +
#[[Comparison of Public Defender Statutes]]
 +
##[[Comparison of Public Defender Statutes#1885 Statute|1885 Statute]]
 +
##[[Comparison of Public Defender Statutes#1897 Statute|1897 Statute]]
 +
###[[Comparison of Public Defender Statutes#Text of the 1897 Statute|Text of the 1897 Statute]]
 +
###[[Comparison of Public Defender Statutes#Comparison to Public Defender Statutes Actually Enacted|Comparison to Public Defender Statutes Actually Enacted]]
 +
###[[Comparison of Public Defender Statutes#Foltz's Bill Introduced in Multiple States|Foltz's Bill Introduced in Multiple States]]
 +
##[[Comparison of Public Defender Statutes#The 1912 Los Angeles Charter Provision and the 1921 California Statute|The 1912 Los Angeles Charter Provision and the 1921 Statute]]
 +
###[[Comparison of Public Defender Statutes#Wisconsin Statute Tracks the California Statute|Wisconsin Statute Tracks the California Statute]]
 +
#[[Comparison of Progressive Defender with Foltzian Model]]
 +
##[[Comparison of Progressive Defender with Foltzian Model#Progressivism and Public Defense|Progressivism and Public Defense]]
 +
##[[Comparison of Progressive Defender with Foltzian Model#The Progressive and the Foltzian Defenders|The Progressive and the Foltzian Defenders]]
 +
###[[Comparison of Progressive Defender with Foltzian Model#Example of Progressive-Type Representation|Example of Progressive-Type Representation]]
 +
###[[Comparison of Progressive Defender with Foltzian Model#The Foltzian Model|The Foltzian Model]]
 +
##[[Comparison of Progressive Defender with Foltzian Model#Cost of the Public Defender|Cost of the Public Defender]]
 +
##[[Comparison of Progressive Defender with Foltzian Model#Competing Visions in New York: Mayer Goldman’s Public Defender and the Legal Aid Societies|Competing Visions in New York: Mayer Goldman’s Public Defender and the Legal Aid Societies]]
 +
##[[Comparison of Progressive Defender with Foltzian Model#History of the Legal Aid Society|History of the Legal Aid Society]]
 +
###[[Comparison of Progressive Defender with Foltzian Model#The Voluntary Defenders|The Voluntary Defenders]]
 +
<br>
-
=== Anna Ferry Smith ===
+
------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
Many political histories mention Anna Smith, who was an important public woman in California for forty years, though there is no comprehensive biographical work. She spoke on the sandlots when Dennis Kearney formed the Workingmen’s Party of California. She was a major organizer for the Bellamy Nationalists, took the quick step to the Farmer’s Alliance, and easily on to the People’s Party, and then to organize in Southern California for the Socialist Labor Party.  Always her main concern was for the position of working women—pressed from beneath by cheap immigrant labor (mainly the Chinese as she saw it) and blocked from above by sex prejudice. MARY JO BUHLE, WOMEN AND AMERICAN SOCIALISM, 74, 120 (1983). Ralph Shaffer, Radicalism in California, 1869-1924 (1962) (unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of California-Berkeley); RUMBLE, supra, at 100 (describing her as “a rugged veteran fighter of the labor movement”). Other sources for this period that also mention Anna Smith: Martha Gardner, Working on White Womanhood: White Working women in the San Francisco Anti-Chinese Movement, 1877-1890, 33 J. SOC. HIST. 73 (1999); Michael Kazin, The Great Exception Revisited: Organized Labor and Politics in San Francisco and Los Angeles, 1870-1940, 55 PAC. HIST. REV. 371 (1986).
+
[http://wlh.law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/woman_lawyer-index.pdf Index to Woman Lawyer: The Trials of Clara Foltz]
-
Before coming to California, Smith had been a nurse for the Union soldiers in her husband’s regiment. Though far less well known, Anna Smith was like Mother Jones, in her radical views cloaked in a guise of respectability. Mother Jones also marched in Coxey’s Army, see PHILIP S. FONER, WOMEN AND THE AMERICAN LABOR MOVEMENT 280-87 (1979). On Foltz’s relationship with Anna F. Smith, the time they were closest was probably in the Nationalist clubs in southern California in the early 90’s. EVERETT W. MACNAIR, EDWARD BELLAMY AND THE NATIONALIST MOVEMENT, 1889 to 1894, at 245 (1957), says Anna Smith organized most of the rural clubs in southern California. In tribute to Smith, MacNair writes that she not only organized the clubs, but “helped in all departments. They asked her back again and again to speak . . . list of her engagements reads like a candidate in the heat of a campaign—nothing could stop her or dilute her courage and enthusiasm.” Smith and Foltz were together at the organizational meeting of the Nationalists in San Diego. MACNAIR, EDWARD BELLAMY AND THE NATIONALIST MOVEMENT, at 203-04 (citing the SAN DIEGO BEACON, Aug. 10, 1889); Anna Smith, Letter, LIBERAL THINKER, Jan. 1890 (“Mrs Foltz tells me that there is a movement on foot in the East to organize against a union of God and the State. I would like to be counted in,” and she signed the convention call). See On-Line Bibliographic Note: The Woman’s National Liberal Union, at WLH Website. 
 
-
Smith’s participation in Coxey’s army was well publicized and the response was quite positive. SCHWANTES, COXEY’S ARMY, supra, at 130-32, and GULLETT, BECOMING CITIZENS, at 89. At the head of 300 men, a “most fantastic body” according to the Examiner, she marched through the California countryside, to the strains of drums, bagpipes, and occasionally The Marseillaise, S.F. EXAMINER, Apr. 28, 1894. See also S.F. CHRON., Apr. 30, May 1, & May 31, 1894. Explaining how she became a commander of the Army, when most women, even if they were unemployed workers, were not allowed in the army at all, Smith explained that “I have some local reputation as a speaker and the men want me to speak for them when we get to Washington.” And she had other qualifications: “I am a San Francisco woman, a woman who has been brought up on this coast, and I’m not afraid of anything, not even hunger. I have a woman’s heart and a woman’s sympathy, and these lead me to do what I have done for these men…” SACRAMENTO RECORD-UNION, May 31, 1894.
+
[[Bibliographic Notes and Supplementary Text]]

Current revision as of 00:38, 31 May 2012

Indexes and Bibliographic Notes

There are two indexes here: the first is to subjects and page numbers in Woman Lawyer: The Trials of Clara Foltz (the book index). This index also appears on the website of the Stanford University Press. The second index provides access to the extensive Bibliographic Notes with links to the relevant notes.

The Bibliographical Notes are arranged in the order of the book chapters and provide additional source material for the facts and interpretations in the text and endnotes. A list of the notes, with links, appears below. Some of these are traditional bibliographic notes listing essential references with a few words of critical explanation. Also included are first person essays and descriptions of people and events that influenced Clara Foltz, but whose stories would extend the book unduly.

A biography written over many years has more sources than can be cited even in this format – especially in a burgeoning new field like women’s legal history. I have tried to cite the main works that influenced my thinking, which may not be exactly the same as all the main works. In a larger sense, virtually everything I have read concerning women’s rights and nineteenth century history is in here somewhere even though not mentioned explicitly. To those whose work deserves more recognition than I have given it here, my sincerest apologies.

List of Bibliographic Notes

Introductory

  1. About and By Clara Foltz: Biographical Material and Her Writings
    1. Babcock's Work
      1. Babcock Encyclopedia Entries
      2. Website
      3. Book Chapters and Other Writings
    2. Other articles on Clara Shortridge Foltz
    3. Clara Foltz’s Publications
  2. Archival and Investigative Materials
    1. Libraries
      1. Bancroft Library of the University of California, Berkeley
      2. Special Collections, Stanford University, Stanford, California
      3. Huntington Library, San Merino, Califonria
      4. UCLA Special Collections
      5. California State Library
    2. Court records
    3. Interviews
  3. Timelines
    1. Life Events
    2. Passage of Constitutional Clauses
    3. Public Defender Campaign
  4. Women’s History
    1. Legal Status of Women in the Nineteenth Century
    2. "Feminism" and Women’s Rights: Nomenclature
    3. Women’s Biographies
      1. National Suffrage Movement Biographies
  5. Women Lawyers History and Individual Biographies
    1. Women Lawyers History
      1. General Works
      2. Comparison of Women Lawyers in Europe and the United States
      3. Women Criminal Defense Lawyers
      4. The 1920s and 1930s in Boston, D.C., and Chicago
      5. Women and the Bar
    2. Women Lawyers and the Women's Rights Movement
      1. Excerpt from Feminist Lawyers
    3. Individual Women's Biographies
      1. Myra Bradwell
      2. Lavinia Goodell
      3. Mary Greene
      4. Belva Lockwood
      5. Arabella (Belle) Mansfield
      6. Marilla Ricker
      7. Lelia Robinson


Chapter One

  1. Family and Mt. Pleasant, Iowa
    1. Parents
      1. Quotes from Funeral of Elias W. Shortridge
    2. Siblings
    3. Charles Morris Shortridge
      1. General
      2. Early Life and Career
      3. The San Francisco Call
      4. Marriages
      5. Timeline of Charles's Life
      6. Ambrose Bierce's BLACK BEETLES IN AMBER
    4. Senator Samuel Morgan Shortridge (brother)
      1. General
      2. Summary of Career
    5. Foltz’s Children
      1. Trella Evelyn Foltz
      2. Samuel Courtland Foltz
      3. David Milton Foltz
      4. Bertha May Foltz Newman
      5. Virginia Foltz Catron
        1. Investigative Material
        2. Newspaper Interviews of Virgina
    6. Mt. Pleasant and Howe’s Academy
  2. Foltz’s Friends and Allies
    1. Lillie Devereux Blake
      1. Early Life and W.L.H. Barnes
      2. Marriages and Early Writings
      3. Contributions to the Women's Movement
    2. Clara Colby
      1. Correspondence Between Colby and Foltz
      2. Colby and Laura Gordon
    3. Abigail Duniway
    4. Sarah Knox Goodrich
    5. Laura Gordon
      1. Early Life and Work With Foltz
      2. Gordon's 'Greatest Case'
    6. Grove L. Johnson
      1. Rivalry With Hiram Johnson
  3. The Workingmen’s Party of California (WPC)
    1. Rise and Composition of the WPC
    2. WPC and the Anti-Chinese Movement
    3. Relation with the Workingmen’s Party of the United States (WPUS)
  4. California Constitutional History
    1. Convention of 1879
    2. Passage of the Anti-Discrimination Clauses
    3. Prominent Pro-Woman Delegates at the 1879 Convention
      1. James J. Ayers
      2. Eli T. Blackmer
      3. Charles Ringgold
      4. David Terry
      5. Alphonse Vacquerel
    4. Prominent Opponents
      1. Joseph Hoge
      2. Samuel Wilson
      3. Thomas Bishop
      4. Delos Lake
  5. The Women's Movement, Free Love and Spiritualism
    1. Spiritualism and Suffragists Generally
    2. Foltz and Spiritualism
    3. Addie Ballou
    4. Victoria Woodhull
      1. The Beecher-Tilton Scandal
  6. Women and Divorce
    1. General
    2. Marriage and Divorce in the West
    3. National Studies
    4. End of the Century


Chapter Two

  1. Women as Public Lecturers
    1. Lecturing and Lyceums Generally
      1. Robert Ingersoll
    2. Women Lecturers
      1. Foltz's First Lecturing Tour
      2. Anna Dickinson
      3. Kate Field
  2. Women and Jury Service
    1. General Sources
    2. The Connection Between Women Defense Lawyers and Women Jurors
      1. Women Defenders and Women Jurors
    3. The Washington Territory Experience
      1. Rosencrantz v. Territory
      2. Harland v. Territory
      3. Bloomer v. Todd
  3. San Francisco Social Life and Clara Foltz's Circle
    1. General Sources
      1. The Montgomery Block
    2. Frona Wait, Madge Morris, Ella Cummins
      1. Excerpt From Frona Wait's Notes
      2. Morris's "Ode to Clara Foltz"
      3. Rocking the Baby
      4. Cummins' Exhibit
  4. San Diego in the Real Estate Boom
    1. General Works
    2. The Rail War
    3. The Ensenada
  5. Nineteenth Century Newspaper Publishing
    1. General Works
    2. Biographies and Autobiographies
      1. Women and Western Journalism
      2. Lawyers and Publishing
    3. A Bee Sampler
      1. The Boom
      2. Outside News
      3. Local Excitement
      4. Regular Items
      5. Civic Events
      6. Society and Fashion
      7. Last Days at the Bee
  6. Bellamy Nationalism
    1. General Sources
    2. Women and Bellamy Nationalism
      1. Clara's Activism
    3. Charlotte Perkins Gilman


Chapter Three

  1. Law Practice in the West
    1. General works
    2. Biographical works
      1. Oscar Shuck's Work
    3. Clara Foltz’s Practice
    4. Women and Criminal Law Practice
      1. Lelia Robinson
      2. Women Defenders: The Negative Image
      3. Women Defenders and Women Jurors
      4. Laura Gordon and the Sproule Case
      5. Why Women Became Defenders
      6. The Contributions of Women to Criminal Defense
  2. Late Nineteenth Century Politics
    1. General Sources
      1. Coxey's Army, The Pullman Strike, and the Haymarket Tragedy
      2. Bellamy Nationalism and Populism
      3. Women's Pre-Suffrage Participation in Politics
      4. 1894 Election in California
    2. Mary Elizabeth Lease
    3. Stephen White
    4. Anna Ferry Smith
  3. Foltz as Reform Lobbyist in the 1890s
    1. Parole Legislation
    2. Women's Rights Measures


Chapter Four

  1. The New Woman
  2. Trella Toland and Her Autograph Book
    1. Writers and Journalists
    2. Actors
    3. Theater People
    4. Trella's Family: William Toland, Sam Shortridge, and Virginia Toland
    5. Isaac Trumbo
  3. The New York Legal Scene
    1. Women’s Legal Education Society (WLES) and Law Class
    2. The New Corporate Practice
    3. Criminal practice
  4. The Oil Boom and Foltz’s Companies


Chapter Five

  1. Murder Defendants and Equal Justice
    1. Women as Criminal Defendants
      1. The Death Penalty
      2. Maria Barbella
      3. Laura Fair
      4. Florence Maybrick


Chapter Six

  1. Women's Rights Movement History
    1. Legal Status of Women in Nineteenth Century
    2. Seneca Falls
    3. Historiography
    4. Relationship to Other Movements and Causes
      1. Suffrage and Other Women's Rights
      2. Suffrage and Black Civil Rights Movement
      3. Suffrage and Temperance and Prohibition
  2. The Woman's National Liberal Union Convention
    1. General Sources
    2. Matilda Gage, President
    3. Reaction to Foltz’s Remarks
    4. Other Notable Attendants
      1. Theosophy and Madame Blavatsky
      2. William Aldrich and Josephine Cables
      3. Elliott and Emily Coues
      4. Charlotte Smith
  3. The World's Fair
    1. General Works
    2. African Americans at the Fair
  4. Women at the World's Fair
    1. General Works
    2. Bertha Palmer and the Isabella Club
    3. Clara Foltz, Laura Gordon, and Clara Colby
    4. The Women's Congresses
    5. Participation in the Other Auxiliary Congresses
  5. Post-Fair Suffrage Campaigns
    1. New York
      1. General Description
      2. New York Constitutional Convention
        1. Explaining Choate's Change in Position
        2. Interview with Stanleyetta Titus on Winning the Vote at the Convention
    2. California
      1. General Description
      2. Foltz and Other Women Suffragists
  6. Victory in California -- 1911
    1. The California Suffrage Campaign Generally
    2. The 1911 Campaign
    3. Coffin and Edson


Chapter Seven

  1. Progressivism, Suffrage, and Public Defense
    1. General Works on Progressivism
    2. California Progressives
    3. Progressivism and Suffrage
      1. Suffrage and Public Defense
  2. The Early History of Public Defense
    1. General Works on Public Defense
    2. Relation of Legal Societies to Public Defense
  3. Foltz the Founder of Public Defense
  4. Foltz's Arguments for Public Defense
    1. Prosecutorial Misconduct
      1. People v. Wells
    2. The Presumption of Innocence
    3. Burdening the Right
      1. Aaron Burr. Greene v. Briggs
      2. United States v. Burr
      3. Carpenter v. County of Dane
    4. Woman Suffrage and Public Defense
  5. The Right to Counsel and the Appointed Counsel System
  6. New York Politics and Foltz’s Public Defender Bill
    1. Tammany Hall
    2. Thomas Grady
    3. Late Nineteenth Century New York Politics
    4. Thomas C. Platt and the 1897 Mayoral Election
    5. Women in the Anti-Tammany Efforts
    6. Biographical Works
  7. Comparison of Public Defender Statutes
    1. 1885 Statute
    2. 1897 Statute
      1. Text of the 1897 Statute
      2. Comparison to Public Defender Statutes Actually Enacted
      3. Foltz's Bill Introduced in Multiple States
    3. The 1912 Los Angeles Charter Provision and the 1921 Statute
      1. Wisconsin Statute Tracks the California Statute
  8. Comparison of Progressive Defender with Foltzian Model
    1. Progressivism and Public Defense
    2. The Progressive and the Foltzian Defenders
      1. Example of Progressive-Type Representation
      2. The Foltzian Model
    3. Cost of the Public Defender
    4. Competing Visions in New York: Mayer Goldman’s Public Defender and the Legal Aid Societies
    5. History of the Legal Aid Society
      1. The Voluntary Defenders


Index to Woman Lawyer: The Trials of Clara Foltz


Bibliographic Notes and Supplementary Text

Retrieved from "http://wlh-wiki.law.stanford.edu/index.php/Indexes_and_Bibliographic_Notes"
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